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This code is applied when designing the concrete and reinforced concrete structures of
buildings and constructions for different purposes that are operating at systematic impact of
temperatures not exceeding 50 °С and below minus 70 °С.
The code establishes requirements to the design of the concrete and reinforced concrete
structures, manufactured of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate, light-weight, and cellular concretes.
Requirements of this code are not applied to the concrete and reinforced concrete
constructions of hydraulic structures, bridges, transport tunnels, pipes placed under mounds,
coverings of motor roads and aerodromes, ferrocement structures, as well as structures
manufactured of concretes, having average density less than 500 and higher than 2500 kg/m 3,
concrete-polymers and polymer-concretes, calcareous cement, slag cement and compound cement
concretes (excluding their application in the cellular concrete), gypseous cement and special cement
concretes, concretes with special and organic aggregates, and concretes having macroporous
composition.
When designing the concrete and reinforced concrete structures intended for operation in
special conditions (under seismic impacts, in media with aggressive impact degree on the concrete
and reinforced concrete structures, in hypermoisture conditions, etc.), additional requirements made
to such structures by corresponding normative documents shall be observed.
According to concrete strength indices, concrete has been classified in accordance with
international standards.
Basic letter symbols taken in this code, as well as basic definitions, are given in the
reference appendix 3.
1. GENERAL DIRECTIONS
BASIC PROVISIONS
1.1. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures shall be provided with the calculation,
materials selection, setting dimensions and designing in compliance with the reliability required to
avert the appearance of all forms of marginal states.
APPROVED
By the Resolution of the Ministry of Construction and Date of putting into action
Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan
Turkmenbashi (January) 1, 2005
Garashsyzlyk (October) 22, 2004 № МОК-16
1.2. The choice of constructive decisions shall be carried out proceeding from technical and
economical expediency of their application in specific conditions of construction, taking into
account maximum reduction of materials consumption, power-consuming, labouriousness, and
construction cost, having been attained by:
- utilization of efficacious building materials and constructions;
- decrease of the weight of constructions;
- the fullest usage of physical and mechanical properties of materials;
- usage of local building materials;
- compliance with the requirements for economic consumption of basic building materials.
1.3. When designing buildings and structures, structural layouts ensuring the required
durability, rigidity and spatial immutability of buildings and structures as a whole, as well as
separate constructions, shall be taken at all stages of erection and operation.
1.8. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures shall satisfy requirements of the
bearing capacity calculation (marginal states of the first group) and normal operational
capability calculation (marginal states of the second group).
a) Calculation for the marginal states of the first group shall protect constructions
against:
- brittle, ductile or another type of failure (durability calculation taking into account
construction’s deflection before failure, if necessary);
- construction’s form buckling (rigidity calculation of thin-slab structures, etc.) or its
position (overturning and slip calculation of retaining walls; calculation of floating of buried
or subsurface tanks, pump stations, etc.);
- fatigue failure (robustness calculation of constructions being under impact of the
repeated load - mobile or pulsating:
- crane girders, ties, frame foundations and overlapping for some out-of-balance
machinery, etc.;
- failures under the combined impact of power factors and unfavourable influences of
the environment (periodic or constant influences of the corrosive medium, effects of
alternate freezing and thawing, fire impacts, etc.).
b) Calculation for the marginal states of the second group shall protect constructions
against
- cracks formation, as well as their excessive or long-term opening (if by the
operating conditions the formation or long-term opening of cracks is inadmissible);
- excessive shifts (flexures, azimuth error, angular deflections, vibrations).
1.9. As a rule, the calculation for the marginal states of the structure as a whole, as
well as its separate elements, shall be carried out for all stages – manufacture,
transportation, erection and operation, thereat the design models shall meet the constructive
decisions accepted.
It is admissible not to carry out the calculation of the cracks’ opening and the
deformation calculation, if based on testing or practice of utilization of the reinforced
concrete structures it has been ascertained that opening of cracks therein doesn’t exceed
permissible values and at the operation stage the structure’s rigidity is sufficient.
1.10. Values of loads and effects, load reliability factors, combination factors, as well
as subdivision of loads into constant-acting and live ones, shall be taken pursuant to
requirements of Building Code 2.01.07-85 “Loads and impacts”.
Loads taken into account when calculating for the marginal states of the second
group (working loads) should be taken in accordance with clauses 1.14 and 1.18. Thereat,
long-term loads also include a part of the total value of short-term loads, stipulated in
Building Code 2.01.07-85; and the short-term load entered into the calculation should be
taken decreased by the value, taken into consideration in the long-term load. Combination
factors and load reduction factors belong to the total value of the short-term loads.
For structures that are exposed to the solar radiation and intended for the operation in
the climatic subregion IVA pursuant to BCT 2.01.01-98 “Building climatology”,
temperature climatic impacts should be taken into account in the process of calculation.
For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures, their refractoriness shall be also
ensured pursuant to the requirements of Building Code 2.01.02-85 “Fire-prevention
regulations”.
1.11. When calculating prefabricated elements being influenced by forces that
emerge during their lifting, transportation and mounting, the load caused by the element’s
weight should be entered with the dynamic index amounting to:
when transporting………………………..1,60
when lifting and mounting…..…………..1,40
1.21. Prestresses σSP, as well as σ'SPin the prestressed reinforcement S and S',
respectively, should be specified considering the admissible deviations of р value of the
prestress in such a way that the following conditions for the bar and wire reinforcement are
met:
р = 30 + 360/l (2)
where p - in MP; l – length of a bar under tension (an interval between the external
faces of abutments), m.
In case of the automated tendon jacking, the value of the numerator – 360 in the
formula (2) is replaced by 90.
1.22. Stress values σсоn1 and σ'соn1in the prestressed reinforcement S and S',
respectively, being controlled on completion of post-tension, are taken to be σSP and σ'SP (see
clause 1.21) deducting deformation losses of anchors and reinforcement friction (see clause
1.23).
Stress values in the prestressed reinforcement S and S', being controlled in the site of
application of tension force during tendon jacking on the hardened concrete, are taken to be
σсоn2 and σ'соn2 , respectively, that are determined under condition of ensuring σSP and σ'SP
tensions in the design section according to formulas:
а = Es / Eb
Note. In structures made of light-weight concrete of В7,5 - В12,5 grades σсоn1 and
σ'соn2 values shall not exceed 400 and 550 MP, respectively.
1.23. When calculating prestressed elements one should take into consideration
prestressed losses of the reinforcement.
When post-tensioining of the reinforcement one should take into account:
а) the first losses – caused by deformation of anchors, reinforcement friction on
envelope facilities, by stress relaxation in the reinforcement, temperature drop, forms
deflection (form-tensioning of reinforcement), and by fast-accumulating creep of concrete;
b) the second losses – caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete.
When concrete–tensioining of the reinforcement one should take into account:
c) the first losses – caused by deformation of anchors, reinforcement friction on canal
walls or concrete surface of the structure;
d the second losses – caused by stress relaxation in the reinforcement, shrinkage and
creep of concrete, concrete collapse under the reinforcement coils, deflection of joints
between blocks (for structures consisting of block).
Prestressed losses of the reinforcement should be determined according to Table 4.
Thereat, when designing constructions, the total value of losses should be taken not less
than 100 MP.
1.24. When defining prestressed losses caused by shrinkage and creep of concrete
according to position 8 and 9 in Table 4, the following directions should be taken into
consideration:
а) if the term of construction’s loading is known in advance, the losses should be
multiplied by φl factor that is found by the formula
φl = 4t /(100+3t) (5)
where t – time, day, counted when defining losses caused by creep from the day of
the concrete reduction, and by shrinkage – from the day of concreting completion;
b) for structures intended for operation under air moisture lower than 40%, losses
shall be increased by 25%, excluding constructions made of heavy-weight and fine-
aggregate concretes that are intended for operation in the IVA climatic subregion pursuant to
BCT 2.01.01-98 and exposed to the solar radiation for which the aforesaid losses are
increased by 50%;
c) to define losses more exact methods are permitted that are proved in accordance
with the order established, if the cement grade, concrete composition, manufacturing and
working conditions, etc., are known.
1.25. The reinforcement prestressed value is entered into the calculation with the
accuracy factor of tendon jacking γsp that is found by the formula
"Plus" sign is taken in case of unfavourable effect of prestress (i.e. at this stage of the
structure’s operation or at the element’s site under consideration •prestress decreases the
bearing capacity, facilitates the crack formation, etc.), “minus” sign – under favourable
effect.
In case of mechanical technique of tendon jacking, ∆ γ sp values are taken to be 0,1,
and in case of thermal-electric and thermoelectromechanical techniques they are found by
the formula
sp 0,5 P 1 1 / n p / sp , (7)
Asp
P sp Asp sp s As s As ; (8)
0 p sp Asp у ыз s As у s sp
Asp у sp s As у s / P , (9)
where σs, σ's - stresses in the non-prestressed reinforcement, respectively, S and S,
caused by the concrete shrinkage and creep;
уsp , у'sp , уs and у's – distances from the centre of figure of the modified section to the
points of application of resultant forces in the prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement
S and S', respectively (see Fig. 1).
In case of curvilinear prestressed reinforcement σsp and σ'sp values are multiplied by
cos θ and cos θ', respectively, where θ and θ' – are tilt angles of the reinforcement’s axis to
the longitudinal axis of the element (for the section under consideration).
σsp and σ'sp stresses are taken:
а) at the stage of the concrete reduction - with an allowance for the first losses;
b) at the stage of the element operation - with an allowance for the first and second
losses.
σsp and σ'sp stresses are taken numerically equal:
- at the stage of the concrete reduction – to stress losses caused by the fast-
accumulating creep according to position 6 in Table 4;
- at the stage of the element operation – to the sum of stress losses caused by the
concrete shrinkage and creep according to positions 6, 8 and 9 in Table 4.
1.27. Compressive stresses in the concrete at the prereduction stage σbp shall not
exceed values (in shares of the concrete transfer elasticity Rbp), stated in Table 6.
σbp stresses are estimated at the level of the outer compressed concrete fiber with an
allowance for prestressed losses according to positions 1-6 in Table 4 and at tendon jacking
accuracy factor γsp amounting to one.
1.28. For prestressed constructions wherein the regulation of reduction stresses of
concrete is envisaged in the process of their operation (for example, in reactors, reservoirs,
TV towers), the prestressed reinforcement is used without adhesion with the concrete,
thereat effective measures should be foreseen to protect the reinforcement against corrosion.
Requirements of the 1st category of crack-resistance shall be made to prestressed
constructions without reinforcement adhesion with the concrete.
1.29. The calculation of planar structures (wall-beam, floor slab type) and massive
structures according to the marginal states of the first and second groups should be carried
out for stresses (forces), deflections and displacements, being estimated considering the
physical nonlinearity, anisotropy, and if necessary – creeping, accumulation of failures (in
the long-term processes) and geometric nonlinearity (for thin-slab structures mainly).
1.30. The physical nonlinearity, anisotropy and creeping should be considered in
the defining relationships that interconnect stresses and deflections, as well as in conditions
of the material’s durability and crack-resistance. Thereat, one should single out two stages
of elements deformation – before and after crack formation.
1.31. As a rule, before crack formation a nonlinear orthotrophic model should be
applied for the concrete that allows to take into account a directed development of the
dilatation effect and deformation inhomogeneity during compression and tension. It is
permitted to make use of quasi-isotropic model of the concrete considering the visualization
of the aforementioned factors on average according to the volume. At this stage, for the
reinforced concrete one should proceed from the compatibility of axial deformations of the
reinforcement and the surrounding concrete, excluding terminal sections of the
reinforcement not supplied with special anchors.
Under danger of reinforcement crippling one should restrict its ultimate compressive
stresses.
1.32. In conditions of the concrete strength one should take into account the
combination of stresses on the sites of different directions, owing to which, in particular, its
resistance to the biaxial and triaxial compression exceeds the strength at uniaxial
compression, and in case of combinations of compression and tension it may be less than
under the effect of one of them. If necessary the duration of tensions’ effect shall be taken
into consideration.
A condition of reinforced concrete strength without cracks shall depend on conditions
of strength of the component materials as a double-base medium.
1.33. The condition of strength of the concrete elements of the double-base medium
should be used as a condition of crack formation.
1.34. After crack formation one should apply a model of a general anisotropic body
with nonlinear expressions of forces or stresses dependences on displacements taking into
account the following factors:
- cracks’ tilt angles to the reinforcement and diagrams of cracks crossing;
- opening of cracks and shift of their faces;
- reinforcement rigidity: axial – with an allowance for adhesion with the concrete
stripes or blocks between cracks; tangential – with an allowance for yielding of concrete
foundation nearby the crack faces and, correspondingly, axial and tangential stresses in the
reinforcement;
- concrete rigidity: between cracks – for axial forces and shift (decreases for a
diagram of intersecting cracks); in cracks - for axial forces and shift owing to cohesion of
the crack faces if their width is sufficiently small;
- partial violation of compatibility of axial deformations of the reinforcement and
concrete between cracks.
In the model of deformation of unreinforced elements with cracks only hardness of
concrete between cracks is taken into account.
In case if inclined cracks appear, one should take into account peculiarities of the
concrete deformation over the inclined cracks.
1.35. The width of cracks opening and reciprocal shift of their faces should be
determined proceeding from the displacement of bars of different directions with respect to
crack faces they intersect, taking into account intervals between the cracks, and on
upholding of the condition of compatibility of these displacements.
1.36. Strength conditions of flat and volumetric elements having cracks should be
based on the following presuppositions:
- it is accepted that a failure occurs as a result of considerable elongation of the
reinforcement in the area of the most dangerous cracks that generally locate slantwise to the
reinforcement bars, and fragmentation of concrete elements of the structure between or
behind the cracks (for example, in the compression region of slabs over the cracks);
- concrete resistance to compression is decreased because of emerging of an
extension directed perpendicularly that is created by the forces of cohesion with the tensile
reinforcement, as well as owing to transverse displacements of the reinforcement nearby the
crack faces;
- when defining the concrete strength, diagrams of crack formation and tilt angles of
cracks to the reinforcement are taken into account;
- as a rule, in the reinforcement bars normal stresses are taken into account that are
directed along their axis; it is permitted to take into account tangential stresses in the
reinforcement in the place of crack formation (dowel effect) supposing that bars don’t
change their orientation;
- it is accepted that in the failure crack all bars intersecting it reach their design
tensile strengths (for the reinforcement having no yield point stresses shall be controlled in
the process of the deformation calculation).
Concrete strength in its different regions should be assessed according to stresses
therein as in the component of a double-base medium (deducting reduced stresses in the
reinforcement between cracks, being determined with an allowance for stresses in cracks,
cohesion and partial violation of compatibility of the axial deformations of the
reinforcement with the concrete).
1.37. The bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete structures able to flow is
allowed to be determined by the method of limit equilibrium.
1.38. When making structure’s strength, deformation, crack formation and crack
opening calculations by the finite-element method, conditions of strength and crack-
resistance should be checked for all finite elements constituting the structure, as well as
conditions of appearance of excessive displacements of the structure. When assessing
marginal strength states it is allowed to assume separate finite elements to be collapsed, if
the aforesaid doesn’t entail the progressive fracture of the structure, and on the expiry of the
effect of the load under consideration the structure’s service ability maintains or can be
restored.
CONCRETE
2.1. For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures, being designed in
accordance with the requirements of this code, constructive concretes corresponding to TDS
25192-82 should be foreseen;
- heavy-weight with average density higher than 2200 to 2500 kg/m3 inclusive;
- fine-aggregate with average density higher than 1800 kg/m3;
- light-weigh with dense and porous structure;
- cellular with autoclave and non-autoclave hardening .
- special concrete - self-stressing.
2.2. When designing concrete and reinforced concrete structures depending on their
purpose and working conditions, concrete quality indexes should be fixed, including the
following basic ones:
а) compression strength class В;
d axial tensile strength class Вt (is fixed in cases when this characteristic is of topping
importance and controlled at the production);
c) freeze-thaw durability grade F (should be fixed for structures exposed to the effect
of alternate freezing and thaw in the moistened state);
d) water impermeability grade W (should be fixed for structures which are required
to have restricted water impermeability);
e) average density grade D (should be fixed for structures which are demanded to
meet heat insulation requirements in addition to constructive ones;
f) self-stressing grade of self-stressing concrete S p (should be fixed for self-stressing
structures when this characteristic is considered in the calculation and controlled at the
production);
Note: 1. Compression strength and axial tensile strength classes of the concrete
meet values of the guaranteed concrete strength, MP, having maintenance of 0,95.
