UCSP REVIEWER 2
mutation or natural selection
Heritage
 relating to a product, place, etc., that evokes a
nostalgic sense of tradition or history
 historical moments, beautiful moments
Components of Culture as Heritage
 tangible (visible) - material
 intangible (invisible)- non-material
The tangible ones are those that are produced and
created based on specific and practical purposes (ex.
Palayok) and aesthetic values (pleasing/beautiful; ex.
Mural, tattoos)
Cultural artifacts both tangible and intangible may
become “heritage objects” by their sheer (mere) age and
association with momentous historical events and
noteworthy personalities.
Artifacts- man-made
REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A HERITAGE OBJECT
 ancient- mere age
 associated with historical event/ noteworthy
personalities
 Ex: People Power, Jose Rizal
As icons (images/idols) of cultural memory, they may
serve as irreplaceable emblems (symbols) of events and
personalities that once made a culture proud and
pleased.
Some typical heritage artifacts:
 Historical sites( ex: Intramuros, Chinatown)
 Objects ( ex: national flag, bakya, balisong)
Typical intangible heritage may be associated with:
 Events
 National anthem
 Literary creations (El Filibusterismo, etc., music
and dances)
EVOLUTION
- development
- Process of changing
- Continuously developing
- Gradual change
- Change in the gene pool of population from
generation to generation by such processes as
gene (determines the characteristic of a person)
Gene Mutation
- It is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence
that makes up a gene, such that the sequence
differs from what is found in most people
Natural Selection
- A natural process that results in the survival and
reproductive success of individuals or groups
best adjusted to their environment and that leads
to the perpetuation of the genetic qualities best
suited to that particular environment
Perpetuate- everlasting
EVOLUTION
- A natural process of biological changes occurring
in a population across successive generations
Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20
different species of early humans
Why study on early man’s development?
Early man’s development serves as an avenue (a
means) in analyzing the progress of our society
 For 2 million years, man in the form of early hominid,
was a herd/ tribal animal, primarily a herd herbivore
 During the next 2 million years the human was a
tribal/hunter/ warrior.
Band – relatives, closer relationship
Tribe- relatives + close friend
 All of the human’s social drives developed long
before he developed intellectually
Social Drives
- The drive we have to establish social
relationships with other people
They are, therefore, instinctive. Such instincts as:
- Mother-love
- Compassion
- Cooperation
- Curiosity
- Inventiveness
- Competitiveness
… are ancient and embedded in the human
They were all necessary for the survival of the human
and pre-human. Hence, man’s progression and
 characteristics are essential in understanding the
capability for adaptation.
Arguments on the Origin of Man
How did man and the world of things come to be?
- The theory of creation (Adam and Eve)
- The theory of natural selection
- The Big Bang Theory
Biological Evolution
Scientists study:
 Changes in the physical body of humans
 The changes in the shape and size of their bones,
brain, dentition, and fingers
 The changes in posture, movement
 The development of bipedalism or walking on two
feet in an upright position
1. Homo habilis
- Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is
associated with speech in modern humans and
was the first to make stone tools.
- The ability to make and use tools is a unique
quality to humans such that the species is
recognized to be the first true human.
- The species name means “Handy Man”.
2. Homo rudolfensis
- Species characterized by a longer face, larger
molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger
braincase compared to habilis particularly frontal
lobes, area of the brain that process information
3. Homo erectus
- The species name means “Upright Man” with
body proportions similar to that of modern
humans
- Adapted to hot climates and mostly spread in
Africa and Asia
- They were the first hunters with improvised tools
such as axes and knives
- First to produce fire
4. Homo heidelbergensis
- Species with large brow ridge and short wide
bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years
ago in Europe and Africa
- They were the first of early human species to live
in colder climates
- First to hunt large animals on routine basis using
spears
- First to construct human shelters
5. Homo floresiensis
- Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small
stature with a height of more or less 3 feet and
lived 95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the Island of
Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed
animal species
6. Homo Sapiens
- The species name means “Wise Man” that
appeared from 200,000 years ago
- The present human race belongs to this species
7. Homo Sapiens neanderthalensis
- Short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter
climates especially in icy cold places in Europe
and Asia
- Also knows as “Neanderthal Man”
- Is the closest relative of modern humans
- The first to practice burial of their dead, hunting
and gathering food, and sewing clothes from
animal skin using bone needles
- They lived about 200,000 to 28,000 years ago
8. Homo Sapiens Sapiens
- Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon
characterized to be anatomically modern humans
and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from
40,000 to 10,000 years ago
- First to produce art in cave paintings and crafting
decorated tools and accessories
CRO-MAGNON
- France
- Rock shelter