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SUBSTITUTION II .. 1
f (x) · f 0 (x)
Graham S McDonald
and Silvia C Dalla
● Table of contents
● Begin Tutorial
c 2004 g.s.mcdonald@salford.ac.uk
Table of contents
1. Theory
2. Exercises
3. Answers
4. Standard integrals
5. Tips
Full worked solutions
Section 1: Theory 3
1. Theory
= ln |u| + C
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Section 1: Theory 4
R f 0 (x)
f (x) dx = ln |f (x)| + C
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C ,
x
that applies straightforwardly when the top line of what we are inte-
grating is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line
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Section 2: Exercises 5
2. Exercises
Click on EXERCISE links for full worked solutions (there are 11 ex-
ercises in total).
Exercise 1.
Z
10x + 3
2
dx
5x + 3x − 1
Exercise 2.
3x2
Z
dx
x3 − 6
Exercise 3.
4x2
Z
dx
x3 − 1
Exercise 4.
2x − 1
Z
2
dx
x −x−7
Exercise 5.
x−1
Z
dx
x2 − 2x + 7
Exercise 6.
Z
8x
dx
x2 − 4
Exercise 7.
x2
Z
3
dx
x +2
Exercise 8.
Z
sin x
dx
cos x
Exercise 9.
Z
cos x
dx
sin x
Exercise 10.
Z
cos x
dx
5 + sin x
Exercise 11.
Z
sinh x
dx ,
1 − cosh x
3. Answers
1. ln |5x2 + 3x − 1| + C ,
2. ln |x3 − 6| + C ,
4
3. 3 ln |x3 − 1| + C ,
4. ln |x2 − x − 7| + C ,
1
5. 2 ln |x2 − 2x + 7| + C ,
6. 4 ln |x2 − 4| + C ,
1
7. 3 ln |x3 + 2| + C
8. − ln | cos x| + C ,
9. ln | sin x| + C,
10. ln |5 + sin x| + C ,
11. − ln |1 − cosh x| + C .
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Section 4: Standard integrals 9
4. Standard integrals
R R
f (x) f (x)dx f (x) f (x)dx
n xn+1 n 0 [g(x)]n+1
x n+1 (n 6= −1) [g (x)] g (x) n+1 (n 6= −1)
1 g 0 (x)
x ln |x| g(x) ln |g (x)|
x ax
e ex a x
ln a (a > 0)
sin x − cos x sinh x cosh x
cos x sin x cosh x sinh x
tan x − ln
|cos x| tanh x ln cosh x
cosec x ln tan x2 cosech x ln tanh x2
sec x ln |sec x + tan x| sech x 2 tan−1 ex
sec2 x tan x sech2 x tanh x
cot x ln |sin x| coth x ln |sinh x|
sin2 x x
2 −
sin 2x
4 sinh2 x sinh 2x
4 − x2
cos2 x x
2 +
sin 2x
4 cosh2 x sinh 2x
4 + x2
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Section 4: Standard integrals 10
R R
f (x) f (x) dx f (x) f (x) dx
1 1
tan−1 x 1 1 a+x
a2 +x2 a a a2 −x2 2a ln a−x (0 < |x| < a)
1 1 x−a
(a > 0) x2 −a2 2a ln x+a (|x| > a > 0)
√
2 2
√ 1 sin−1 x √ 1 ln x+ aa +x (a > 0)
a2 −x2 a a2 +x2
√
2 2
(−a < x < a) √ 1 ln x+ xa −a (x > a > 0)
x2 −a2
√ a2
√ a2
h √ i
sinh−1 x a2 +x2
−1 x
x
a2 − x2 2 sin a a2 +x2 2 a + a2
√ i √ h √ i
a2
a2 −x2
− cosh−1
2 2
+x x
+ x xa2−a
a2 x2 −a2 2 a
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Section 5: Tips 11
5. Tips
● Use the solutions intelligently. For example, they can help you get
started on an exercise, or they can allow you to check whether your
intermediate results are correct
● Try to make less use of the full solutions as you work your way
through the Tutorial
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Solutions to exercises 12
= ln |u| + C
= ln |5x2 + 3x − 1| + C .