2. Self-stressing grade of self-stressing concrete presents the value of a prestress in
the concrete, MP, being created as a result of its dilatation with the longitudinal
reinforcement factor μ = 0,01.
2.3. For the concrete and reinforced concrete structures concretes of the following
classes and grades should be envisaged:
а) compression strength classes
heavy-weight concrete - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30; В35;
В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
Self-stressing concrete – В20; В25; В30; В35; В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
fine-aggregate concrete of groups:
А – with natural hardening or thermally treated at the atmospheric pressure on sand
having fineness modulus higher than 2,0 - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20;
В25; В30; В35; В40;
Б – the same, with the fineness modulus 2,0 and less than - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10;
В12.5; В15; В20; В25; В30;
В – autoclave treatment -В15; В20; В25; В30; В35; В40; В45; В50; В55; В60;
light-weight concrete with grades according to the average density:
D800, D900 - В2,5; В3,5; В5; В7,5;
D1000,D1100-B2,5; В3.5; В5; В7,5; В12,5;
D1200. D1300 – В2,5; В3,5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15;
D1400. D1500 – В3.5; В5; В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30;
D1600. D1700 – В5; В7,5; В10; В12.5; В15; В20; В25: В30; В35;
D1800. D1900 – В10; В12,5; В15; В20; В25; В30; В35; В40;
D2000 – В20; В25; В30; В35; В40;
cellular concrete with grades according to the average density:
autoclave non-autoclave:
D500 - В1; В1,5; –
D600 - В1; В1,5; В2; В2,5; В1; В1,5;
D700 - В1,5; В2; В2,5; В3,5; В1,5; В2; В2,5;
D800 - В2,5; В3,5; В5; В2; В2,5; В3,5;
D900 - В3,5; В5; В7,5; В3,5; В5;
D1000 - В5; В7,5; В10; В5; В7,5;
D1100 - В7,5; В10; В12,5; В15; В7,5; В10;
D1200 - В10; В12,5; В15; В10; В12,5;
It is permitted to use concrete of intermediate compression strength classes В22,5
and В27,5, provided that the aforesaid will result in the cement saving as compared with the
usage of the concrete of В25 and В30 classes, respectively, and will not decrease other
technical and economic indexes of the structure;
2.4. Age of concrete that meets its compression strength and axial tensile strength
class is set in the process of designing, proceeding from possible real periods of structure’s
loading by design loads, technique of erection, conditions of hardening of the concrete. If
the aforesaid data are not available the concrete class is fixed to be 28 days.
The value of handling strength of the concrete in the prefabricated elements should
be set in accordance with BCT 5.01.01-93 (Appendix II), TDS 13015.0-83* and standards
for structures of specific types.
2.5. For the reinforced concrete structures it is prohibited to use:
- heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes of the compression strength class lower
than В7,5;
- light-weight concrete of the compression strength class lower than В3,5 – for
single-layer structures, and lower than В2,5 – for two-layer structures.
It is recommended to take concrete compression strength class:
- for reinforced concrete elements of heavy-weight and light-weight concretes, being
calculated for the impact of the repeated load – not lower than В15;
- for reinforced concrete compressed bar elements of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate
and light-weight concretes – not lower than В15;
- for heavy-loaded reinforced concrete compressed bar elements (for example, for
columns, reacting considerable crane loads, and for columns of the lower storeys of multi-
storeyed buildings) - not lower than В25.
2.6. For prestressed elements of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight
concretes, the class of the concrete wherein the strained reinforcement is placed should be
taken depending on the type and class of the prestressed reinforcement, its diameter and
availability of anchorage not lower than stated in Table 7.
Transfer concrete strength Rbp (concrete strength by the moment of its reduction
being controlled similarly to the compression strength class of the concrete) is fixed to be 11
MP, and with the bar reinforcement of class А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK
(Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200), high-strength anchorless reinforcing wire and reinforcing
ropes – not less than 15,5 MP. Besides, the transfer concrete strength shall be not less than
50% of the accepted compression strength class of the concrete.
For structures, being calculated for the impact of the repeated load, the minimum
values of the concrete class, given in Table 7, with the prestressed reinforcing wire and
prestressed bar reinforcement of class А-IV (А600), irrespective of diameter, as well as
class А-V (А800) having 10-18 mm diameter, shall increase by one step, i.e. 5 MP with
relevant rise of the transfer concrete strength.
When designing separate types of structures, the decrease of the minimum concrete
class by one step, amounting to 5 MP, against one given in Table 7 with relevant decrease of
the transfer concrete strength is allowed provided that it is justified in accordance with
established procedure.
Notes: 1. When calculating reinforced concrete structures at the prereduction stage,
the design performances of the concrete are taken as for the concrete class numerically
equal to the transfer concrete strength (according to the linear interpolation).
2. When designing protecting single-layer solid structures that function as heat
isolation, at the relative value of the concrete reduction σbp / Rbp not higher than 0,30 it is
permitted to use a prestressed reinforcement of class А-IV, having a diameter not more than
14 mm, with classes of the light-weight concrete В7,5 — В12.5, thereat, the transfer
concrete strength Rbp shall be not less than 80% of the concrete class.
2.7. It is prohibited to use the fine-aggregate concrete without any special
experimental substantiation for the reinforced structures exposed to the repeated load, as
well as for the prestressed span structures higher than 12 m with the reinforcing wire of В-
II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19 classes.
Compression strength class of the fine-aggregate concrete, being used for the
protection against corrosion and for securing cohesion with the concrete of the prestressed
reinforcement that locates in mortises and on the surface of the structure, should not be
lower than В 12,5, and for the injection of canals – not lower than В25 and, as a rule, on the
basis of nonshrinking Portland cement.
2.8. To build in joints of elements of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures,
the concrete class should be defined depending on the working conditions of the connection
elements but it should not be lower than the concrete class of the connection elements and,
as a rule, on the basis of nonshrinking Portland cement.
2.9. Freeze-thaw durability grades of the concrete and reinforced concrete structures
depending on the mode of their operation and values of design winter outdoor temperatures
within the area of construction should be taken amounting to:
- for buildings and structures (excluding exterior walls of buildings heated) - not
lower than those indicated in Table 8;
- for exterior walls of buildings heated - not lower than those indicated in Table 9.
2.10. To build in joints of elements of prefabricated structures, which may be
influenced by negative outdoor temperatures in the process of operation or assembling, one
should use concretes of design freeze-thaw durability grades not lower than those applied
for the abutting members.
REINFORCEMENT
2.17. For armouring reinforced concrete structures one should use the reinforcement,
meeting requirements of relevant state standards or technical specifications approved in
accordance with established procedure and belonging to one of the following types:
bar reinforcing steel:
а) hot-rolled – smooth of А-I (А240) class, die-rolled section of А-II (А300), А-III
(А400), А-IV (А600), A-V(А800), А-VI (А1000) and Аc-II (А300) classes;
b) thermally and thermomechanically strengthened - die-rolled section of Ат-IIIС
(Ат400С), Ат-IV(Ат600), Ат-IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК (Ат600К), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК
(Ат800К), Ат-VСК (Ат800СК), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII"
(Ат1200”) classes;
wire reinforcing steel:
c) reinforcing cold-drawn wire:
- ordinary – die-rolled section of Вр-1 class;
- high-tensile – smooth of В-II class, die-rolled section of Вр-II class
d) reinforcing ropes – helical seven-wire of К-7 class, nineteen-wire of К-19 class.
As a rule, finished carbon steel of relevant grades as per the obligatory appendix 2 is
taken for embedded parts and junction slabs.
In the reinforced concrete structures it is allowed to use bar reinforcement of А-IIIв
(А400в) class (with elongation and stresses control or sole elongation control) that is draw-
strengthened at the enterprises of the building industry.
The utilization of new types of reinforcement being developed by the industry shall
be agreed in accordance with established procedure.
Notes: 1. In this code the designations of the reinforcement classes are taken as per
TDS (GOST) for the reinforcing steel that are in force in Turkmenistan.
2. To the designation of the classes of thermally and thermomechanically
strengthened bar reinforcement with the increased tolerance to stress-corrosion cracking
letter K is added (for example, Ат-IVК (Ат-600К)); of the welded one – letter C (for
example, Ат-IVС (Ат-600С));of the welded one with the increased tolerance to stress-
corrosion cracking – letter CK (for example, Ат-VСK (Ат-800СК)).
3. In the designation of the hot-rolled bar reinforcement letter „в" is used for the
draw-strengthened reinforcement , А-IIIв (А400в), and letter „с" – for the reinforcement of
special purpose, Ас-II.
4. In this code the following terms are used for short: “bar” – for the designation the
reinforcement of any diameter, type and section irrespective of whether it is supplied in bars
or bundles; “diameter”(d ), unless other wise has been stipulated, implies a standard
diameter of a bar.
2.18. The reinforcing steel should be selected depending on the structure’s type, the
availability of prestress, as well as conditions of erection and operation of a building or a
structure in accordance with the directions of clauses 2.19-2.24 and considering necessary
unification of the reinforcement’s structure according to classes, diameters, etc.
2.19. The following should be used as nonprestressed reinforcement of the reinforced
concrete structures:
а) bar reinforcement of Ат-IVС (Ат600С) class – for the longitudinal reinforcement;
b) bar reinforcement of А-III (А400) and Ат-IIIС (Ат400С) classes – for the
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement;
c) reinforcing wire of Вр-I class – for the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement;
d) bar reinforcement of А-I (А240), А-II (А300) and Ас-II (Ас300) classes – for the
transverse reinforcement, as well as for the longitudinal reinforcement if other types
nonprestressed reinforcement can’t be used;
e) bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600) and Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes
– for the longitudinal reinforcement in the tied cages and tied-wire fabrics (see clause 5.33);
f) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIК (Ат1000К), Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes
- for the longitudinal compression reinforcement, as well as for the longitudinal
compression and tensile reinforcement with the mixed armouring of the structure (the
presence of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement therein) in the tied cages and tied-
wire fabrics.
Reinforcement of А-III (А400), Ат-IIIС (Ат400С), Ат-IVС (Ат400С), Вр-I, А-I
(А240), А-II (А300) and Ас-II (Ас300) classes is recommended to be used in the form of
welded frames and fabrics.
Reinforcement of А-IIIв (А400в), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes made of steel grades
10ГС2 and 08Г2С, and Ат-V (Ат800) class of steel grade 20ГС is permitted to be used in
the welded fabrics and frames when implementing cruciform joints by resistance spot
welding (see clause 5.33).
2.20. Bar reinforcement of А-II (А300) and А-I (А240), А-III (А400) and Ат-IIIС
(Ат400С)В classes and reinforcing wire of Вр-I class should be used in structures with
nonprestressed reinforcement that are under pressure of gases, fluids and granular materials.
2.21. The following should be used as prestressed reinforcement of the prestressed
structures:
а) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes;
b) ) reinforcing wire of В-II, Вр-II classes and reinforcing ropes of К-7 and К-19
classes.
Bar reinforcement of A-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК
(Ат600С) and А-IIIв (А400в) classes is allowed to be used as the prestressed reinforcement.
In structures up to 12 m inclusive one should use mainly the bar reinforcement of
classes Ат-VII (Ат1200), Ат-VI (Ат1000) and Ат-V (Ат800) of graduated length.
Note. For armouring the prestressed structures of light-weight concrete of В7,5–В
12,5 classes, one should use the bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600), Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-
IVС (Ат600С), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) and А-IIIв (А400в) classes.
2.22. The following should be used as the prestressed reinforcement of the
prestressed reinforced concrete components that are under the influence of gases, fluids and
granular materials.
a) reinforcing wire of В-II, Вр-II classes and reinforcing ropes of К-7 and К-19
classes;
b) bar reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК
(Ат800СК), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIК (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes;
c bar reinforcement of А-IV (А600) and Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVК (Ат600К), Ат-IVС
(Ат600С) classes.
The reinforcement of А-IIIв (А400в) class is also allowed to be used in such
structures.
One should mainly use reinforcement of А-IV (А600) class, as well as Ат-VIК
(Ат1000К), Ат-VК (Ат800К), Ат-VСК (Ат800СК), Ат-IVК (Ат600К) classes and the
reinforcement of other types in accordance with BCT 2.03.11-99 as the prestressed
reinforcement of structures intended for operation in aggressive medium.
2.23. When selecting type and grade of steel for the reinforcement, being fixed
according to the calculation, as well as finished steels for the embedded parts, temperature
working conditions of structures and the nature of their loading should be taken into account
as per obligatory appendixes 1 and 2.
2.24. Hot-rolled reinforcing steel of Ас-II (Ас300) class of 10ГТ grade and А-I
(А240) class of ВСтЗсп2 and ВСтЗпс2 grades should be used for hairpins of the elements
of prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structures.
2.25. Hereinafter, in cases when it is unnecessary to state a specific type of the bar
reinforcement (hot-rolled, thermomechanically strengthened) the designation of the
corresponding class of the hot-rolled reinforcing steel is applied to denote it (for example,
А-V (А800) class implies the reinforcement of А-V (А800), Ат-V (Ат800), Ат-VК
(Ат800К) and Ат-VСК Ат800СК) classes).
Rs = Rsn / γs (10)
l p p sp / Rbp p d (11)
3.1. Strength calculation of concrete elements shall be carrired out for sections,
normal to their longitudinal axis. Depending on the working conditions of the elements,
they are calculated both disregarding and considering concrete resistance to the tension
region.
Disregarding concrete resistance to the tension region, the calculation of eccentrically
compressed elements, stated in clause 1.7a, is carried out on the supposition that the
attainment of the marginal state is characterized by the concrete disintegration. Concrete
compression strength is conventionally presented by stresses equal to Rb that are evenly
distributed on the part of the section compression region – a conventional compression
region (Drawing 2), hereinafter shortly referred to as the compression region of the
concrete.
Considering concrete resistance to the tension region, the calculation of elements,
stated in clause 1.7b, is carried out as well as elements wherein cracks are prohibited
according to operation conditions of structures (elements under the pressure of water,
cornices, parapets, etc.). Thereat, it is supposed that the attainment of the marginal state is
characterized by the concrete disintegration of the tension region (the occurrence of cracks).
Ultimate efforts are defined proceeding from the following preconditions (Drawing 3):
- sections remain flat after deformations;
- the highest percent elongation of the concrete outer tensile fiber equals to 2Rbt / Eb
- stresses in the concrete of the compression region are estimated with an allowance
for elastic (and in some cases inelastic) concrete deformations;
- stresses in the concrete of the tension region are evenly distributed and equal to Rbt
In cases when the formation of inclined cracks is possible (for example, H section
and T section components when transverse forces are available) the calculation of concrete
elements shall be carried out from conditions of (141) and (142) through replacement of
design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the second group Rb,ser and Rbt,ser by
corresponding values of design concrete resistances for the marginal states of the first group
Rb and Rbt.
Besides, the calculation of elements for the load’s local effect (collapse) shall be
carried out as per directions of clause 3.39.
Eccentrically compression members
r – a distance from the centre of figure of the section to the core point, the
farthermost from the tension region, being found by the formula
r = φW/A (17)
φ – see clause 4.5.
The position of the zero line is defined from the condition that
S' b0 =(h – x)Аbt / 2. (18)
3.6. The value of η factor, taking into account the deflection impact on the value of
eccentricity of the longitudinal force e0 should be found by the formula
η = 1 / (1 – N / Ncr) (19)
where Ncr – a conventional critical force being estimated by the formula
In formula (20):
φl – a factor, considering the influence of the long-term effect of the load on the
element’s deflection in the marginal state, equal to:
φl, =1+ β Ml / M (21)
but not higher than 1+ β,
here β – a factor that is taken depending on the concrete type according to Table 25;
М – a moment of relatively tensile or less compressed section face under the effect of
constant, long-term and short-term loads;
Ml – the same under the effect of constant and long-term loads;
l0 – is defined according to Table 26;
δe – a factor taken to be equal to e0 / h, but not less than
δe, min = 0,5 – 0,01 l0 / h – 0,01Rb (22)
If bending moments (or eccentricities) caused by full load and sums of constant and
long-term loads have different signs, then at the absolute value of the eccentricity of full
load e0, exceeding 0,1h, it is accepted that φl, =1,0; if the aforesaid condition is not satisfied,
then φl value is taken to be equal to φl = φl1 +10(1 - φl1) e0 / h, where φl1 is found by the
formula (21) taking М to be equal to the product of the longitudinal force N under the effect
of constant, long-term and short-term loads by the distance from the centre of the figure to
the tensile or less compressed section face under the effect of constant and long-term loads.
3.7. The calculation of elements of concrete structures for local compression
(collapse) shall be carried out as per directions of clauses 3.39 and 3.40.
