MATH 8

Factors -can be prime or composite

Prime factorization -an expression expressed as a product of its prime factors
Prime number -is a positive integer greater than I with only two factors---1 and itself
Composite Number -a positive integer greater than 1 and is not a prime number

EX: Find the PRIME FACTORS of the following numbers:

72 96

GCF -Greatest Common Factor

Find the GCF of the following numbers:

30 and 84 24, 60, and 84

 Find the GCF of the following monomials:

12x3y2 and 15xy2
GCF of 12 and 15? =
GCF of 12x3y2 and 15xy2 =
GCF of x3y2 and xy2? =

36m2n4 and 48m8n4

GCF of 36 and 48 =
GCF of m2n4 and m8n4 =
GCF of 36m2n4 and 48m8n4 =

16a2b2, 20a2b, and 12ab2

GCF of 16, 20 and 12 =
GCF of a2b2, a2b, and ab2 =
GCF of 16a2b2, 20a2b, and 12ab2 =
FACTORING OUT THE GCF
15x2 + 6x =

18a5b + 21a3b2 – 3a2b3 =

5mn2 – 36m2 + 28mn3 =

16xy3 – 4x2y2 + 2xy =

c (a + b) + 3 (a + b) = Note: (a + b) appears once in every term

FACTORING OUT THE NEGATIVE OF THE GCF

-4a2 + 2ab =Note: remember that when -1 is factored out, every sign of the polynomial in the
parentheses will be reversed.

-15x3 – 5x2 + 10x =

-20mn + 10m – 2 =

FACTORING THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

X2 – 4y2 
=

9m2 – 49n2 
=

64p2 – 25 
=

16a4 – b4 
=

4x2 + 9 
=
FACTORING PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL
x2 + 6x + 9 =

x2 – 10x + 25 =

4x2 + 12x + 9 =

36m2 – 12m + 1 =

25a2 + 20a + 16 =

9x2 – 60 + 100y2 =

64w2 + 16w – 1 =

FACTORING THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES

8x3 + 1 =

27m3 – 64 =

a6 + 125 =

-3b2 + 24 =

THE QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS

Quadratic trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c Note: Know the factors of the middle term and
the sum of the factors must be the last term.
x2 + 11x + 24 =

a2 – 15a + 36 =
APPLICATION OF FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

The area of a square is given by expressions 4x 2 – 20 + 25. Find an expressions that will represent the
measurement of its sides.
Area:
A= s2
A= l x w

Volume:
V= s3

Tomatoes are planted on a square piece of land with an area of 4x2 + 28 x 49. What are the dimensions of
the square piece land.

A rectangular lot in subdivision is for sale with an area x 2 – 9x +20. Find the length and width of the lot.
FILIPINO 8
Republikang Basahan
Dalawang Haiku
Ang Kalupi
Biag ni Lam-Ang
Lagyan ng  ang patlang kung magkasingkahulugan ang mga salita at X kung hindi.
______1. busabos – marangal
______2. tanikala – kadena.
______3. dinudusta – inaapi.
______4. pagkasi – pagtatakwil.
______5. timawa – sagana
-Teodoro A. Agoncillo
-Gonzalo K. Flores
-Benjamin P. Pascual
-Pedro Bukaneg
______6. mamighati – magluksa.
______7. sukal – kapal.
______8. pingki – iwas
______9. saro – pinggan.
______10. punyal – patalim

Tula -anyong pampanitikan na angtataglay ng matingkad na damdamin o malalim na kaisipan na

ipinahahayag sa anyong pataludtod
2 Anyo ng Tula:
1) Tradisyonal o kombensiyonal -may sukat at tugma
Sukat -bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod o linya
Tugma –pagkakatuald ng dulong tunog ng bawat linya
Sesura- saglit na apgtigail sa gitna ng taludtod
Francisco Balagtas -“Ama ng Panulaang Tagalog”

2) Malayang taludturan -makabagong anyo ng tula

-hindi sumusunod sa pare-parehong sukat at tugma
Alejandro Abadilla -“Ama ng Modernistang Panulaang Filipino”
Haiku -tulang Hapones na may (3) tatlong taludtod at sukat na 5-7-5
-karaniwang pumapaksa sa panahon at kalikasan
Senryu -karaniwang pumapaksa sa sitwasyon sa buhay ng tao