Return to Exercise 1
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Solutions to exercises 13
Exercise 2.
Z 0
3x2
Z
f (x)
dx is of the form dx = ln |f (x)| + C.
x3 − 6 f (x)
du
Let u = x3 − 6 then = 3x2 and du = 3x2 dx
dx
3x2
Z Z
1
∴ dx = du
x3 − 6 u
= ln |u| + C
= ln |x3 − 6| + C .
Return to Exercise 2
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Solutions to exercises 14
Exercise 3.
4x2
Z
3
dx is of the slightly more general form
x −1
f 0 (x)
Z Z 0
f (x)
k dx = k dx = k ln |f (x)| + C,
f (x) f (x)
where k is a constant
i.e. the top line is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line.
du du
Let u = x3 − 1 then = 3x2 and = x2 dx
dx 3
x2
Z Z
1 du
∴ 4 dx = 4
x3 − 1 u 3
4
= ln |u| + C
3
4
= ln |x3 − 1| + C .
3
Return to Exercise 3
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Solutions to exercises 15
Exercise 4.
Z 0
2x − 1
Z
f (x)
dx is of the form dx = ln |f (x)| + C.
x2 − x − 7 f (x)
du
Let u = x2 − x − 7 then = 2x − 1 and du = (2x − 1)dx
dx
2x − 1
Z Z
du
∴ dx =
x2 − x − 7 u
= ln |u| + C
= ln |x2 − x − 7| + C .
Return to Exercise 4
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Solutions to exercises 16
Exercise 5.
x−1
Z
2
dx is of the slightly more general form
x − 2x + 7
f 0 (x) f 0 (x)
Z Z
k dx = k dx = k ln |f (x)| + C,
f (x) f (x)
where k is a constant
i.e. the top line is a multiple of the derivative of the bottom line.
du
Let u = x2 − 2x + 7 then = 2x − 2 and du = (2x − 2)dx
dx
du
so that = (x − 1)dx
2
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Solutions to exercises 17
x−1
Z Z Z
1 du 1 du
∴ 2
dx = =
x − 2x + 7 u 2 2 u
1
= ln |u| + C
2
1
= ln |x2 − 2x + 7| + C .
2
Return to Exercise 5
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Solutions to exercises 18
Exercise 6.
Z
8x
2
dx
x −4
du
Let u = x2 − 4 then du = 2x dx and = xdx
2
Z Z
8x 1 du
∴ dx = 8
x2−4 u 2
= 4 ln |u| + C
= 4 ln |x2 − 4| + C .
Return to Exercise 6
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Solutions to exercises 19
Exercise 7.
x2
Z
3
dx
x +2
du
Let u = x3 + 2 then du = 3x2 dx and = x2 dx
3
x2
Z Z
1 du
∴ dx =
x3 + 2 u 3
1
= ln |u| + C
3
1
= ln |x3 + 2| + C .
3
Return to Exercise 7
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Solutions to exercises 20
Exercise 8.
R sin x
cos x dx
du du
Let u = cos x then dx = − sin x and (−1) = sin x dx
Z Z
sin x 1 du
∴ dx =
cos x u (−1)
Z
du
= −
u
= − ln |u| + C
= − ln | cos x| + C.
Return to Exercise 8
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Solutions to exercises 21
Exercise 9.
R cos x
sin x dx
du
Let u = sin x then dx = cos x and du = cos x dx
Z Z
cos x 1
∴ dx = du
sin x u
= ln |u| + C
= ln | sin x| + C.
Return to Exercise 9
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Solutions to exercises 22
Exercise 10.
Z
cos x
dx
5 + sin x
du
Let u = 5 + sin x then = cos x and du = cos x dx
dx
Z Z
cos x du
∴ dx =
5 + sin x u
= ln |u| + C
= ln |5 + sin x| + C .
Return to Exercise 10
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Solutions to exercises 23
Exercise 11.
Z
sinh x
dx
1 − cosh x
du
Let u = 1 − cosh x then = − sinh x and −du = sinh x dx
dx
Z Z
sinh x 1
∴ dx = · (−du)
1 − cosh x u
= − ln |u| + C
= − ln |1 − cosh x| + C .
Return to Exercise 11
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