Flexural members
3.8. The calculation of flexural concrete members (see Drawing 3) shall be carried
out proceeding from the condition that
М ≤ αRbt Wpl, (23)
where α – a factor taken as per directions of clause 3.5;
Wpl – is estimated by the formula (16); for elements of rectangular cross section Wpl is
taken to be equal to:
Wpl = bh2 / 3,5. (24)
3.9. Strength calculation of reinforced concrete components shall be carried out for
sections, normal to their longitudinal axis, as well as for sections inclined thereto and having
the most dangerous direction. When turning moments are available, one should check the
strength of spatial sections, being restricted in the tension region by a spiral crack having the
most dangerous direction of all possible ones. In addition, one should carry out the local
load effect calculation of elements (collapse, punching shear, abruption).
3.10. Limit forces in the section, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
should be found proceeding from the following preconditions:
- concrete tensile strength is taken to be zero;
- concrete compression strength is presented by stresses equal to Rb and evenly
distributed on the concrete compression region;
- deformations (stresses) in the reinforcement are defined depending on the height of
the concrete compression region with an allowance for deformations (stresses) caused by
prestress (see clause 3.28);
- tensile stresses in the reinforcement are taken not higher than the design tensile
strength Rs;
- compressive stresses in the reinforcement are taken not higher than the design
compression strength Rsc.
3.11. The calculation of sections, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
when the outer force affects in the plane of the section symmetry axis and the reinforcement
is concentrated nearby the faces of the component perpendicular to the aforesaid plane,
should be carried out depending on the ratio between the value of the relative height of the
compression region ξ = x / h0, being found from the corresponding equilibrium conditions
and the value of the relative height of the compression region ξR (see clause 3.12), at which
the marginal state of the component occurs simultaneously with the attainment of the stress,
equal to the design strength Rs, in the tensile reinforcement with an allowance for
corresponding coefficients of the working conditions of the reinforcement, excluding γs6
factor (see clause 3.13).
3.12. ξR value is found by the formula
ξR = ω/[ 1 + σsR (1– ω / 1,1) / σ sc, u] , (25)
where ω — a characteristic of the concrete compression region, being found by the
formula
ω = α - 0,008Rb , (26)
here α – a factor taken to be the following for the concrete:
heavy-weight…………………………………….0,85
fine-aggregate of groups:
А………………………………………………..0,80
Б and В…………………………………………0,75
Light-weight, cellular ………………………….0,80
For heavy-weight and light-weight concretes, having been treated in the autoclave, α
factor decreases by 0,05;
σsR – stress in the reinforcement, MP, taken to be the following for the reinforcement
of the following classes:
А-I (А240), А-II (А300), А-III (А400), А-IIIв (А400в), Вр-I…..σsR =
Rs – σsp ;
А-IV (А600), А-V (А800), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VII (Ат1200)…...σsR =
Rs + 400–σsp– Δσsp;
В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19…………………………………………...σsR
= Rs + 400–σsp ,
here Rs – design tensile strength of the reinforcement with an allowance for the
corresponding coefficients of the reinforcement working conditions γsi, excluding γs6 (see
clause 3.13);
σsp – is taken at γsp < 1,0;
Δσsp – see clause 3.28;
σsc, u – limit stress in the reinforcement of the compression region, taken for structures
of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes, depending on loads considered
in the calculation, from Table 13: for position 2a equals to 500 MP, for position 26 – 400
MP. For structures of cellular concrete in all cases σ sc, u = 400 MP. When calculating
components at the reduction stage, σsc, u = 330 MP.
For components made of the cellular concrete ξR values, having been found by the
formula (25), should be taken not higher than 0,6.
3.13. When making strength calculation for the reinforced concrete components with
high-tensile reinforcement of А-IV (А600), А-V (А800), А-VI (А1000), Ат-VII (Ат1200),
В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19 classes, if the condition ξ < ξR is observed, the design strength of
the reinforcement Rs shall be multiplied by factor γs6 (see position 6 in Table 19), found by
the formula
where η; – factor, taken to be the following for the reinforcement of the following
classes:
А-IV (А600)……………………………………1,20
А-V (А800), В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19…………..1,15
А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200).…………….1,10
For the case of central tension as well as eccentric tension caused by the longitudinal
force that locates between the resultant of forces in the reinforcement, γs6 value is taken to
be equal to η.
In case if welded joints are available within the region of the component with
bending moments, exceeding 0,9Мтах (where 0,9Мтах – a maximal design moment), the
value of γs6 factor is taken for the reinforcement of А-IV (А600) and А-V (А800) classes to
be not higher than 1,10, and for А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200) classes – not higher
than 1,05.
γs6 factors shouldn’t be considered for the components:
- being calculated for the effect of the repeated load;
- being armoured with a high-tensile wire located tightly (without clearances) ;
- exploited in the aggressive medium.
3.14. For the prestressed reinforcement, located within the compression region under
the effect of the outer forces or at the reduction stage and having cohesion with the concrete,
design compression strength Rsc (see clauses 3.15, 3.16, 3.20, 3.27) shall be replaced by σsc
stress equal to (σsc, u – σ'sp), MP, but not higher than Rsc, where σ'sp is estimated at factor γsp >
1,0, σsc, u – see clause 3.12.
М ≤ Rb bx (h0 – 0,5x) + Rb (b' f –b) h'f (h0 –0,5 h'f) + Rsc A's (h0 – a'), (31)
thereat, the height of the concrete compression region х is found by the formula
The value of b' f, being entered into the calculation, is taken proceeding from the
condition that the overhanging length of the table on both sides of the rib shall be not more
than 1/6 of the member’s span and not higher than:
а) in the presence of transversal ribs or at h' f ≥ 0,1h–1/2 clear distance between
longitudinal ribs;
b) in the absence of transversal ribs or if distances between them are longer than
distances between the longitudinal ribs, and h' f < 0,1h–-6 h' f;
в) in case of canterlivered overhangs of the table:
at h'f ≥ 0,1h………………………………………6 h'f
" 0,05 h ≤ h'f > 0,1h…………………………..3 h'f
" h'f < 0,05 h……………. overhangs are not taken into account
3.17. When making strength calculation of the flexural members, the condition of x ≤
ξRh0 is recommended to be observed. When for constructive reasons or from the calculation
of the marginal states of the second group the sectional area of the tensile reinforcement is
taken higher than it is required to observe the condition of x ≤ ξRh0, the design should be
carried out according to formulas given for a general case (see clause 3.28).
If from calculation of formulas (29) or (32), the value of x > ξRh0 it is allowed to
make calculations from conditions of (28) and (31), defining the height of the compression
region by the formulas:
ξcir = [N+ (σsp + ω1Rs) As,tot] / [RbA + (Rsc+ ω2 Rs) As, tot] (41)
If from calculations under formula (41) ξcir < 0,15, ξcir value found from the following
formula is substituted into condition of (40)
ξcir = [N+ (σsp + φs Rs ) As,tot ] / (RbA + Rsc As,tot) (42)
thereat φs and zs values are found by the formulas (43) and (44), supposing ξcir = 0,15.
In formulas (40) - (42):
rm – a half-sum of inner and outer radiuses;
rs – a circle radius crossing the centres of gravity of the reinforcement’s bars;
As,tot – a sectional area of the whole longitudinal reinforcement;
φs – a factor found by the formula
φs = ω1– ω2 , ξcir ; (43)
zs – a distance from the resultant force in the reinforcement of the tension regions to
the centre of figure of the section found by the formula
A-IV (А600)……………………………………………………10
A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and Aт-VII (Ат1200)…..……….25
A s,tot – a sectional area of the whole longitudinal high-tensile reinforcement;
Aef – the same denomination as in formula (49).
θ value is taken not less than 1,0 and not higher than:
1,2………..with reinforcement of A-IV (А600) class
1,6………..A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000) and Aт-VII (Ат1200) classes
When defining the limit value of the relative height of the compression region for
sections with the confinement reinforcement, formula (25) is entered
General case of calculation (with any sections, external forces and any type of
reinforcement)
In formula (65):
. М – in the flexible members – is a moment projection of external forces on the
plane that is perpendicular to the straight line restricting the compression region of the
section;
in the eccentrically compression and tension members – a moment of the longitudinal
force N relative to the axis that is parallel to the straight line restricting the compression
region, and crossing:
in the eccentrically compression members – the centre of figure of the section of the
most tension or least compression bar of the longitudinal reinforcement;
in the eccentrically tension members – the point of the compression region that is
farthermost from the aforesaid straight line;
Sb – a static moment of the sectional area of the concrete compression region relative
to one of the aforementioned axes, thereat in the flexural members the position of the axis is
taken to be the same as in eccentrically compression ones;
Ssi – a static moment of the sectional area of i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement
relative to one of the aforementioned axes;
σsi – stress in the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement, being defined as per
directions of this clause.
The height of the compression region х and tension о;, are found from the conjoint
solution of equations:
Rb Аb –Σ σsi Asi ± N = 0 ; (66)
σsi = [σsc,u /(1– ω/1,1)](ω/ξi – 1)+ σspi. (67)
In equation (66) “minus” sign before N is taken for the eccentrically compression
members, and “plus” sign – for the eccentrically tension ones.
Besides, to determine the position of the border of the compression region in case of
unsymmetrical flexure the observance of additional condition of parallelism of the plane of
the effect of the moments of external and internal forces is required, and in case of
asymmetric eccentrical compression or tension – the condition that the points of application
of the external longitudinal force, the resultant of compressive forces in the concrete and
reinforcement and resultant of forces in the tensile reinforcement (or the external
longitudinal force, the resultant of compressive forces in the concrete and the resultant of
forces in the whole reinforcement) shall lie on one straight line (see Drawing 8).
If value c-si, being got by the formula (67), for the reinforcement of A-IV (А600),
A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000), Aт –VII (Ат1200), В-II, Bp-II, K-7 and К-19 classes exceeds
βRsi, then the stress σsi should be found by the formula
σsi = [β + (1– β) (ξel – ξi )/(ξeli – ξRi)]Rsi . (68)
In case if the stress in the reinforcement, found by the formula (68), exceeds Rsi ,
disregarding factor γs6, in conditions (65) and (66) the value of σsi that is equal to Rsi
considering the corresponding factors of the working conditions, including γs6, is substituted
(see clause 3.13).
Stress σsi is entered into the design equations with its sign, having been got in
calculation of formulas (67) and (68), thereat the following condition should be observed:
in all cases Rsi ≥ σsi ≥ Rsci ;
for prestressed members σsi ≥ σsci, here σsci – stress in the reinforcement that is equal
to the prestress σsci , being reduced to the value of σsc,u (see clauses 3.12 and 3.22) .
In formulas (66) - (68) :
Asi, – a sectional area of the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement;
σspi – prestress in the i-th bar of the longitudinal reinforcement, taken at factor γsp,
being fixed depending on the arrangement of the bar;
ξi – a relative height of the concrete compression region that is equal to ξi = x/h0i,
where h0i – a distance from the axis, crossing the centre of figure of the section of the i-th
bar of the reinforcement under consideration, and a parallel straight line, restricting the
compression region, to the farthermost point of the section compression region (see
Drawing 8);
3.29. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components in the oblique sections
shall be carried out to ensure durability:
– for the effect of the transverse force along the inclined stripe between the oblique
cracks (see clause 3.30);
– for the effect of the transverse force along the oblique crack (see clauses 3.31-
3.33);
– for the effect of the transverse force along the inclined compressed stripe between
the load and support (for short cantilevers of columns; see clause 3.34);
– for the effect of the bending moment along the inclined crack (see clause 3.35).
3.30. The calculation of the reinforced concrete components for the effect of the
transverse force in order to ensure durability along the inclined stripe between the oblique
cracks shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
Q ≤ 0,3φw1 φb1 Rb bh0 . (72)
Factor φw1, considering the effect of stirrups, normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component, is found by the formula
Moment М in condition (88) is defined from the external load, being arranged on one
side of the oblique section under consideration relative to the axis that is perpendicular to
the plane of the moment effect and crosses the point of application of resultant of forces Nb
of the compression region.
Moments Ms, Msw and Ms,inc are defined as a sum of moments relative to the same axis
caused by the forces in the longitudinal reinforcement, stirrups and bendings, respectively,
that cross the tensile region of the oblique section.
When defining forces in the reinforcement, crossing the oblique section, one should
take into account its anchorage behind the oblique section.
The height of the compression region of the oblique section is defined from the
condition of equilibrium of the forces’ projections in the concrete of the compression region
and in the reinforcement, crossing the tensile region of the oblique section, on the
longitudinal axis of the component.
The calculation of the oblique sections for the moment effect is carried out in the
spots of rupture or bending of the longitudinal reinforcement, as well as within the
supporting region of beams and nearby the free edge of cantilevers. Besides, the calculation
of oblique sections for the moment effect is carried out in spots of abrupt change of the
component’s configuration (trimming, etc.).
Within the supporting regions of the components the moment Ms, perceived by the
longitudinal reinforcement, crossing the tensile region of the oblique section, is found by the
formula
Ms =Rs As zs , (89)
3.36. When calculating spatial sections, forces are found proceeding from the
following preconditions:
- concrete tensile strength is taken to be equal to zero;
- the compression region of the spatial section is conventionally supposed to be a
plane, being arranged at an angle of θ to the longitudinal axis of the component, and
concrete compression strength – to be stresses Rb sin2 θ that are evenly distributed along the
compression region;
tensile stresses in the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, crossing the tension
region of the spatial section under consideration, are taken to be equal to the design
strengths Rs and Rsw, respectively;
stress in the reinforcement, being arranged in the compression region, is taken to
equal to Rsc for the nonprestressed reinforcement, and for the prestressed one – as per
directions of clause 3.14.
Components of the rectangular cross section
3.37. When calculating components under torsion with flexure, the following
condition shall be observed
Т ≤0,1Rbb2h , (91)
where b, h the smallest and the largest dimensions of the component’s faces,
respectively.
Thereat, for the concrete of classes higher than В30 the value of R{, is taken as for the
concrete of В30 class.
3.38. Strength calculation of spatial sections (Drawing 13) shall be carried out
proceeding from the condition that
Т ≤ RsAs[(1 + φwδλ2) / (φqλ + χ)](h0 – 0,5х). (92)
The height of the compression region х is found from the condition that
RsAs – RscA's = Rbbx. (93)
The calculation shall be made for three design models of arrangement of the
compression region of the spatial section:
1st model – nearby the component’s face, having been compressed because of flexure
(Drawing 14, а);
2nd model – nearby the component’s face that is parallel to the plane of effect of the
bending moment (Drawing 14, б);
3rd model – nearby the component’s face that is tensile because of flexure (Drawing
14, в).
In formulas (92) and (93):
Rs ,A's – cross-sectional areas of the longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged at the
given design model within the tension and compression regions, respectively;
b, h – dimensions of the component’s faces that are parallel and perpendicular,
respectively, to the line, restricting the compression region;
δ = b/(2h + b) ; (94)
λ = c/b; (95)
here с – a length of the projection of the line, restricting the compression region, on
the longitudinal axis of the component; the calculation is made for the most dangerous value
of с, being defined by a progressive approximation and taken not higher than 2h + b.
In formula (92) the values of x and φq, specifying the correlation between the active
forces Т, М and Q, are taken to be the following:
in the absence of the bending moment χ=0 φq= 1;
when calculating for the 1st model χ = М/Т φq= 1;
nd
when calculating for the 2 model χ =0 φq =1+Qh/2T;
when calculating for the 3rd model χ = - M/T φq = l.
The torsional moment Г, the bending moment М and the lateral force Q are taken in
the section, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component and crossing the centre of
gravity of the compression region of the spatial section.
Values of the factor φw, specifying the correlation between the transverse and
longitudinal reinforcement are found by the formula
φw = (Rsw Asw) / RsAs·b/s (96)
where Asw – a sectional area of one bar of a stirrup, being arranged nearby the face
that is a tensile one for the design model under consideration;
s – a distance between the aforesaid stirrups.
Thereat, the values of φw are taken to be:
not less than
φw,min = 0,5/ (1 + M/2φw Mu ) (97)
and not higher than
φw,max =1,5(1 – M/Mu), (98)
nd
where М – the bending moment taken to be equal to zero for the 2 model, and for
rd
the 3 model – with a “minus” sign;
Ми – a limit bending moment, being perceived by a normal section of the component.
If the value of φw, having been calculated by the formula (96), is less than φw,min, then
the value of the force RsAs·, being entered into formulas (92) and (93), is multiplied by the
ratio of φw/φw,min .
