Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSN: 2456-9992
Abstract: Various types of liquid hydrocarbons are used.One of the problems of these hydrocarbons is the formation of hydrocarbon waste.
Wastewater polluting the environment and should remove hydrocarbon contaminants before discharge into the environment or reduced.
Different methods of physical, chemical, biological and thermal treatment of this type of wastewater is not a good performance.According
to membrane technology for wastewater treatment, in this study, two layers ceramic membrane was made.The membrane consists of two
base layers and the active layer was made. On the basis of various parameters such as percent alumina to kaolin, the baking temperature and
pressure of hydraulic presses for making the base layer were examined. The effect of these parameters on exudate flux and porosity of the
membrane was determined Created. The active layer of alumina was synthesized at 550 C on the base. The results showed that the supports
of calcined in 1200 C include of 60% alumina and 200 bar pressure is good strength.At this condition, The porosity of the support is 41%
and water permeability flux is 746 Kg/m2.hr. The performance of the membrane to remove waste oil to 88 per cent. The built-in membrane
performance compared to polymeric membranes showed better performance.
• Depending on the application, the operating cost release of these materials. The characteristics of kaolin used
may be high. are shown in Table 1.
• Due to the acidification of the wastewater, there
may be corrosion problems. Table 1: Kaolin powder analysis
• Mechanical problems occur due to the cramps of
chemical injection lines. Components (%)
• The amount of uncontained solids in the turbulent SiO2 51.9
TiO2 0.1
flow increases. Al2O3 34.1
Fe2O3 1.4
Thermal treatment (evaporation or burning) is a suitable and K2O 0.8
universal method for many oil emulsions. Its disadvantages Na2O 0.1
are high energy costs and a low amount of evaporated steam L.O.I 11.6
Total 100
oil, which requires the purification of the liquid component
[7]. Coagulants and filtration are suitable for reducing the
high amount of oil and grease within a certain range of The feed process involves the production of oil from a
droplet sizes. The problems of this process are the gradual production plant with the specifications indicated in Table 2.
absorption of materials in the coagulation medium and into An ultrafiltration system according to Fig. 2 is also used to
the walls of the device. This will damage the device and evaluate the membrane function.
reduce its performance. The high amount of sludge produced
is one of the other problems of this method. However, as Table 2: Specifications of industrial wastewater used
noted, routine procedures such as biological, chemical and
physical methods for treating and adapting oily waste with Specifications Unit Wastewater
existing standards (less than 100 mg / l) are either not cost- TSS mg/lit 210
effective or costly. In the case of selecting different COD5 mg/lit as O2 456
processes for the treatment of oil waste, it can be said that a BOD mg/lit as O2 69
suitable process has the least cost, is easy to work with, and Oil & grease mg/lit 237
provides the desired output quality. Membrane methods In Turidity NTU 173
addition to the simplicity of the process and the cost of initial
Ph - 8
investment, production of high purity products that do not
depend on the quality of the wastewater are produced. Also,
these units are small in size and produce a small amount of
sludge. So now, membrane technology has been introduced
as the best way to treat wastewater produced by oil units.
The membranes that are currently in use are polymeric.
Polymer membranes usually get stuck during use. They
therefore need to be replaced, which increases operating
costs. Ceramic membranes are resistant to temperature,
physical and chemical temperatures compared to polymer
membranes, and they are less clogged and have much longer
life, but it is harder to make these membranes than polymers. Figure 2: Laboratory system used in empirical studies
In this design, a two-layer composite ceramic membrane
with Nano-cavities was designed and constructed that has a To evaluate the membrane that is placed in the membrane
good function in the treatment of wastewaters generated in tuberculosis, the main cycle of the feed tank begins. The
hydrocarbon production units [8]. process feed, which is the same industrial effluent, is
pumped by a centrifuge pump from the feed tank to the
2. Materials and equipment bottom of the membrane module and enters the membrane
Ceramic membranes used in this research are made of two entrance channels. It should be noted that the filtration is
main parts: carried out in the mode of flow velocity and the leakage
1- Support or ceramic base (microfiber) current is collected and the flow passes into the feed tank.