Pang-abay na Pamanahon -nagsaasaad ng panahon kung kalian naganap, nagaganap, o magaganap ang kilos
na isinasaad ng pandiwa.
HALIMBAWA:
*tatlong beses sa isang araw *kapag madaling araw *simula ngayon
*Linggo *tuwing Pasko *hanggang may ideklara nang panalo
*noon *buhat kahapon *kahapon
* kung gabi *mula kanina *kanina
*ngayon *mamaya *bukas
*sandali *araw-araw *maya’t mayang
*tuwing Linggo *taon-taon

Sanhi -mga dahilan sa isang pangyayari

Bunga -naging resulta o kinalabasan nito

MGA HUDYAT SA PAGTALAKAY NG SANHI AT BUNGA NG MGA PANGYAYARI:

A. Upang maghudyat ng sahi
Dahil bunsod ng
Sa dahilang sapagkat
Sanhi ng paano ay
Palibhasa ay mangyari ay
B. Upang maghudyat ng bunga
Bilang resulta kaya
Bilang bunga kaya naman
Bunga nito tuloy
Isulat ang kahulugan ng mga salita.

____________1. pangnan ____________6. sumulak

____________2. nakalasbi ____________7. tarangkahan
____________3. kuwartel ____________8. pahimakas
____________4. kara-karaka ____________9. tungayawan
____________5. gagahanip ____________10. napalungayngay

Maikling Kuwento -tumatalakay sa isang mahalagang pangyayari sa buhay ng tao na nag-iiwan lamang ng
iisang kakintalan (single impression)
Bahagi ng Maikling Kuwento:
a) Simula -nagpapakilala ng mga tauhan at tagpuan
b) Saglit na Kasiglahan -sandaling pagtatagpo ng mga tauhan
c) Suliranin -problemang kailangang lutasin
d) Kasukdulan -pinakamadulang bahagi, nagpapakita ng pagtutunggali
e) Kakalasan -pagbabatid ng kinahinatnan, unti-unting pagbaba ng instensidad
f) Wakas -kinahinatnan ng kuwento
Lagyan ng  ang patlang kung magkasingkahulugan ang mga salita at X kung hindi.
______1. lambak – dalisdis ng bundok ______5. saya – bestida
______2. talisman – agimat ______6. nilusob – sinalakay
______3. gumayak – humayo ______7. napangarap – naadhika
______4. nabuwal – naitayo ______8. naghahamon – sumusuko

EPIKO -nagmula sa salitang griyego na “epos”, awit

-sanaysay na nagsaasaad ng “kabayanihan”
MGA URI NG EPIKO
A. Epiko ng mga Kristiyano
-ang nilalaman ay kababakasan ng kulturang Espanyol, impuwensiyang Kristiyano
Halimbawa: Ang buhay ni Lam-Ang ng Ilocos
Ang Ibalon ng Bicol

B. Epiko ng mga Di- Kristiyano

-nananatiling autentiko sa pinagmulan nilang kultura

-hindi nababahiran ng anumang impluwensiya ng Kristiyano

Halimbawa: Ang Hudhud at ang Alim ng Ifugao

Ang Ulalim ng Kalinga

Pananaliksik -ang sistematikong pangangalap ng impormasyon upang malunasan ang isang suliranin,
mapalawak ang kaalaman, o mapabuti ang kalidad ng buhay ng tao.

Mga HAKBANG sa pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik:

1) Tukuyin ang paksang nais pag-aralan
2) Alamin ang konsepto
3) Gumamit ng iba’t ibang sanggunian
4) Suriin ang pagiging maaasahan ng mga gagamiting sanggunian
5) Bigyang-pagkilala ang mga ginamit na sanggunian
T.L.E. 8
Kitchen Tools and Utensils
Colander -used for draining food such as pasta or rice
Double boiler -heat materials gently
Strainer -drain liquid form solid
Saute pan -to prevent food from escaping during cooking
Frying pan -used for frying, searing, and browning foods
Sauce pan -used for simmering or boiling
Stockpots -come in a large variety of sizes to meet any need from cooking for a family
Steamer -used for steaming vegetables and fish
Mortar and Pestle -used to crush or mash spices and other foods
Pastry brush -used for coating food with melted butter or other liquids
Slotted spoon -used to remove solid from liquid
Wok -pot with a rounded bottom and sloping side ideally suited for stir-frying
Whisk -wire utensil for beating food by hand
Funnel -used for transferring liquids or powder from one container to another
Measuring cup -necessity in any kitchen when cooking or baking
Grater -comes in all shapes and sizes
Ladle -perfect for soups, stews and more
Tongs -one of the handiest tools in a busy kitchen
Potato masher -used for mashing cooked potatoes, turnips, carrots or other soft cooked vegetables
Cutting board -wooden or plastic board where foods can be cut
Cheese cutter -used for cutting cheese
Household scale -used to weigh large quantity if ingredients
Scoop or Dippers -used to measure serving of soft foods
Serving spoons -used in preparing serving, or eating food
Pasta spoon -Best used with spaghetti or other long pasta noodles
Serving Tongs -enable to grab and transfer larger food items
Kitchen knives -Often referred to as cooks or chefs tools