In case if the following condition is satisfied
T ≤ 0,5 Qb, (99)
nd
instead of the calculation for the 2 model, the calculation is carried out proceeding
from the condition that
Q ≤ Qsw+ Qb –3T /b . (100)
In formulas (99) and (100): b – a width of the face of the section that is perpendicular
to the plane of flexure;
Qsw and Qь – are found as per directions of clause 3.31.
3.39. When making local compression (collapse) calculation for components without
the transverse armouring, the following condition shall be met
3.42. The calculation of punching shear of slab structures (without the transverse
reinforcement), being caused by the effect of forces evenly distributed on the restricted area,
shall be made proceeding from the condition that
F ≤ αRbt um h0 , (107)
where F – a unching shear force;
α – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight...................................1,00
fine-aggregate ……….....................0,85
light-weight .....................................0,80
um – the arithmetical mean value of perimeters of the uper and lower bases of a
pyramid that is formed during the punching shear within the bounds of the working height
of the section.
When defining um and F it is supposed that the punching shear occurs on the lateral
surface of the pyramid which smallest base serves as an area of effect of the punching shear
force, and the lateral faces are inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizontal (Drawing 16, а).
The punching shear force F is taken to be equal to the force, affecting the punching
shear pyramid with the deduction of loads, having been applied to the largest base of the
punching shear pyramid (calculating according to the plane of arrangement of the tensile
reinforcement) and resistant to the punching shear.
If the supporting model is such that the punching shear can occur only on the surface
of the pyramid with the tilt angle of the lateral faces more than 45° (for example, in pile
grillages, Drawing 16, б), the right part of condition (107) is found for the actual punching
shear pyramid with multiplying by h0/с. Thereat, the value of the bearing capacity is taken
not higher than the value corresponding to the pyramid at с = 0,4h0, where с – a length of
the horizontal projection of the lateral face of the punching shear pyramid.
When stirrups, normal to the slab plane, are mounted within the punching shear
pyramid, the calculation shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
F≤ Fb+0,8Fsw , (108)
but not higher than 2Fb. The force Fb is taken to be equal to the right part of the
inequation (107), and Fsw is defined as a sum of all lateral forces, perceived by stirrups,
crossing the lateral faces of the design punching shear pyramid, by the formula
where Rsw shall not exceed the value corresponding to the reinforcement of A-I
(А240) class.
When taking into account the transverse reinforcement, the value of Fsw shall not be
less than 0,5 Fb.
When placing stirrups on a restricted sector nearby the concentrated load, an
additional calculation of the punching shear of a pyramid with the upper base, being
arranged along the contour of the sector with the transverse reinforcement, is to be carried
proceeding from the condition (107).
The transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the requirement of clause 5.30.
Disengagement calculation
α=2hs+b, (111)
here b – a width of the surface of transfer of the disengaging force.
Values hs and b are fixed depending on the nature and conditions of application of the
disengaging load on the component (through cantilevers, adjacent components, etc.).
3.44. The calculation of anchors with T-joint welding to the flat components of steel
embedded parts, for the effect of the bending moments, normal and shearing forces, caused
by the static load, that locates in one plane of symmetry of the embedded part (Drawing 18)
shall be carried out according to the formula
Qan / / Rs , (112)
2
Аan 1,1 N an
2
where Aan – a total area of the cross-section of anchors of the most strained series;
Nan – the highest tensile strain in one row of anchors that is equal to:
N ≤ P, (131)
by the formula
r = φ (Wred /Ared); (132)
for eccentrically tension, if the condition (131) is not met, by the formula
4.11. The Calculation of crack formation inclined to the longitudinal axis of the
component shall be carried out proceeding from the condition that
σmt ≤ γb4 Rbt,ser (141)
where γb4 – the working conditions coefficient of the concrete (see Table 13), being
found by the formula
γb4 = (1 – σmc / Rbt,ser)/(0,2 + αВ), (142)
but not higher than 1,0;
here α – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight............................................................0,01
fine-aggregate, light-weight and cellular……...........0,02
В – concrete compression strength class, MP.
Value αВ should be taken not less than 0,3.
The values of main tensile and main compressive stresses in the concrete σmt and σmc
are by the formula
y
2
mt ( mc ) ( x y ) / 2 х 2 ху , (143)
2
4.14. The width of crack opening normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
αcrc, mm, should be found by the formula
crc l s / E s 20 3,5 100 3 d , (144)
where δ – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the components:
flexural and eccentrically compression...........1,0
tension ……....................................................1,2
φl – a factor taken to be equal to the following when considering:
short-term loads and a nondurable
effect of constant and long-term loads ...................1,00
a repeated load, as well as a durable effect of constant and long-term loads
for constructions made of the following concrete:
heavy-weight:
of natural moisture..................................…………….... φl = 1,60 –15µ
in the water-saturated state...................................................1,20
at alternate water saturation and desiccation ..................... 1,75
fine-aggregate of groups:
А....................................................1,75
Б...................................…..........…2,00
В..............................…..................1,50
light-weight..............not less than 1,50
cellular ….......…...........................2,50
the value of φl, for the fine-aggregate, light-weight and cellular concretes in the
water-saturated state is multiplied by factor 0,8, and in case of the alternate water saturation
and desiccation - by factor 1,2;
η— a factor taken to be equal to the following:
with bar reinforcement of die-rolled section.............................1,0
with bar smooth reinforcement....................................................…1,3
with wire reinforcement of die-rolled section and ropes ……........1,2
with smooth reinforcement .........................................................…1,4
σs – a stress in bars of the extreme row of reinforcement S or (if prestress is available)
stress increment under the effect of the external load, being defined as per directions of
clause 4.15;
Μ – a factor of section armouring that is taken to be equal to the ratio of the sectional
area of the reinforcement S to the sectional area of the concrete (at the working height ho
and disregarding the compressed overhangs of tables), but not higher than 0,02;
d – a diameter of the reinforcement, mm.
For components, which crack growth resistance is made requirements of the 2 nd
category, the width of crack opening is defined under the total effect of constant, long-term
and short-term loads at factor φl = 1,0.
For components, which crack growth resistance is made requirements of the 3 rd
category, the width of durable crack opening is defined under the effect of constant and
long-term loads at factor φl > 1,0. The width of nondurable crack opening is defined as a
sum of the width of durable crack opening and the opening width increment under the effect
of short-term loads at factor, being defined at factor φl = 1,0.
The width of crack opening, having been found by the formula (144), is corrected in
the following cases:
a) if the centre of figure of the section of bars of the extreme row of the
reinforcement of flexural, eccentrically compression, eccentrically tension at e0tot ≥0,8 h0
components is distant α2 >0,2h from the most tensile fibre, the value αcrc shall be increased
through multiplying by factor δ0 that equals to:
δ0 =[(20 α2 /h-1)] /3. (145)
ΔР = λP, (150)
4.17. The width of crack opening inclined to the longitudinal axis of the component,
in case of armouring with stirrups, normal to the longitudinal axis, shall be found by the
formula
4.19. To ensure a reliable crack closure, normal to the longitudinal axis of the
component, under the effect of constant and long-term loads, the following requirements
shall be observed:
a) in the prestresed reinforcement S irreversible deformations shall not appear under
the effect of constant, long-term and short-term loads, what is secured through observance
of the following condition
σsp+σs ≤ 0,8 Rs,ser , (154)
where σs – a stress increment in the tensile reinforcement S under the effect of
external loads, being found by the formulas (146)—(148);
b) the section of the component with a crack in the tension region, having been
caused by the effect of constant, long-term and short-term loads, shall remain compressed
under the effect of constant and long-term loads with normal compression stresses σb on
component’s face, tensile by external loads, to be not less than 0,5 MP, thereat, the value of
σb is found as for the elastic body under the effect of external loads and prereduction force.
4.20. For sectors of components, having initial cracks in the compression region (see
clause 1.16), the value of σsp in formula (154) is multiplied by the factor that is equal to 1 –
λ, and when defining the stress σb, the value of Р is multiplied by the factor that is equal to
1,1 (1 – λ), but not higher than 1,0, where values of λ are found as per directions of clause
4.6.
4.21. To ensure a reliable crack closure, inclined to the longitudinal axis of the
component, both main stresses in the concrete, being found as per directions of clause 4.11
at the level of the centre of figure of the modified section under the effect of constant and
long-term loads, shall be compressive ones and not less than 0,5 MP.
The aforesaid requirement is provided with the help of prestressed transverse
reinforcement (stirrups or bend-up bars).
4.24. In the sectors where no cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis, are formed a
complete curvature value of flexural, eccentrically compression, and eccentrically tension
components shall be found by the formula
l/r = (l /r)1+(l/r)2 – (l/r)3 – (l/r)4, (155)
where (l /r)1, (l/r)2 – a curvature caused by short-term (being defined as per directions
of clause 1.10) and by constant and long-term loads (disregarding force Р), respectively,
being found from the following formulas:}
(l /r)1= M / φb1 Eb Ired;
4.27. In the sectors where cracks, normal to the longitudinal axis of the component,
are formed a curvature of flexural, eccentrically compression, and eccentrically tension at
e0tot ≥ 0,8h0 components of a rectangular section, T section and H section (box-like sections)
shall be found by the formula
1/r = (M /h0 z) [ψs /EsAs + ψb /(φƒ + ξ)bh0 Ebν] – Ntotψs / h0EsAs , (160)
where М – a moment relative to the axis, normal to the plane of the effect of the
moment and crossing the centre of figure of the sectional area of the reinforcement S,
caused by all external forces that are arranged on one side of the section under
consideration, and by the prereduction force Р;
z – a distance from the centre of figure of the sectional area of the reinforcement S to
the point of application of the resultant of forces in the compression region of the section
over the crack, being defined as per directions of clause 4.28.
ψs – a factor considering the work of the tensile concrete in the sector with cracks and
being defined as per directions of clause 4.29;
ψb – a factor considering the nonuniformity of distribution of deformations of the
outer compressed concrete fibre longwise the sector with cracks and taken to be equal to the
following:
for heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes of the
class higher than В7,5 …………………………………………………............... 0,9
for light-weight and cellular concretes of В7,5 class and lower .............................. 0,7
for structures, being calculated for the effect of repeated loads,
irrespective of the concrete type and class …………………………....................... 1,0
φƒ – a factor, being found by the formula (164);
ξ – a relative height of the concrete compression region, being defined as per
directions of clause 4.28;
v — a factor, specifying an elastoplastic state of the concrete of the compression
region and taken from Table 30;
Ntot – a resultant of the longitudinal force N and the prereduction force Р (at
eccentrical tension the force N is taken with the “minus” sign). For elements, being
manufactured without prestress of the reinforcement, the force Р is allowed to be taken to be
equal to zero.
When estimating the curvature of components in the sectors with initial cracks in the
compression region (see clause 1.16), the value of Р is decreased by the value ΔР, being
found by the formula (150).
For flexural and eccentrically compression components made of the heavy-weight
concrete at Мсrс<Мr2<(Мсrс + ψbh2Rbt,ser) the curvature of the moment Мr2 is allowed to be
found according to the linear interpolation between the curvature values, being defined at
the moment Мсrс as for a solid elastic body pursuant to directions of clauses 4.24 - 4.26 and
at the moment Мсrс + ψbh2Rbt,ser as per directions of this clause. The factor ψ is taken as per
directions of clause 4.146 with its value two times less, when considering the durable effect
of constant and long-term loads.
4.28. The value of ξ , is calculated by the formula
ξ = 1 / [β+ (1 + 5(δ + λ) /10µα] ± (1,5 + φƒ) / (11,5es,tot / h0) 5), (161)
but is taken not higher than 1,0.
For the second summand of the right part of formula (161) the upper signs are taken
at the compressive strain, and the lower signs – at the tensile strain Ntot (see clause 4.27).
In formula (161):
β – a factor taken to be equal to the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight and light-weight..........................1,8
fine-aggregate…………............................... 1,6
cellular …………......................................... 1,4
δ=M/(bh20 Rb,ser) ; (162)
λ=φƒ(1h’ƒ / 2h0); (163)
φƒ = [(b’ƒ – b)h’ƒ + (α /2ν)A’s] /bh0; (164)
es,tot – eccentricity of the force Ntot relative to the centre of figure of the sectional area
of the reinforcement S; corresponds to the moment М (see clause 4.27) and is found by the
formula
es,tot = | M/Ntot | . (165)
The value of z is calculated by the formula
z = h0 [1– (h'ƒφƒ / h0 + ξ2 )/2(φƒ + ξ)]. (166)
For eccentrically compression components the value z shall be taken not higher than
0,97 es,iot .
For the components of the rectangular section and T section with a table in the
tension region formulas (163) and (166) are substituted the values of 2а' or h'ƒ = 0 instead of
h'ƒ if reinforcement S' is available or not available, respectively.
The calculation of sections, having a table in the compression region, at ξ<h'ƒ/h0 is
carried out as for the rectangular sections with b'ƒ width.
The design width of table b'ƒ is estimated as per directions of clause 3.16.
4.29. Factor ψs for the components made of the heavy-weight, fine-aggregate, light-
weight concretes and two-layer prestressed constructions made of cellular and heavy-weight
concretes is found by the formula
ψs = 1,25 – φlsφm – (1 – φ2m) / [(3,5 - 1,8 φm) es,tot / h0] , (167)
but not higher than 1,0, thereat one should take that
es,tot / h0 ≥ 1,2 /φls.
For flexural components, being manufactured without prestress of the reinforcement,
the last term in the right part of formula (167) is allowed to be taken to be equal to zero. In
formula (167):
φls – a factor, considering the impact of duration of the load’s effect and taken from
Table 31;
es,tot – see formula (165);
φm = Rbt,ser Wpl / | ± Mr Mrp | , (168)
but not higher than 1,0;
here Wpl – see formula (138);
Mr, Mrp – see clause 4.5, thereat, moments causing tension in the reinforcement S are
taken to be positive.
For one-layer constructions made of the cellular concrete (without prestress) the
value of ψs is calculated by the formula
ψs = 0,5+φl (M / Mser), (169)
where Mser – a moment, perceived by the component’s section from the strength
calculation at design resistances of the reinforcement and concrete for the marginal states of
the second group;
φl – a factor taken to be equal to the following:
at nondurable effect of the load
for the reinforcement of the die-rolled section....................0,6
the same for the smooth reinforcement...............................0,7
at durable effect of the load
irrespective of the reinforcement’s section..........................0,8
For structures, being calculated for the endurance, in all cases the value of factor ψs is
taken to be equal to 1,0.
4.30. A total curvature — for the sector with cracks in the tension region shall be
found by the formula
Deflections’ estimation
4.31. Deflection fm, specified by the flexure deformation, is found by the formula
l
fm = M x 1 / r x dx , (171)
0
where M x – a bending moment in section х under the effect of a unit force, having
been applied towards the direction of the target displacement of the component in section х
longwise the span for which the deflection is being estimated;
(l /r)x — a total curvature of the component in section х caused by the load, at which
the deflection is estimated; values of 1/r are found by the formulas (155) and (170) for
sectors free of cracks and with cracks, respectively; the sign of 1/r is taken in accordance
with the curvature diagram.
For flexural components of constant section without prestress of the reinforcement,
having cracks, at each sector, within which bounds the bending moment doesn’t change the
sign, the curvature is allowed to be estimated for the most strained section, taking it for the
rest sections of such sector to be changeable pro rata values of the bending moment
(Drawing 21).
4.32. For bending components at l/h < 10 one should take into account the impact of
lateral forces on their deflection. In this case, a total deflection ftot equals to a sum of
deflections, specified by the flexure deformation and shear deformation fq, respectively.
4.33. Deflection fq, specified by the shear deformation, is found by the formula
l
fq = Q x x dx ,
0
(172)
where Q x – a lateral force in section х under the effect towards the direction of the
target displacement of the unit force, applied in the section wherein the deflection is being
estimated;
γx – a shear deformation, being found by the formula
М = D111/r + D12 є0
(182)
N= D121/r + D22 ε0
n k
where D11 E A z 2 / E A z 2 bh E ~z 2 / (183)
i 1 si si si si
j 1
sj sj sj f 1 0 b b b
n k
D12 E A z / E A z bh E ~z / (184)
i 1 si si si si
j 1
sj sj sj f 1 0 b b b
n k
D 22 E A / E A bh E ~ / (185)
i 1 si si si
j 1
sj sj f 1 0 b b
5. CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1. When designing concrete and reinforced concrete structures, in order to secure
conditions for their manufacture, the required life and monolithic behaviour of the
reinforcement and concrete one has to implement the constructional requirements stated
hereunder.