2- Active layer (ultra filter) For analyzing and analyzing the leaked material after each
test, the leak material is collected in the sample container [9].
The materials used to build the ceramic base and the active
layer used in this research is: Kaolin, alpha-alumina powder, 3. Flow Trace Measurement Method
bohemian solution, nitric acid, PEG powder. Measurement of the flux of all membranes has been done in
Alpha-Alumina powder with a particle size of less than 4 the ultrafiltration system. Pressure and temperature are
microns has been used to make alumina-silicate ceramic important factors in measuring flux. The two factors have
bases with different percentages. Bohemite was used as the been kept constant throughout all experiments. Experiments
starting material for the production of alumina gamma to were carried out at 25 ° C and 3 bars, and each test was
synthesize the active layer of alumina. In this research, repeated for 10 minutes and repeated twice. The flux density
alumina with a percentage of kaolin has been used to make is calculated using the following equation [10]:
the microfilter membrane. The alumina used in this study is
from Merck. In order to create a controlled porosity, PEG is Flux = (Infiltrated water (kg))/ (Time (h) * membrane cross-
used to form porous base during calcification with the section (m2))
4- Making Nano filter Membrane distilled water, the surface of the membranes was dried and
Many of the ongoing research around the world are being again weighed. The porosity of the micro filters was obtained
developed to improve membrane processes by introducing according to the following relationships [13]:
new materials and technology. The membrane materials are
of varying modularity in both types of polymers and Porosity = (pore volume) / (Total volume)
minerals (ceramics, carbon, metal and glass). Each of them Pore volume = (wet weight - Dry weight)/ (Volume of liquid
has its own advantages and constraints, including the low filling)
cost and high ability in separation for polymer membranes
and high mechanical and thermal resistance and the The porosity test results of the bases are shown in Figures 3
uniformity of the distribution of pore size in ceramic and 4 in the different conditions assessed.
membranes. The purpose of this study is to construct an
ultrafiltration membrane with cavities less than 100 nm. The
desired membrane consists of two parts of the base and the 100 bar
active layer. The base is a microfilter membrane [11].
porosity%
Microfiltration membranes are the most common type of α=40%
membranes. The size of their pores is in the range of 0.05 to α=60%
10 (micrometers). Microfiltration membranes may be made
from a large number of different materials based on organic α=80%
materials (polymers) or minerals (ceramics, metal and glass).
Ceramic membranes, of course, are commonly used (α or Υ) T (C°)
- alumina, carbon and molybdenum. In this part of the
research, the purpose of producing a type of microfiltration
membranes with high percentages of alumina combined with Figure 3: Porosity variations in terms of temperature in
Kaolin soil was through the baking reaction, which has high various percentages of alumina at 100 bar
resistance, porosity and high permeability. In face-up
experiments, the effect of three factors (hydraulic press
pressure, alumina-kaolin percentage and cooking
temperature) has been investigated. The second layer of the
membrane contains an active alumina layer to perform the
process of separating with nanoscale cavities. Description of
manufacturing process and evaluation are as follows.
Pressure
100 bar 200 bar
press
Alumina 40 % 60 % 80 % 40 % 60 % 80 %
Flux
1388.2 1289.2 941.7 1332.9 746.7 748.9
(Kg/m2.hr)
Removal
Feed - COD Permeate- COD
percentage in the
(mg/lit) (mg/lit)
membrane
550 65 88.18
M1.CAF
Properties PVDF
Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
1500
Quartz, syn; Si O2; Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
MW 20000
Quartz, syn; Si O2; Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
1000
Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
Pore Size 30 nm
Quartz, syn; Si O2; Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
Corundum, syn; Al2 O3
500