KINDS OF KNIVES
Chef’s knife -also called cooks knife useful for all cutting, slicing, chopping and mincing tasks
Paring knife -ideal for peeling and other small or intricate work
Carving and Slicing knife – used to slice thin cuts of meat including poultry, roast, hams and other large
cooked meats
Utility knife -intended for a myriad of cutting duties (many)
Boning knife -used for removing the bones of meat and fish
Fillet knife -used to fillet and prepare fish
Bread knife -ideal for cutting bread
Cleavers -Enable the knife to chop through bone and joints with relative ease
Steak knife -used at the table to cut through especially tough food such as meat
Cheese knife -used for cutting and serving cheese
Garnishing or Decorative knives –wavy-sided blade used for slicing vegetables into decorative shapes

EQUIPMENT
Blender -used for blending foods
Electric mixer -used for mixing and beating
Food processor -revolves inside a container to chop, mix or blend food
Coffeemaker -coffee is brewed
Dutch oven -it is a metal utensil for baking fitted
Microwave Oven -for rapid food preparation
Refrigerator/Freezer -used for storing food

MATERIALS OF KITCHEN UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENTS

Aluminum -most popular lightweight, attractive and less expensive
Stainless steel -most popular used for tools and equipment but is more expensive
Glass -good for baking
Cast iron -must be kept seasoned to avoid rust
Ceramic and heart-proof glass –used especially for baking dishes, casseroles and measuring cups
Teflon -is a special coating applied to the inside of some aluminum or steel pots and pans
Plastic and hard rubber –used for cutting and chopping boards, table tops, bowls, trays, garbage pails and
Canisters

TYPES OF CLEANING AGENT FOR CLEANING AND SANITIZING EQUIPMENT AND UTENSILS
All-purpose cleaner -works on most countertops, sink and stovetops
Abrasive cleaner -remove relatively heavy amount of soil found in small areas
Detergent -wash tableware, surfaces and equipment
Solvent cleaner -use on surfaces where grease has burned on
Acid cleaner -use on mineral deposits and other soils that detergent cannot remove
Liquid cleaner -a suspension of solid abrasive particles in a thickened liquid matrix
Scouring pads -like powdered cleaners, scouring pad is a product with a long variety of use
Glass cleaner -to clean glass surfaces without streaking or leaving any residue
Tile and grout cleaner –acid-based scrub-free solution works best on bathtub, shower tile and toilets
Wood cleaner -polish made for the type of finish on your wood

STEPS IN CLEANING AND SANITIZING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

 Utensils such as cutting boards, bowls and knives need to be thoroughly washed in warm soapy water
 A dishwasher is very effective at sanitizing if it has a hot wash and drying cycle.
 All Utensils must then be thoroughly dried before they are reused. Air-drying is best but tea towels can be
used if they are clean.
 If hot water is not available, disposable eating and drinking utensils should be used
CLEANING THE KITCHEN AREA
 Kitchen should be the cleanest part of the house.
 Cleaning your kitchen regularly is important not only to keep it looking at its best, but also to remove all of
the germs and bacteria that accumulate regularly in the kitchen area
HOW TO CLEAN, SANITIZE AND STORE KITCHEN EQUIPMENT
1. Put on the cleaning gloves and scrape off any excess debris from the appliances or equipment using a hot
water, antibacterial soap and a scrubber sponge
2. Remove stains from the equipment if necessary using salt and water.
3. Sanitize your kitchen equipment using a large bucket or sink and create a mixture of 1tbsp. bleach to 1
gallon of warm water.
4. Store your equipment. After everything is dry store in proper place in your kitchen
Utensils -are the lifeblood of any kitchen. Used to assist in the preparation of hot/cold foods
Sanitizing -reduction of the number of contaminating germs, bacteria, and viruses
SANITIZING METHODS
Heat -hot water most common method used in restaurants
Chemicals -chlorine, iodine and quaternary ammonium
(3 factors must be considered are: Concentration, Temperature, Contact time)