CONCRETE COVER
5.4. Concrete cover for the effective reinforcement shall ensure a monolithic
behaviour of the reinforcement and concrete at all stages of the structure’s operation, as well
as the reinforcement’s protection against the external atmospheric, temperature and similar
impacts.
5.5. For the longitudinal effective reinforcement the thickness of the cover, mm, shall
not be less than the diameter of a bar or a rope, and not less than:
in components having a direct contact with the earth...............................70
in components exposed to a direct impact of the atmosphere:
cast-in-situ.................................................................................................40
precast..............................................................................................................30
in components not exposed to a direct impact of the earth
and atmosphere ...............................................….....................clauses 5.6÷5.10.
5.6. For the longitudinal effective reinforcement (nonprestressed and prestressed,
abutment tendon jacking), as a rule, the thickness of the cover, mm, shall not be less than
the diameter of a bar or a rope, and not less than:
in slabs and walls having thickness, mm:
up to 100 inclusive .............................................................……..10
above 100 ...........................................................................……..15
in beams and ribs having height, mm:
under 250……..............................................................………15
250 and higher..............................................................………20
in columns....................................................................………20
in foundation girders……............................................………30
in foundations:
precast ......................................................................………..30
cast-in-situ if a foundation mattress is available …...………35
cast-in-situ if no foundation mattress is available …..……..70
In single-layer structures made of light-weight concrete of В7,5 class and lower the
thickness of the cover shall be not less than 20 mm, and for the external wall panels
(without a surface finish layer) – not less than 30 mm.
In single-layer structures made of cellular concrete, in all cases the thickness of the
cover shall be not less than 30 mm.
5.7. For the transverse, distribution and structural reinforcement the thickness of the
concrete cover shall be taken not less than the diameter of the aforesaid reinforcement and
not less than, mm:
at the height of the component’s section not less than 250 mm ..……10
at the height of the component’s section equal to 250 mm and more...15
In components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5 class and lower, of the
cellular concrete, irrespective of the height of the section, the thickness of the concrete
cover for the transverse reinforcement is taken to be not less than 15 mm.
5.8. The thickness of the concrete cover nearby the ends of prestressed components
on the length of the stress transfer region (see clause 2.30) shall be not less than:
for the bar reinforcement of A-IV (А600), А-IIIв (А400в) classes.............…........2d
for the bar reinforcement of A-V (А800), A-VI (А1000), Aт-VII (Ат1200) classes.3d
for reinforcing ropes (where d—in mm)...………………….........................2d
Besides, the thickness of the concrete cover in the indicated sector of length of the
component shall not be less than 40 mm – for the bar reinforcement of all classes and not
less than 20 mm - reinforcing ropes.
In the following cases, it is allowed to take the concrete cover of the section nearby
the abutment for the prestressed reinforcement with and without anchors to be the same as
for the section in the span:
a) for prestressed components with a concentrated transfer of abutment efforts if a
steel bearing part and confinement reinforcement (welded lateral fabrics or stirrups
emcompassing the longitudinal reinforcement) are available as per directions of clause 5.62;
b) in slabs, panels, plankings and abutments of the power line provided that the
additional transverse reinforcement (trough-shaped welded fabrics or closed stirrups),
envisaged by clause 5.62, is mounted nearby the ends.
5.9. In the components with the prestressed longitudinal reinforcement, concrete
tendon jacking and placed in canals, the distance from the component’s surface to the
canal’s surface shall be taken to be not less than 40 mm and not less than the canal’s width;
in addition, the aforementioned distance to the lateral faces of the component shall not be
less than the half-height of the canal.
When the prestressed reinforcement is arranged in the mortises or from the outside of
the component’s section, the thickness of the concrete cover, having been formed through
the subsequent guniting or another method, shall be taken to be not less than 20 mm.
5.10. In hollow-core components of the ring or box-like section, the distance from
the bars of the longitudinal reinforcement to the interior concrete surface shall satisfy
requirements of clauses 5.6 and 5.7.
5.11. To have the opportunity of free placing of solid reinforcing bars, fabrics and
cages, running along the full length and width of the product, into the form, the ends of
such bars shall be distant from the component’s face at the cooresponding size of the
product up to 9 m – 10 mm away, up to 12 m – 15 mm away, above 12 m – 20 mm away.
5.12. Clear distances between the bars of the reinforcement (or canals’ casings) in
height and width of the section shall secure the monolithic behaviour of the reinforcement
and concrete, and shall be fixed with an allowance for the ease of placing and packing of the
concrete mix; for the prestressed constructions one shall also take into account the extent of
the concrete’s local reduction and dimensions of tensioning devices (jacks, clamps, etc.). In
components, being manufactured with the help of vibrostamping machines or rod vibrators,
a free passing between the components’ reinforcing bars by such machines or tips of
vibrators, packing the concrete mix, shall be provided.
5.13. Clear distances between separate bars of the longitudinal nonprestressed
reinforcement or prestressed reinforcement, abutment tendon jacking, as well as between the
longitudinal bars of adjacent flat welded cages shall be taken not less than the largest
diameter of bars, as well as:
a) if during concreting bars occupy a horizontal or oblique position – not less than 25
mm for the lower reinforcement, and 30 mm for the upper reinforcement; when placing the
lower reinforcement in more than two rows in height, they shall be arranged strictly one
under another, and the distance between the bars in the horizontal direction (excluding bars
for two lower rows) shall not be less than 50 mm;
b) if during concreting bars occupy a vertical position - not less than 50 mm;
at systematic control over fractionation of the concrete aggregates this distance may
be decreased up to 35 mm, but in this case it must be not less than 1,5 of the largest size of
the coarse aggregate.
In straitened conditions it is permitted to arrange bars of the reinforcement in pairs
(without gaps between them).
In the components with the prestressed reinforcement, concrete tendon jacking
(excluding continuously armoured constructions), the clear distance between the canals
intended for the reinforcement, as a rule, shall not be less than the canal’s diameter and at
any case not less than 50 mm.
Note. A clear distance between the bars of die-rolled section is taken according to the
nominal diameter disregarding protuberances and ribs.
ANCHORAGE OF NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT
5.14. Bars of die-rolled section, as well as smooth bars, utilized in welded cages and
fabrics, are implemented without crooks. The tensile smooth bars of tied cages and tied-wire
fabrics shall end with crooks, tabs or kinks.
5.15. Longitudinal bars of tensile and compression reinforcement shall be established
behind the section normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, wherein they are taken
into account with a complete design resistance, for a length not less than lan being found by
the formula
5. 17. The sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement in the reinforced concrete
components shall be taken to be not less than one stated in Table 33.
In components with the longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged evenly in
contour-direction of the section, as well as in the centrally-tensile components the minimal
sectional area of the whole longitudinal reinforcement shall be taken twice as much the
values, shown in Table 33.
The minimal percentage of availability of reinforcement S and S' in eccentrically
compression components with less than 50% utilization of the bearing capacity at the design
eccentricity, is taken to be equal to 0,05 irrespective of the components’ flexibility.
Requirements of Table 33 are not applied to the armouring, being estimated through
calculation of the component for the transportation and erection stages; in this case the
sectional area of the reinforcement is found only by the strength calculation. If the
calculation has found that the component’s bearing capacity is exhausted simultaneously
with the crack formation in the concrete of the tension region, then requirements for under-
reinforced components of clause 1.17 shall be taken into account.
Requirements of this clause are not taken into account when fixing the sectional area
of the reinforcement, being arranged in contour-direction of slabs or panels on the basis of
flexure in the plane of the slab (panel).
5.18. The diameter, mm, of the longitudinal bars of the compression components
shall not exceed the following for the following concrete:
heavy-weight and fine-aggregate of class lower than В25 ..........40
light-weight of classes:
В 12.5 and lower......................................………............16
В15-В25................................................................……...25
В30 and higher....................................................…….....40
cellular of classes:
B10 and lower ………..………………………………..16
B12,5-B15……………………………………………....20
In the flexural components, made of light-weight concrete with the reinforcement of
А-IV (А600) class and lower, the diameter, mm, of the longitudinal bars shall not exceed the
following for the following concrete classes:
B12,6 and lower …..…………………………………..16
B15-B25…………..…………………………………..25
B30 and higher .……………………………………….32
For the reinforcement of higher classes, the extremal diameters of bars shall be
agreed in accordance with established procedure.
In the flexural components, made of cellular concrete of В10 class and lower, the
diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 16 mm.
The diameter of the longitudinal bars of eccentrically compression components of
cast-in-situ constructions shall not be less than 12 mm.
5.19. In the linear eccentrically compression components, in direction that is
perpendicular to the plane of flexure the distances between the axes of bars of the
longitudinal reinforcement shall be taken to be not more than 400 mm, and in the direction
of the plane of flexure – not more than 500 mm.
5.20. In the eccentrically compression components with less than 50% utilization of
the bearing capacity at the preset eccentricity of the longitudinal force, as well as in
components having flexibility l0/i< 17 (for example, in dies) where the compression
reinforcement is not required according to the calculation, and the amount of the tensile
reinforcement doesn’t exceed 0,3%, it is allowed not to erect a longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement, required as per directions of clauses 5.19, 5.23 and 5.24, on faces that are
parallel to the plane of flexure. Thereat, the armouring on faces that are perpendicular to the
plane of flexure is carried out by welded cages and fabrics with the concrete cover having
thickness not less than 50 mm and not less than two diameters of the longitudinal
reinforcement.
5.21. In beams, having width more than 150 mm, the number of the longitudinal
bearing bars, being embedded behind the face of the abutment, shall not be less than two. In
the ribs of precast panels, plankings, ribbed floors, etc., having width 150 mm and less, one
longitudinal bearing bar is allowed to reach the abutment.
In slabs the distances between the bars, being embedded behind the face of the
abutment, shall not exceed 400 mm, thereat the sectional area of these bars per 1 m of the
slab width shall be not less than 1/3 of the sectional area of bars in the span, being found by
calculating for the highest bending moment.
In prestressed hollow-core (with round hollows) slabs, being manufactured of the
heavy-weight concrete and having height 300 mm and less, the distance between the
prestressed reinforcement, being embedded behind the face of the abutment, is allowed to be
increased up to 600 mm, if for sections that are normal to the longitudinal axis of the slab
the value of the crack formation moment Mсrс, being found by the formula (125), is not less
80% of the value of the moment caused by the external load, being taken with the load
reliability factor γƒ = 1,0.
When armouring continuous slabs with welded coiled fabrics, nearby intermediate
supports all lower bars are allowed to be moved to the upper region.
Distances between the axes of the bearing bars in the midpart of the slab span and
over the abutment (overhead) shall not be more than 200 mm at the slab thickness under 150
mm and not more than 1,5h at the slab thickness higher than 150 mm, where h is the slab
thickness.
5.22. At the section height above 700 mm in the flexural components, structural
longitudinal bars shall be arranged nearby the lateral faces, and distances between them in
height shall not be more than 400 mm and sectional area not less than 0,1% of the sectional
area of the concrete, having dimension that is equal in height of the component to the
distance between these bars, in width – to half-width of the component’s rib, but not more
than 200 mm. The minimal diameter – 10 mm. Structural longitudinal bars shall be bound
with studs, being arranged with 400 mm interval.
5.33. As a rule, the reinforcement manufactured of hot-rolled steel of smooth and die-
rolled section, thermally strengthened steel of Ат-IIIС (Ат400С) and Ат -IVC (АТ600С)
classes and of ordinary reinforcing wire, as well as embedded parts must be produced using
a contact welding – spot and butt-seam welding, for joining bars between each other and
with flat components of rolled products. The usage of arc welding – automatic and
semiautomatic is allowed, as well as manual welding as per directions of clause 5.37.
Butt joints with draw-strengthened reinforcement of А-IIIв (А-400в) class shall be
welded prior its strengthening.
One should use only types of welded joints of the bar hot-rolled reinforcement of A-
IV (А600) (made of steel of 20ХГ2Ц grade), A-V (А800) and А-VI (А1000) classes,
thermomechanically strengthened reinforcement of Ат-IIIС (Ат400С), Ат-IVC (Ат600С),
Ат-IVK (Ат600К) (made of steel of 10ГС2 and 08Г2С grades), Ат-VI (Ат1000) (made of
steel of 20ГС grade) and Ат-VCK (Ат800СК) classes, fixed by TDS 14098-91.
Welded joints of the bar hot-rolled reinforcement of A-IV (made of steel of 80С
grade) class, thermomechanically strengthened reinforcement of Ат-IV (Ат600), Ат-IVK
(Ат600К) (made of steel of 25С2Р grade), Ат-V (Ат800) (excluding made of steel of 20ГС
grade), Ат-VK (Ат800К), Ат-VI (Ат1000), Ат-VIK (Ат1000К) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
classes, high-tensile reinforcing wire and reinforcing ropes are prohibited.
5.34. Types of welded joints and ways of welding the reinforcement and embedded
parts should be fixed in accordance with TDS 14098-91, taking into account conditions of
operation of the construction, steel weldability, technical and economic indices of joints and
technological opportunities of the manufacturing enterprise.
Cruciform joints, being performed by the resistance spot welding or arc tack
welding, which must ensure the perception by the reinforcement of fabrics and cages of
stresses not lower than its design resistances (joints with the “rated strength”), must be
shown in the working drawings of reinforcing wares.
Welded cruciform joints with nonnormable strength are used to ensure the positional
relationship of bars of reinforcing wares in the process of their transportation, concreting
and manufacturing of the construction.
5.35. In plant conditions, when manufacturing welded reinforcing fabrics, cages and
joints longwise separate bars, one should use mainly the resistance spot and butt-seam
welding, and when manufacturing embedded parts - an automatic hidden arc welding for T-
joints and resistance projection welding for overlapping joints.
5.36. When assembling reinforcing wares and prefabricated reinforced concrete
structures, first of all semiautomatic ways of welding that secure the opportunity of
controlling the joints’ quality shall be used.
5.37. In the absence of necessary welding equipment it is allowed to carry out in the
plant conditions and during assemblage cruciform, abutting, overlapping and T-shaped
joints of the reinforcement and embedded parts, using methods of arc welding, including
manual welding, that are given in TDS 14098-91 and in normative documents for the
welded reinforcement and embedded parts. It is prohibited to use an arc tack welding in
cruciform joints of bars of the effective reinforcement of А-III (А400) class of 35ГС grade.
When using a manual arc welding in the process of making welded joints, having
been estimated for strength, in fabrics and cages, one should erect additional structural
components in the junctions of bars of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
(gaskets, gussets, hooks, etc.).
5.38. Rebated joints of the nonprestressed effective reinforcement are used when
joining welded and tied cages and fabrics, thereat, the diameter of the effective
reinforcement shall not be more than 36 mm.
It is not recommended to place rebated joints of the bars of the effective
reinforcement in the tension region of flexural and eccentrically tension members in the
places of complete utilization of the reinforcement. Such joints are not allowed in the linear
components which section is completely tensile (for example, in tie bars), as well as in all
cases of utilization of the bar reinforcement of A-IV class and higher.
5.39. Joints of the tensile or compressive effective reinforcement, as well as welded
fabrics and cages in the operating direction shall have the joggle (lapping) length l not less
than the value of lan, being estimated by the formula (186) and Table 32.
5.40. As a rule, welding free rebated joints of welded fabrics and cages, as well as
tensile bars of tied cages and fabrics shall be arranged as alternate joints. Thereat, the
sectional area of the bearing bars, being abutted in one junction or at a distance less than the
lapping length l, shall be not more than 50% of total sectional area of the tensile
reinforcement – with bars of die-rolled section and not more than 25% - with smooth bars.
Butt-jointing of separate bars, welded fabrics and cages without alternate joints is
allowed in case of structural armouring (without calculation), as well as in sectors where not
more than 50% of the reinforcement is used.
5.41. Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the effective reinforcement of
smooth hot-rolled steel of A-I (А240) class shall be made in such a way that in each fabric,
being abutted in the tension region on the length of lapping, not less than two transverse
bars, welded to all longitudinal bars of fabrics, are arranged (Drawing 24). The same types
of joints are used for the rebated joint of welded cages with a single-sided arrangement of
the bearing bars of all types of reinforcement.
Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the effective reinforcement of A-II (А300)
and A-III (А400) classes are made without transverse bars within the joint in one or both
fabrics, being abutted (Drawing 25).
5.42. Joints of welded fabrics in the inoperative direction are made as joggle lap
joints (counting between the last bearing bars of the fabric):
at the diameter of the distribution (transverse) reinforcement
under 4 mm inclusive........................ 50 mm (Drawing, 26, а, б)
the same above 4 mm ...................... 100 mm (Drawing 26, а. б)
At the diameter of the effective reinforcement 16 mm and more the welded fabrics in
the inoperative direction are allowed to be arranged butt-jointed with each other,
overlapping the joint with special junction fabrics, being arranged with a joggle in each side
not less than 15d of the distribution reinforcement and not less than 100 mm (Drawing 26,
в).
In the following cases welded fabrics in the inoperative direction are allowed to be
arranged butt-jointed without overlapping and additional junction fabrics:
- when arranging welded stripe fabrics in two mutually perpendicular directions;
- when additional structural armouring in the direction of the distribution
reinforcement is available in the junctions.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
6.1. This chapter specifies requirements to the designing of the formerly exploited
concrete and reinforced concrete structures that have been remained (without or with
strengthening) in the composition of buildings and structures after their reconstruction or
overhaul.
The chapter lays down rules of the calculation of the existing constructions (a
verifying calculation), as well as the calculation and designing of the structures, being
strengthened.
6.2. The verifying calculations of the existing constructions should be carried out in
case of alteration of loads they are affected, the planning-volumetric solutions and
conditions of operation, as well as when flaws and damages in constructions have been
revealed, in order to determine whether the bearing capacity and fitness to the normal
exploitation of the constructions in the changed conditions of their operation are provided.
6.3. Constructions that haven’t met requirements of the verifying calculation are to
be strengthened.
When designing the constructions, being strengthened, one should proceed from the
necessity of implementing works without or with a short-term suspension of production.
6.4. The verifying calculations of the existing constructions, as well as the calculation
and designing of the structures, being strengthened, should be carried out on the basis of the
design materials, data for the manufacture and erection of these constructions and their full-
scale studies.
6.5. If flaws and damages, decreasing the constructions’ bearing capacity are not
available in them, as well as in the absence of inadmissible deflections of constructions and
crack opening therein, the verifying calculations are allowed to be made proceeding from
the design data concerning geometrical dimensions of the constructions’ sections, concrete
strength class (grade), the reinforcing steel class, armouring and design model of the
construction.
6.6. In cases when requirements of the calculations according to the design materials
are not satisfied or in case of the absence of the design materials, as well as if flaws and
damages, decreasing the constructions’ bearing capacity, and inadmissible deflections of
constructions or crack opening therein are available, the verifying calculations should be
made taking into account data of full-scale studies of such constructions.
6.7. The following must be determined on the basis of full-scale studies: geometrical
dimensions of the section, armouring of the construction, concrete strength and
reinforcement type, deflections of the construction and the width of the crack opening, flaws
and damages, loads, a static model of the construction.
6.8. Constructions’ strengthening should be envisaged only in cases if the existing
constructions fail to satisfy the verifying calculations for the bearing capacity or
requirements of the normal exploitation. The existing constructions should not be
strengthened if:
– their actual deflections exceed the maximum permissible ones in accordance with
clause 1.18, but don’t hinder the normal exploitation of the construction and change their
design model;
– there are deviations from the requirements of chapter 5, but the construction has
been exploited for a long time, and its examination has revealed no damages, being caused
by such deviations.
6.9. The calculation and designing of the structures, being strengthened, should be
carried out taking into account data of full-scale studies, stated in clause 6.7.
VERIFYING CALCULATIONS
6.10. Verifying calculations of the concrete and reinforced concrete structures should
be carried out in accordance with the requirements of chapters 1-4 and this subsection.
6.11. The calculation for the marginal states of the second group is not made if
displacements and the width of the crack opening in the existing constructions are less than
the maximum permissible ones, and efforts in the components’ sections under new loads
don’t exceed the values of efforts caused by actual loads.
6.12. During calculations one must verify constructions’ sections having flaws and
damages, as well as sections in which full-scale studies have revealed concrete regions with
the strength lower than the average one by 20% and more. The reckoning of flaws and
damages is carried out by the decrease of the sectional area of the concrete or reinforcement,
being entered into the calculation. One should also take into account the impact of the flaw
or damage on the strength and deformation characteristics of the concrete, on the
eccentricity of the longitudinal force, on the reinforcement’ s adhesion with the concrete,
etc. pursuant to the documents, having been approved in accordance with established
procedure.
6.13.- Design performances of the concrete are determined as per chapter 2
depending on the conditional concrete compression strength class of the existing
constructions.
6.14. When making verifying calculations according to the design materials, in case
if in the project of the existing construction the rated performance of the concrete is its
grade, the value of the conditional concrete compression strength class should be taken to be
equal to:
– 80 % concrete cube strength, corresponding to the strength grade for the heavy-
weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight concretes:
– 70 % - for the cellular concrete.
For the intermediate values of the conditional concrete compression strength class
that differ from the values of the parameters series (see clause 2.3), the design concrete
strengths are found by the linear interpolation.
6.15. When carrying out verifying calculations according to the results of the full-
scale studies, the value of the conditional concrete compression strength class is found in
accordance with clause 6.14, taking in lieu of the concrete grade the actual concrete strength
in the group of constructions, in the construction or its separate region, having been
obtained as a result of nondestructive method tests or tests of concrete samples of the
constructions.
6.16. Depending on the concrete state, type of the construction and conditions of
their operation, as well as the applied methods of the concrete strength determination, after a
special well-grounded substantiation other methods of the concrete class determination may
be applied. When applying statistical methods the concrete strength variation coefficient is
estimated according to TDS 18105-86.
6.17. Design performances of the reinforcement are determined, depending on the
reinforcing steel class of the existing reinforced concrete structures as per chapter 2, taking
into account requirements of clauses 6.18 and 6.19.
6.18. When making verifying calculations according to the design data of the existing
constructions, having been projected pursuant to the formerly functioning normative
documents, the standard resistances Rsn are determined as per chapter 2. Thereat, the
standard resistance of the reinforcing wire of B-I class is taken to be equal to 390 MP.
Design tensile strengths of the reinforcement Rs сshould be found by the formula
Rs = Rsn /γs ,
where γs – reinforcement reliability factor, taken to be equal to the following for the
calculation according to the marginal states of the first group:
for the bar reinforcement of the following classes:
A-I (А240), A-II (А300) and A-III (А400)....…................1,15
A-IV (А600), A-V (А800) and A-VI (А1000)..............….1,25
for the wire reinforcement of the following classes:
B-I, В-II, Вр-II, К-7 and К-19.........................………...….1,25
Bp-I......................................................................…………1,15
When calculating for the marginal states of the second group, the reinforcement
reliability factor γs is taken to be 1,0.
Design tensile strengths of the transverse reinforcement (stirrups and bend-up bars)
Rsw are found through multiplying the obtained design strengths of the reinforcement Rs by
the relevant working conditions coefficients γsi, given in chapter 2.
Design compression strengths of the reinforcement Rsc (excluding the reinforcement
of А-IIIв (А400в) class) should be taken to be equal to the design tensile strengths of the
reinforcement Rs, but not higher than values stated in chapter 2. For the reinforcement of А-
IIIв (А400в) class the design compression strengths of the reinforcement Rsc should be taken
in accordance with requirements of chapter 2.
In addition, additional working conditions coefficients of the reinforcement should be
entered into the calculation as per clause 2.29.
Values of design strengths of the reinforcement are taken with the rounding to three
significant digits.
6.19. When making verifying calculations according to the test data of the
reinforcement samples, taken from the constructions examined, standard resistances of the
reinforcement are taken to be equal to the average values of the yield point (or the
conventional yield point), having been obtained in the process of the reinforcement samples
testing and divided by the following factors:
1,1 – for the reinforcement of A-I (А240), A-II (А300), A-III (А400), А-IIIв
(А400в), A-IV (А600) classes;
1,2 - for the reinforcement of other classes.
Design strengths of the reinforcement should be taken in accordance with
requirements of clause 6.18.
6.20. Depending on the number of samplings for testing and the state of the
reinforcement, after a special well-grounded substantiation other methods of determination
of the design strengths of the reinforcement may be applied.
6.21. In the absence of design data and impossibility of sampling, design tensile
strengths of the reinforcement Rs are allowed to be fixed depending on the reinforcement
section:
– for smooth reinforcement Rs = 155 MP;
for the reinforcement of die-rolled section, having lugs:
– with identical overhang on both sides of section (“screw”) Rs = 245 MP;
– right overhang on one side, and left overhang (“herring-bone”) on the other Rs =
295 MP.
Table 2
Category of requirements to the crack growth resistance of reinforced
concrete structures and maximum permissible width αсrc1 andrc2, mm, f crack
opening ensuring the safety of the reinforcement
Operating conditions of bar of classes bar of classes wire of classes
constructions A-I (А240), A-II A-V (А800) and A-VI B-II, Bp-II and К-7
(А300), A-III (А400) (А1000); wire of classes at wire diameter 3 mm
and A IV (А600); B-II, Bp-II, К-7 and К- and less,
wire of classes 19 at wire diameter 3,5 bar of class
B-I and Bp-I mm and more Aт-VII
1. In the enclosed space 3rd category: 3rd category: 3rd category:
αсrc1 = 0,4; αсrc1 = 0,3; αсrc1 = 0,2;
αсrc2 = 0,3 αсrc2 = 0,2 αсrc2 = 0,1
2. Out of doors, as well as 3rd category: 3rd category: 2nd category:
in the soil above or below αсrc1 = 0,4; αсrc1 = 0,2; αсrc1 = 0,2
the level of the αсrc2 = 0,3 αсrc2 = 0,1
underground waters
3. In the soil with the 3rd category: 2nd category: 2nd category:
variable level of the αсrc1 = 0,3; αсrc1 = 0,2; αсrc1 = 0,1
underground waters αсrc2 = 0,2
Table 3
Category of Loads and load reliability factors γƒ, taken in the calculation
requirements to for crack opening for crack
the crack growth closure
resistance of for crack formation nondurable durable
reinforced
concrete
structures
1. Constant, long-term and – – –
short-term at
γƒ > 1,0*
2. Constant, long-term and Constant, long-term Constant
short-term at and short-term at – and long-
γƒ > 1,0* (the calculation γƒ =1,0 term at
is carried out to ascertain γƒ =1,0
the necessity of
verification for
nondurable crack
opening and for crack
closure)
Continuation of Table 3
3. Constant, long-term and The same Constant and long- –
short-term at term at
γƒ = 1,0 (the calculation
is carried out to ascertain γƒ =1,0
the necessity of
verification for crack
opening)
_____________
* As a rule, factor γƒ is taken when making strength calculation.
Notes: 1. Long-term and short-term loads are taken, considering directions of clause 1.10.
2. Special loads are taken into account when making crack formation calculations in cases when the
availability of cracks causes the disastrous situation (explosion, fire, etc.).
Table 4
Factors, causing losses of Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
prestress of the reinforcement on posts on concrete
А. First losses
1. Relaxation of reinforcement
tension at mechanical method of
tendon jacking:
а) of wire reinforcement [0,22 (σsp/Rs,ser) 0,1] σsp –
b) of bar reinforcement 0,1σsp –20 –
at electrical and electro-
mechanical methods of tendon
jacking:
c) of wire reinforcement 0,05 σsp –
d) of bar reinforcement 0,03 σsp –
Here σsp is taken, neglecting losses.
If the calculated values of losses are
found to be negative, they should be
taken to be equal to zero.
2. Temperature difference For concretes of classes В15-В40 –
(difference between temperatures 1,25Δt –
of the strained reinforcement For concrete of В45 class and higher
within the heating area and the 1,0 Δt,
device, perceiving the tensile where Δt–difference between the
force at concrete heating) heated reinforcement and fixed
abutments (outside the heating area),
perceiving the tensile force, ºС. In the
absence of precise data it is taken that
Δt=65 ºС.
When tightening the prestressed
reinforcement in the process of
thermal treatment to the value,
compensating losses, caused by the
temperature difference, the latter are
taken to be equal to zero..
3.Deformation of anchors, being (Δl / l) Еs [(Δl1 + Δl2)/ l] Еs ,
arranged nearby the tensioning Δl – reduction of the molded washers, Δl1 – reduction of washers or
devices. collapse of the upset heads, etc., gaskets, located between
taken to be equal to 2 mm; the anchors and concrete of
displacement of bars in reusable the component, taken to be
clamps, being found by the equal to 1 mm;
formula Δl2 – deformations of
Δl = 1,25 + 0,15d; anchors of the glass-type,
d–diameter of the bar, mm; shoes with stoppers,
l – length of a bar, being strained anchor nuts and captures,
(distance between the outer faces taken to be equal to 1 mm;
of abutments of the form or a test l – length of a bar
bench), mm. At electro-thermal (component), being strained,
method of tendon jacking, losses mm.
caused by deformations of anchors are
neglected in the calculation, as theyr
are taken into account when finding
the value of the full elongation of the
reinforcement
Continuation of Table 4
Factors, causing losses of Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
prestress of the reinforcement on posts on concrete
4. Reinforcement friction:
а) on canal walls or concrete – σsp [ 1-1 / ( еωx + δθ )],
surface of constructions where e– base of natural
logarithms;
ω, δ – factors, found from
Table 5;
χ – length of a sector from
the tensioning device to the
design section, mm;
θ – cumulative rotation
angle of the reinforcement
axis, rad;
σsp – is taken, neglecting
losses
b) on enveloping facilities
σsp(1 – 1/eδθ)
where e– base of natural logarithms;
δ – factor, taken to be equal to 0,25;
θ – cumulative rotation angle of the
reinforcement axis, rad.
σsp – is taken, neglecting losses
5. Deformation of a steel form η(Δl / l) Еs –
when manufacturing prestressed where η – factor, found from the
reinforced concrete structures following formulas:
in case of tendon jacking with a
thruster
η = (n – 1)/2n;
in case of tendon jacking with a
winding machine using the
electrothermomechanical method
(50% is created by the load)
η = (n – 1)/4n;
n – number of groups of bars,
being strained non-simultaneously;
Δl – appoachment of abutments in
the line of the force Р action, being
found from the calculation of the
form deformation;
l – distance between the outer
faces of abutments.
In the absence of data concerning the
technology of the form manufacture
and construction, losses caused by its
deformation are taken to be equal to
30MP.
At electrical method of tendon jacking,
losses caused by the form deformation
are neglected in the calculation as they
have been taken into account when
finding the full elongation of the
reinforcement.
Continuation of Table 4
Factors, causing losses of Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
prestress of the reinforcement
on posts on concrete
6. Fast-accumulating creep for
the concrete:
а) of natural hardening 40 (σbp / Rbp) at σbp / Rbp ≤ α;
40α + 85β [(σbp / Rbp)-α] at σbp / Rbp >α
where α and β – factors, taken to be:
α = 0,25 + 0,025 Rbp,, but not higher
than 0,8;
β = 5,25 – 0,185 Rbp, but not higher
than 2,5 and less than 1,1;
σbp are found at the level of centres
of gravity of the longitudinal
reinforcement
S and S' with an allowance for losses
according to positions 1-5 of this
b) after thermal treatment Table.
For the light-weight concrete at the
transfer strength of 11 MP and lower,
the multiplier 60 is taken instead of the
multiplier 40.
Losses are calculated by the formulas
of position 6а of this Table with
multiplying of the obtained result by
the factor that is equal to 0,85.
B. Second losses
7. Relaxation of tendon jacking:
а) of wire reinforcement
b) of bar reinforcement – [0,22(σsp / Rs,ser) – 0,1] σsp
– 0,1 σsp–20
(see explanation to position 1
of this Table)
8. Concrete shrinkage (see clause Concrete of Concrete after Irrespective of conditions of
1.24): natural thermal treatment at the concrete hardening
hardening atmospheric pressure
heavy-weight of classes 40 35 30
а) В35 and lower 50 40 35
b) В40 60 50 40
c) В45 and higher Losses are found from positions 8а,b
fine-aggregate of groups of this Table with multiplying by 40
d) А factor that is equal to 1,3
Losses are found from position 8а of
this Table with multiplying by factor 50
e)Б that is equal to 1,5
Losses are found from positions 8а – c
of this Table as for the heavy-weight 40
f) В concrete of natural hardening
50 45 40
light-weight with pebble gravel: 70 60 50
g) dense
h) porous
Continuation of Table 4
Factors,causing losses of Values of losses of prestress, MP, at tendon jacking
prestress of the reinforcement on posts on concrete
9. Creep of concrete (see clause
1.24): 150α σbp / Rbp) at σbp / Rbp ≤ 0,75;
а) heavy-weight and light- 300α (σbp / Rbp –0,375) at σbp / Rbp > 0,75,
weight with pebble gravel where σbp– the same as for position 6, but with an allowance for
losses under positions 1-6 of this Table
α– factor, taken to be equal to the following for the concrete:
of natural hardening –1,00;
after thermal treatment at atmospheric pressure –0,85
b) fine-aggregate of groups Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
: multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,3.
А Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,5.
Б Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table at
α=0,85
В Losses are calculated by the formulas of position 9а of this Table with
в) light-weight with porous multiplying of the obtained result by factor that is equal to 1,2.
pebble gravel
10. Concrete collapse under the – 70-0,22dext
coils of spiral or hoop where dext – external diameter
reinforcement (at the diameter of the construction, cm
of the construction up to 3 m).
11. Deformation of reduction of – (nΔl / l)Еs,
butts between blocks (for where n – number of seams of
constructions consisting of the construction and
blocks) accessories lengthwise the
reinforcement, being strained;
Δl – reduction of butts,
taken to be equal for butts,
filled by the concrete –
0,3 mm;
at dry butt-jointing –0,5 mm;
l – length of the
reinforcement, being
strained, mm
Note: Losses of prestress in the reinforcement, being strained, Ѕ' are found in the same manner as in the
reinforcement S.
Table 5
Factors for finding losses, caused by the reinforcement
friction
Canal or surface (see position 4 in Table 4)
δ with reinforcement in the form of
ω
clusters, bars of die-rolled section
ropes
1. Canal:
with metal surface; 0,0030 0,35 0,40
Table 6
Compressive stress in concrete at the
Tendon jacking
prereduction stage in shares of the concrete
method
Stressed state of section transfer strength σbp /Rbp not higher at
reduction
central eccentric
1. Stresses decrease or change under On posts 0,85 0,95*
the effect of external loads On concrete 0,70 0,85
2. . Stresses increase under the effect On posts 0,65 0,70
of external loads On concrete 0,60 0,65
* For components, being manufactured with constant transfer of reduction force, if steel supporting details
and confinement reinforcement with the volume factor μυ ≥0,5% (see clause 5.16) are available on the length
not less than the length of the region of stress transfer lp (see clause 2.30) it is allowed to take the value σbp
/Rbp=100.
Note: For light-weight concrete of В7,5-В12,5 class he values of σbp /Rbp should be taken not higher than
0,30.
Table 7
Type and class of the reinforcement, being strained Concrete class, not lower than
1. Wire reinforcement of the following classes:
В–II (if anchors are available) В20
В–II (without anchors) having diameter, mm:
Up to 5 inclusive В20
6 and higher В30
К-7 and К-19 В30
2. Bar reinforcement without anchors) having
diameter, mm:
10 to 18 inclusive, of the following classes: В15
А-IV (А600) В20
А-V (А800) В30
А-VI (А1000) and AT-VII
20 and higher, of the following classes: В20
А-IV (А600) В25
А-V (А800) В30
А-VI (А1000) and Ат-VII (Ат1200)
Note. Classes of the reinforcement are given in clause 2.25.
Table 8
Concrete freeze-thaw durability grade for
constructions (excluding exterior walls of heated
Conditions of the construction operation buildings) of buildings and structures of the class
of responsibility, not lower than
Design winter
outdoor
Mode characteristic temperature, ºС I II III
1.alternate freezing and thaw:
а) in conditions of episodic water
saturation (for example, Below minus 5 to F75 F50 F35*
overground constructions under minus
constant weather impacts) 30 inclusive F50 F35* F25*
b) in conditions of air-humid state Minus 5 and
in the absence of episodic water above
saturation (for example,
constructions under constant
impact of the ambient air, but
protected against the influence of
atmospheric precipitation)
Continuation of Table 8
Concrete freeze-thaw durability grade for
constructions (excluding exterior walls of heated
Conditions of the construction operation buildings) of buildings and structures of the class
of responsibility, not lower than
Design winter
outdoor
Mode characteristic temperature, ºС I II III
Below minus 5 to F50 F35* F25*
minus
21 inclusive F35* F25* F15**
Minus 5 and
above
Notes: 1. Resistance values are given for the cellular concrete having average moisture of 10%.
2. For claydite-perlite-concrete on the bellied perlite sand Rbt and Rbt,ser values are taken as for the light-weight concrete on the porous
Table 11
Notes: 1. Values of design resistances are given for the cellular concrete having average moisture of 10%.
2. For claydite-perlite-concrete on the bellied perlite sand Rbt values are taken as for the light-weight concrete on the porous sand
multiplied by 0,85 coefficient.
3. A group of fine-aggregate concretes is given in clause 2.3.
Table 12
Design concrete strengths for the marginal states of the
Resistance type Concrete first group Rbt at axial tensile strength class of the
concret, MP
Rt0,8 Rt1,2 Rt1,6 Rt2,0 Rt2,4 Rt2,8 Rt3,2
Axial tension Heavy-weight, fine- 0,62 0,93 1,25 1,55 1,85 2,15 2,45
aggregate and light-weight
Table 13
Concrete working conditions
Factors, stipulating the introduction of the concrete working conditions coefficient
coefficient Symbolic Value
notation
1. Repeated load γb1 See Table 14
2. Duration of the load effect:
а) when taking into account constant, long-term and short-term γb2
loads, excluding loads of nondurable effect, which total duration is
negligible for the period of operation (for example, crane loads, loads of
transport vehicles, wind loads, loads that appear in the process of
manufacturing, transportation and erection, etc.), as well as when taking
into account loads that have been caused by deformations of slumping,
swelling, permanently frozen and similar soils for heavy-weight, fine-
aggregate and light-weight concretes of natural hardening and after 1,00
thermal treatment:
in conditions of the construction operation, favourable for rise of the 0,90
concrete strength (for example, under water, in moist soil or at
environment air humidity above 75%) 0,85
in the other cases for the cellular concrete irrespective of conditions of 1,10
operation
3. Concreting in the vertical position (height of the concreting layer is
more than 1,5mм) for γb3
concrete 0,85
heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and light-weight 0,80
4. Impact of biaxial complex stress condition “compression-release” on
the concrete strength γb4 See Table 14
5. Concreting of cast-in-situ concrete posts and reincforced concrete
columns with the largest section size less than 30 cm γb5 0,85
6. Alternate freezing and thaw γb6 See Table 15
7. Operation of constructions exposed to the solar radiation in the
climatic subregion IVA pursuant to Building Code 2.01.01-98 γb7 0,85
8. Prereduction stages of the construction: γb8
а) with the wire reinforcement:
for light-weight concrete 1,25
for other types of concrete 1,10
b) with the bar reinforcement:
for light-weight concrete 1,35
for other types of concrete 1,20
Table 14
Working conditions coefficient of the concrete γb1
Concrete Concrete strength state under the repeated load and at stress ratio ρb equal to
0-0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
1.Heavy- Natural humidity 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00
weight Water-saturated 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80 0.90 0,95 1,00
2. Light- Natural humidity 0,60 0,70 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00
weight Water-saturated 0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,00
Table 15
Working conditions coefficient of the
concrete γb6 at alternate freezing and
Conditions of the Design outdoor temperature ºС thaw for the concrete
construction operation heavy-
weight and light-weight
fine-
aggregate
Alternate freezing and thaw:
а) in the water-saturated Below minus 5 to minus 21
state inclusive 0,90 1,00
Minus 5 and above 0,95 1,00
b) in conditions of episodic
water saturation Minus 40 1,00 1,00
Note. When concrete freeze-thaw durability grade is exceeded as compared with one required by
Table 8, the factors of this Table may be increased by 0,05 correspondingly to each degree of excess,
however they can’t be more than one.
Таблица 16
3
Initial modules of concrete elasticity in compression and tension Eb*10 under compression strength concrete class, MP
Concrete
В1 В1,5 В2 В2,5 В3,5 В5 В7,5 В10 В12,5 В15 В20 В25 В30 В35 В40 В45 В50 В55 В60
Heavy-weight:
natural hardening 9,5 13,0 16,0 180 21,0 23,0 27,0 30,0 32,5 34,5 36,0 37,5 39,0 39,5 40,0
thermally treated at atmospheric 8,5 11,5 14,5 16,0 19,0 20,5 24,0 27,0 29,0 31,0 32,5 34,0 35,0 35,5 36,0
pressure
autoclave treatment 7,0 9,8 12,0 13,5 16,0 17,0 20,0 22,5 24,5 26,0 27,0 28,0 29,0 29,5 30,0
Fine-aggregate of groups:
А– natural hardening 7,0 10,0 13,5 15,5 17,5 19,5 22,0 24,0 26,0 27,5 28,5
thermally treated at 6,5 9,0 12,5 14,0 15,5 17,0 20,0 21,5 23,0 24,0 24,5
atmospheric
pressure
Б– natural hardening 6,5 9,0 12,5 14,0 15,5 17,0 20,0 21,5 23,0
thermally treated at 5,5 8,0 11,5 13,0 14,5 15,5 17,5 19,0 20,3
atmospheric
pressure
В– autoclave hardening 16,5 18,0 19,5 21,0 22,0 23,0 23,5 24,0 24,5 25,0
Light-weight grade according to the
average density D: 800 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
1000 5,0 5,5 6,3 7,2 8,0 8,4
1200 6,0 6,7 7,6 8,7 9,5 10,0 10,5
1400 7,0 7,8 8,8 10,0 11,0 11,7 12,5 13,5 14,5 15,5
1600 9,0 10.0 11,5 12,5 13,2 14,0 15,5 16,5 17,5 18,0
1800 11,2 14,0 14,7 14,7 15,5 17,0 18,5 19,5 20,5 21,0
2000 16,0 17,0 17,0 18,0 19,5 21,0 22,0 23,0 23,5
Cellular one with autoclave
hardening grade according to the
average density D: 500 1,1 1,4
600 1,4 1,7 1,8 2,1
700 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,9
800 3,4 4,0
Notes: 1. When intermediate values of consistency of concrete are available, for light-weight and cellular concretes initial modules of concrete
elasticity are taken according to the linear interpolation.
2. For the cellular concrete of non-autoclave hardening E b values are taken as for the concrete of autoclave hardening multiplied by 0,8
coefficient.
Table 17
Standard tensile strengths Design resistances of the reinforcement for the
Bar reinforcement of Rsn and design tensile marginal states of the first group, MP
classes strengths for the marginal Tensile
states of the second group transverse compre
Rsn,ser, MP longitudinal Rs (stirrups and bend- ssive
up bars) Rsw Rsc
А-I (А240) 235 225 175 225
А-II (А300) 295 280 225 280
А-III (А400) having
diameter, mm:
6-8 390 355 285* 355
10-40 390 365 290* 365
А-IV (А600) 590 510 405 450**
А-V (А800) 785 680 545 500**
А-VI (А1000) 980 815 650 500**
Ат-VII (Ат1200) 1175 980 785 500**
А-IIIв (А400в) with
control: 540 490 390 200
of elongation and stress 540 450 360 200
Solely elongation
_____________
* In welded cages for stirrups made of the reinforcement of А-III (А400) class, which diameter is less than
1/3 of the diameter of longitudinal bars, the values of R sw are taken to be equal to 255 MP.
** The aforementioned values of Rsс are taken for constructions made of heavy-weight, fine-aggregate and
light-weight concretes, taking into account loads, stated in position 2а in Table13, in the calculation; when
taking into account loads, stated in position 26 in Table13, the value of R sс = 400 MP is taken. For
constructions made of the cellular concrete in all cases R sс = 400 MP should be taken.
Note: Classes of the reinforcement are in accordance with clause 2.25.
Table 18
Design resistances of the reinforcement for the marginal states
Standard of the first group, MP
Wire Diameter tensile Tensile
reinforceme strength longitudinal Rs transverse (stirrups and compressiv
nt bend-up bars)Rsw e
Rsс
Вр-I 3 410 375 270;300* 375
4 405 365 265;295* 365
5 395 360 260;290 360
В-II 3 1490 1240 990 400
4 1410 1180 940 400
5 1335 1110 890 400
6 1255 1050 835 400
7 1175 980 785 400
8 1100 915 730 400
Вр-II 3 1460 1215 970 400
4 1370 1145 915 400
5 1255 1045 835 400
6 1175 980 785 400
7 1100 915 730 400
8 1020 850 680 400
К-7 6 1450 1210 965 400
9 1370 1145 915 400
12 1335 1110 890 400
15 1295 1080 865 400
К-19 14 1410 1175 940 400
* For cases of application in tied cages.
Table 19
Factors, stipulating the
indroduction of the Working conditions coefficient of the
working conditions Reinforcement Reinforcement reinforcement
coefficient of the peformance class
Symbolic Value
reinforcement
notation
Notes: 1. Factors γs3 and γs4 in positions 3 and 4 of this Table are taken into account when making
endurance calculation; for the reinforcement, having welded junctions, the aforementioned factors are taken
into account simultaneously..
2. Factor γs5 in position 5 of this Table is entered, excluding design resistances Rs , to the prestress of
the reinforcement σsp as well.
3. In formulas in position 8 of this Table values R sc and Rsw are given in MP; values
В – see in clause 2.2.
Table 20
Reinforcement class Working conditions coefficient of the reinforcement γs3 under the repeated load
at stress ratio ρѕ equal to
-1,0 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
А-I (А240) 0,41 0,63 0,70 0,77 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-II (А300) 0,42 0,51 0,55 0,60 0,69 0,93 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-III (А400) having
diameter, mm:
6-8 0,33 0,38 0,42 0,47 0,57 0,85 0,95 1,00 1,00
10-40 0,31 0,36 0,40 0,45 0,55 0,81 0,91 0,95 1,00
А-IV (А600) – – – – 0,38 0,72 0,91 0,96 1,00
А-V (А800) – – – – 0,27 0,55 0,69 0,87 1,00
А-VI (А1000) – – – – 0,18 0,53 0,67 0,87 1,00
Ат-VII (Ат1200) – – – – 0,15 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00
Вр-II – – – – – 0,67 0,82 0,91 1,00
В-II – – – – – 0,77 0,97 1,00 1,00
К-7 having diameter, mm:
6 and 9 – –ѕ – – – 0,77 0,92 1,00 1,00
12 and 15 – – – – – 0,68 0,84 1,00 1,00
К-19 having diameter 14 – – – – – 0,63 0,77 0,96 1,00
mm – – 0,56 0,71 0,85 0,94 1,00 1,00 1,00
Вр-I
А-IIIв (А400в) with – – – – 0,41 0,66 0,84 1,00 1,00
control: – – – – 0,46 0,73 0,93 1,00 1,00
of elongation and stress
solely elongation
Denominations, taken in Table 20: ρѕ= σs,min/σs,max,
where σs,min , σs,max, – the least and the highest stress in the reinforcement,
respectively, within the cycle of the alteration of the load, defined as per clause 3.47.
Note. When calculating flexural members made of the heavy-weight concrete with the
nonprestressed reinforcement, the following is taken for the longitudinal reinforcement:
at 0≤ Μmin / Mmax ≤ 0,20 ρѕ = 0,30;
" 0,20 ≤ Μmin / Mmax ≤ 0,75 ρѕ = 0,15 + 0,8 Μmin / Mmax;
" Μmin / Mmax >0,75 ρѕ = Μmin / Mmax ,
where Μmin / Mmax – the least and the highest bending moments, respectively, in the design
section of the component within the cycle of the alteration of the load.
Table 21
Reinforce Group of Working conditions coefficient of the reinforcement γs4 under the repeated load
ment class welded and at stress ratio ρѕ equal to
junctions 0 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
А-I (А240); 1 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
А-II (А300) 2 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,90 1,00 1,00 1,00
3 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,50 0,65 0,85 1,00
А-III 1 0,90 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А400) 2 0,60 0,65 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,85 1,00
3 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,45 0,60 0,80 1,00
А-IV 1 – – 0,95 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А600) 2 – – 0,75 0,75 0,80 0,90 1,00
3 – – 0,30 0,35 0,55 0,70 1,00
А-V 1 – – 0,95 0,95 1,00 1,00 1,00
(А800) 2 – – 0,75 0,75 0,80 0,90 1,00
hot-rolled 3 – – 0,35 0,40 0,50 0,70 1,00
Notes: 1. Groups of welded junctions, given in this Table, include the following types of welded
junctions under TDS 14098-91, that are allowable for constructions, being calculated for endurance:
1st group – butt-joints of С3-Км, С4-Кл types;
2nd group – cruciform junctions of К1-Кт types; butt-joints of С1-Ко, С6-Мп, С7-Рв,
С8-Мф, С9-Мп, С10-Рв and С20-Рм types – all junctions with the diameter
ratio of bars equal to 1,0;
3rd group – cruciform junctions of К2-Кт type; butt-joints of С11-Мф, С112-Мп, С13-Рв,
С14-Мп, С15-Рс, С16-Мо, С17-Мп, С18-Мо, С19-Рм, С21-Рн and С22-Ру
types; T-joints of Т6-Кс, Т7-Ко types.
4th group – lap junctions of Н1-Рш, Н2-Кр and Н3-Кп types; T-joints of Т1-Мф,
Т2-Рф and Т12-Р3 types.
2. In the Table values of γs4 are given for the reinforcement, having diamete up to 20 mm.
3. Values of the factor γs4 shall be decreased by 5% at the diameter of bars 22-32 mm and by 10% at
the diameter higher than 32 mm.
Table 22
Working conditions coefficient γs9
Protective cover with the following reinforcement
die-rolled
smooth
section
1. Cement-polystyrene, 1,0 1,0
latex
2. Cement-bituminous
(cold) with diameter,
mm: 6 and higher 0,7 1,0
less than 6 0,7 0,7
Table 23
Factors for finding the
length of the stress
transfer region lp of the
Reinforcement type and class Reinforceme prestressed
ntdiameter, reinforcement, used
mm without anchors
ωр λр
1. Bar reinforcement of die- Irrespective 0,25 10
rolled section irrespective of of the
class diameter
2. High-tensile reinforcing 1,40 40
wire of die-rolled section of 5 1,40 50
Вр-II class 4 1,40 60
3. Reinforcing ropes of the 3
following classes
К-7 1,00 25
15 1,10 25
12 1,25 30
9 1,40 40
К-19 6 1,00 25
14
Note. For components made of the light-weight concrete of В7,5- В12,5 classes the
values ωр and λр are increased 1,4 times versus those given in this Table.
Table 24
Reinforcement class Modulus of the
reinforcement elasticity
Еs · 10-4, МПа
A-I (А240), A-II (А300) 21
A-III (А400) 20
A-IV (А600), A-V (А800), A-VI
(А1000), 19
Aт-VII (Ат1200) 18
A-IIIв (А400в) 20
B-II, Bp-II 18
K-7, K-19 17
Bp-I
Table 25
Concrete Factor β in formula
(21)
1 Heavy-weight 1.0
2. Fine-aggregate of groups:
А 1,3
Б 1,5
В 1,0
3. Light-weight:
with artificial coarse
aggregates and pebble
gravel: 1,0
dense 1,5
porous 2,5
with natural aggregates
4. Cellular:
autoclave 1,3
non-autoclave 1,5
Table 26
Design length l0 of
Nature of supporting of walls and posts eccentrically
compression
concrete
components
1. With supports above and below:
а) with hinges on both ends Н
irrespective of the magnitude of
supports’ displacement
b) with fixturing one of the ends
and possible supports’
displacement for buildings :
multispan 1,25Н
single-span 1,50Н
Denominations, taken in Table 26: Н- height of a post (wall) within the storey
deducting the thickness of the floor slab or a height of the free-standing construction
Table 27
Design length l0 of columns
of one-storey buildings
when calculating in the
Performance of buildings and columns plane
Perpendicular to
Of the the transverse
transve bent or parallel to
rse the axis of the
bent or trestle
perpen if if not
available available
dicular links in the plane
to the of the
axis of longitudinal row
the of columns or
trestle anchor supports
Undercrane (lower) part Split 1,5 Н1 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н1
Accounti of columns at crane
ng loads girders
caused Continuous 1,2 Н1 0,8 Н1 0,8 Н1
With by cranes Overcrane (upper) ) part Split 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 2,0 Н2
bridge of columns at crane
cranes girders
Buil Continuous 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 1,5 Н2
ding Undercrane (lower) part Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н
s of columns of buildings Multi-span 1,2 Н 0,8 Н1 1,2 Н
Disregar
ding Overcrane (upper) ) part Split 2,5 Н2 1,5 Н2 0,8 Н
loads of columns at crane Continuous 2,0 Н2 1,5 Н2 1,5 Н2
caused girders
by cranes
Without Stepped The lower part of Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
bridge columns columns of buildings Multi-span 1,2Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
cranes The upper part of columns of buildings 2,5 Н2 2,0 Н2 2,5 Н2
Columns of constant section of Single-span 1,5 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
buildings Multi-span 1,2 Н 0,8 Н 1,2 Н
At crane girders Split 2,0 Н1 0,8 Н1 1,5 Н1
Crane
Trest Continuous 1,5 Н1 0,8 Н1 Н1
les For When connecting columns with the With hinge 2,0 Н Н 2,0 Н
pipelines span structure Rigid 1,5 Н 0,7 Н 1,5 Н
Table 28
Design length
Name of components l0 of components
of frames and
arcs
1. Components of frames:
а) upper field when calculating:
inside the plane of the frame:
at e0 < 1/8h1 0,9 l
at e0 ≥ 1/8h1 0,8 l
outside the plane of the frame:
for a plot under lantern (at 0,8 l
the lantern width 12 m and
more) 0,9 l
in other cases
b) diagonal web members and
vertical posts when calculating: 0,8 l
inside the plane of the frame:
outside the plane of the frame: 0,9 l
at b1 / b2<1,5 0,8 l
at b1 / b2 ≥1,5
2. Arcs:
а) when calculating inside the plane
of the arc:
three-hinged 0,580 l
two-hinged 0,540 l
hingeless 0,365 l
b) when calculating outside the plane of the L
arc (any)
Table 29
Factor φb2, considering the impact of the long-term creep of concrete
on deformations of the component free of cracks, for constructions
Duration of the load’s made of concretes
effect
heavy-weight, light-weight, cellular (for fine-aggregate of
two-layer prestressed constructions made of groups
the cellular and heavy-weight concretes) А Б В
Table 30
Factor ν, characterizing the elastoplastic state of the
Duration of the load’s
concrete in the compression region, for constructions
effect
made of concrete
Table 31
Factor φls at concrete class
Duration of the load’s effect
higher В 7,5 В 7,5 and lower
1. Nondurable effect with
reinforcement:
а) bar:
smooth 1,0 0,7
die-rolled section 1,1 0,8
b) wire 1,0
2. Durable effect (irrespective 0,8 0,6
of the type of reinforcement)
Table 32
Coefficients for estimating the anchorage of nonprestressed
Working conditions of
reinforcement
nonprestressed reinforcement
die-rolled section smooth
ωan Δλan λan lan, мм ωan Δλan λan lan, мм
not less not less
1. Embedment of reinforcement:
a) tensile in the tensile concrete 0,70 11 20 250 1,20 11 20 250
b) compressive or tensile in the
compressive concrete 0,50 8 12 200 0,80 8 15 200
2. Rebate joints of the
reinforcement: 0,90 11 20 250 1,55 11 20 250
a) in the tensile concrete 0,65 8 15 200 1,00 8 15 200
b) in the compressive concrete
Table 33
Minimal sectional area of the longitudinal
Working conditions of the reinforcement reinforcement in the reinforced concrete
components, % of the sectional area of the
concrete
1. Reinforcement S in flexural, as well as in 0,05
eccentrically tension members when longitudinal
force locates beyond the bounds of the section
height
2. Reinforcement S,S' in eccentrically tension 0,10
members when longitudinal force locates
between reinforcement S and S'
3. Reinforcement S,S' in eccentrically
compression members at:
l0 / i < 17 0,05
17 < l0 / i < 35 0,10
35 < l0 / i < 83 0,20
l0 / i > 83 0,25
Note: Minimal sectional area of the reinforcement, given in this Table, pertains to the
sectional area of the concrete that equals to the product of the width of rectangular section or the
width of the rib of T section (H section) and the working height of section h 0. In components with
longitudinal reinforcement, being arranged evenly in section contour-direction, as well as in
eccentrically tension components, the aforementioned value of minimum armouring pertains to the
overall sectional area of the concrete.
Drawing 1. Model of prestress forces in the reinforcement in the cross-section
of the reinforced concrete component
Drawing 2. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the
longitudinal axis of eccentrically compression concrete component, being
calculated for durability disregarding resistances of concrete of the tension region
Drawing 3. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the
longitudinal axis of flexural (eccentrically compression) concrete component, being
calculated for durability taking into account resistances of concrete of the tension region
Drawing 4. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of flexural reinforced concrete component, when making its durability calculation
Drawing 7. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of eccentrically tension reinforced concrete component, when making its durability calculation
а) – longitudinal force N applied between the resultants of forces in the reinforcement S and S ';
б) – the same, outside of the interval between resultants of forces in the reinforcement S and S '
Drawing 8. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of the reinforced concrete component, when making its general case durability
calculation I - I – a plane parallel to the plane of effect of the bending moment or a plane
crossing points of application of the longitudinal force and resultants of internal compressive
and tensile stresses; 1 – point of the region; 2 – point of application of the resultant of forces
in the tensile reinforcement
Drawing 9. Model of forces in the section inclined to the longitudinal axis of the reinforced
concrete component, when making its durability calculation for the effect of the lateral force
Drawing 10. Model for the calculation of reinforced concrete beams with oblique compressive faces
Drawing 11. Model for calculation of short cantilevers
Drawing 12. Model of forces in the section inclined to the longitudinal axis of the reinforced
concrete component, when making its durability calculation for the effect of the bending
moment
Drawing 13. Model of forces in the spatial section of the reinforced concrete component
under flexure with torsion, when making its durability calculation
Drawing 14. Model of location of the compression region of the spatial section
а – nearby the component’s face being compressed out of bending; б – nearby the component’s face
parallel to the plane of effect of the bending moment; в – nearby the component’s face being tensile out of
bending
Drawing 15. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for the local compression
а – under a local load on the entire width of the component; б - under a local edge
load on the entire width of the component; в, г - under a local load in the places of
abutting of the ends of purlins and beams; д - under a local edge load on the
component’s corner;
е - under a local load applied to the parts of the length and width of the component;
under a local edge load that locates within the bounds of the ledge of the wall or a
pier; ж - under a local edge load that locates within the bounds of the ledge of the
wall (pilasters); и – sections of a complex shape; / - collapse area; 2 – design
collapse area; 3 – a minimal region of fabric reinforcement at which the confinement
reinforcement is taken into account in the calculation of formula (104)
Drawing 16. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for punching shear
а – with an inclination of the lateral faces of the punching shear pyramid at an angle
45° ;
б – the same, more than 45°
Drawing 17. Models for calculating reinforced concrete components for disengagement
Drawing 18. Model of forces affecting the embedded part
Drawing 19. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the transverse section of the component,
when calculating its crack formation that is normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, in the
region of section, being tensile under external loads but compressive under forces of prereduction
а – under bending; б – under eccentric compression; в – under eccentric tension;
1 – core point; 2 – centre of figure of the modified section
Drawing 20. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the transverse section of the component,
when calculating its crack formation that is normal to the longitudinal axis of the component, in the
region of section, being tensile under forces of prereduction
1 – core point; 2 – centre of figure of the modified section
Drawing 21. Stress-strain diagrams of the bending moments and curvature for
reinforced concrete components having constant section
а – model of loads arrangement; б – stress-strain diagram of the bending moments;
в – stress-strain diagram of the curvature
Drawing 22. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of the component with a single-row armouring, when making deformation calculation
Drawing 23. Model of forces and stress-strain diagram in the section that is normal to the longitudinal
axis of the component with a multi-row armouring, when making deformation calculation
Drawing 24. Rebate joints of welded fabrics (without welding) in the direction
of the effective reinforcement made of smooth bars
а – with transverse bars, being arranged in one plane;
б, в – the same in different planes
Drawing 25. Rebate joints of welded fabrics (without welding) in the direction
of the effective reinforcement made of bars of die-rolled section
а – without transverse bars within the bounds of the joint in one of the fabrics being
butted;;
б – the same, in both fabrics being butted
Drawing 26. Joints of welded fabrics in the direction of the distribution reinforcement
а – a rebate joint with the arrangement of the bearing bars in one plane;
б – the same with the arrangement of the bearing bars in different planes;
в – a butt-joint with overlay of additional joint
APPENDIX 1
Obligatory
Main types of reinforcing steel and the area of its application in the reinforced structures
(depending on the nature of the effective loads and design temperature)
The field of application of carbon steel for the embedded parts of the reinforced
concrete and concrete structures
Design temperature, º С
Performance up to minus 30 inclusive below minus 30 to minus 40
inclusive
steel grade rolled iron steel grade rolled iron
under TDS thickness, mm under TDS thickness,
380-88 380-88 mm
1. Being calculated for
stresses under loads:
а) static ВСт-3кп2 4-30 ВСт-3пс6 4-25
b) dynamic and ВСт3пс6 4-10 ВСт3пс6 4-10
repeated ВСт3Гпс5 11-30 ВСт3Гпс5 11-30
ВСт3пс5 11-25 ВСт3пс5 11-25
2. Constructions (not having БСт3кп2 4-10 БСт3кп2 4-10
been calculated for the force БСт3кп2 4-30 БСт3кп2 4-30
impacts))
Notes: 1 When using low-alloy steel, for example of 10Г2С1, 09Г2С, 15ХСНД grades, as
well as at the design temperature below minus 40 ºС, the selection of the steel grade and electrodes
for the embedded parts should be carried out as for the steel welded constructions pursuant to
requirements of Building Code II-23-81* “Steel constructions. Design standards”.
2. Design steel resistances of the aforementioned grades are taken pursuant to Building Code
II-23-81* “Steel constructions. Design standards”.
APPENDIX 3
Refere
nce
Normative references
1. TDS-25192-82 – «Concretes. Classification».
2. TDS-26633-91 – «Heavy-weight and fine-aggregate concretes. Technical
specifications».
3. TDS-18105-86 – «Concretes. Strength control regulations ».
4. CCT 5.01.01-93 – «Standard norms of cement consumption for manufacturing of
precast and cast-in-situ concretes, concrete and reinforced concrete products and
structures. Ashkhabad. 1995 ».
5. TDS-5781-82 – «Hot-rolled steel for armouring reinforced concrete structures.
Technical specifications».
6. TDS-10884-94 – «Thermomechanically strengthened reinforcing steel for reinforced
concrete structures. Technical specifications».
7. TDS-380-88 – «Carbon steel of ordinary quality, Grades.».
8. TDS-10922-90 – «Welded reinforcing and embedded articles, welded reinforcing
junctions and junctions of embedded articles of the reinforced concrete structures.
General technical specifications.».
9. TDS-14098-91 – «Welded reinforcing junctions and junctions of embedded articles
of the reinforced concrete structures. Types, constructions and dimensions.».
10. TDS-12004-81 – «Reinforcing steel. Methods of tensile tests.».
11. TDS-14019-80 – «Metals. Methods of bending tests ».
12. TDS-13015.0-83 – «Constructions, concrete and reinforced concrete precast
products. General technical specifications».
13. CCT 3.03.02-2003 – «Concrete and reinforced concrete precast structures. Rules of
manufacture and acceptance. Ashkhabad 2003».
14. CCT 3.03.04-2001 – «Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Cast-in-situ.
Rules of manufacture and works acceptance. Ashkhabad 2001».
15. CCT 2.03.11-99 – «Building Code of Turkmenistan. Building structures’ protection
against corrosion. Ashkhabad 2000».
16. CCT 2.01.01-98 – «Building climatology».
17. Construction rules and regulations 2.01.07-85 – «Loads and impacts ».
18. Construction rules and regulations 2.01.02-85 – «Fire-prevention standards ».
19. Construction rules and regulations II-23-81* - Steel constructions. Design
standards».
Basic definitions
Stresses under external loads and effects in the transverse section of the component
М– Bending moment;
N– Longitudinal force;
Q– Lateral force;
Т– Torsional moment.
Performances of the prestressed component
Materials performances
Rb, Rb,ser – design axial compression resistances of the concrete for the marginal
states of the first and second groups, respectively;
Rbt, Rbt,ser design axial tension resistances of the concrete for the marginal states of
– the first and second groups, respectively;
Rb,loc – design collapse resistance of the concrete, being estimated by the
formula (102);
Rbp – concrete transfer strength, being fixed as per directions of clause 2.6;
Rs, Rs,ser – design tension resistances of the reinforcement for the marginal states of
the first and second groups, respectively;
Rsw – design tension resistance of the transverse reinforcement, being found
as per directions of clause 2.29;
Rsс – design compression resistance of the reinforcement for the marginal
states of the first group;
Еb– initial modulus of concrete elasticity under compression and tension;
Еs– modulus of reinforcement elasticity.
Geometry features
CCT 2.03.02-2004
Ashkhabad 2004
CCT 2.03.02-2004 Concrete and reinforced concrete structures
Design regulations
Prepared for approval by the Architecture, Town-planning, Science and New Technology
Department of the Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of
Turkmenistan
Developed by: Research Institute of “Seismology” of the Ministry of Construction and Building
Materials Industry of Turkmenistan