TERMINOLOGIES
Condiment -edible food such as sauce that is added to add and enhance flavor
Implement -tool, utensil or other piece of equipment especially used for particular purpose
Stacking -large, usually conical pile of straw of fodder arrange for outdoor storage
Grates -a frame of iron bars to hold fuel for a fire
MAPEH 8
MUSIC
chamrieng -these are the vocals
ching -pair of finger cymbals
gamelan -indonesian’s most popular and well-known form of music
gerong -group of male chorus
hnyin -small mouth organ instrument of myanmar
khongwong -instrument that has eighteen tuned gongs
mi gyaung -crocodile-shaped fretted, plucked zither with three strings
palwei -flute instrument of myanmar
pattala -tuned similar to the diatonic scale
psidhen -female soloist who accompany gamelan
roneat -small xylophone
ronet thung -big xylophone
samphor -double headed drum played by using hands
saung -known as the national musical instrument of myanmar
si -bell in myanmar
sidaw -two big drums hung side by side on a beam
skort hom -pair of contrasting drums played by using wooden beaters
taphon -drum using hand
tayaw -fiddle instrument of myanmar
wa -clapper in myanmar

kontra-gapi -kontemporaryong gamelang pilipino

membranophones -drums covered with animal skin
metallophones -tuned metal bars
pelog -seven tones scales
pentatonic scale -five-note composition
pi nai -woodwind instrument
thailand -land of the free

ARTS
ASEAN -Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Wau Bulan -also known as the “Moon Kite” since the crescent-shaped sail looks like a moon
Jala -means “net” and refers to the tail structure
Wau Jala Budi -also known as the “Woman Kite”
Wau Kuching -also known as the “Cat Kite”
Wau Barat -also known as the “Leaf Kite”
Wau Merak -also known as the “Peacock Kite”
Ukiranhalus -involves the carving of relief patterns, hilts of keris, bed headboards and cupboard tops
Ukirankasar -is a carving on larger objects like furnitures, pillars, room portions, and eacves of roofs
Merlion -one of the most famous sculptures in Singapore is the
Phra bang -gold cast sculpture is also one of the Lao’s mot recognized artworks
Phra Say -is a famous statue made from gold and is renowned in several countries

Tranh lua -silk painting

Shadow puppetry -Indonesia’s folk art
Wayang Kulit -Indonesian puppet show
Songkok -peci or kopiah, a cap widely worn in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern
Philippines and Southern Thailand
Sculpture -modeling carving
Form -shows three-dimensional geometrical figures
Pelaminangebyok -wedding throne with carved background
Relief Carvings -adorn the doors, walls, and windows of traditional Malay houses
Emphasis -principle of design that shows visual accent, stress, or sense of importance
Unity -principle of design that shows the quality that occurs when all parts of an artwork
combine to create a sense of wholeness and completion

PE
WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.6 - 24.9 Normal
25. 0-29.9 Overweight
30.0 and above Obese

Flexibility exercise Strength exercise Cardiovascular exercise

leg hug bench press cycling
trunk twist dips jogging
seated side stretch plank running
zipper leg curl swimming

HEALTH
(1) month – -the years you could get in jail if you commit the act on purpose of abortion.
(20) twenty years

abortion -intentionally end her pregnancy after conception.

article 256 – 259 -the article of the revised penal code
Erik Erikson -he said that the identity crisis is the failure to achieve one’s identity during
adolescence
exhibitionist -indecent sexual practices so to attract attention to oneself
heterosexuality -sexual attraction to the opposite sex
homosexuality -a man who gets sexually attracted to a person of the same sex
pre-marital sex - any sexual activity before he or she starts a married life
sadism -sexual gratification from inflicting pain and humiliation on others
unintended pregnancy - one main cause of abortion
teenage pregnancy -teenage mothers
PSA -philippine statistics authority
conflicts -experienced at various points in one’s life
identity formation -to develop a caring and loving family environment
stable family -gives support and guidance
identity crisis -the failure to achieve one’s identity
ENGLISH 8
TYPES OF LISTENING
Passive listening -listener allows another person to speak without responding
Active listening -listener actively responds and reacts to speaker

THE PURPOSE OF SPEECHES

 To inform
 To persuade
 To entertain
Informative speech -to inform the audience about specific topic
Persuasive speech -to inform and convince the audience to do something

PROSODIC FEATURES OF A SPEECH

Intonation -pitch variations
Tempo, rhythm or speed -how fast or slow
Volume -softness or loudness
Stress -emphasis place on a syllable to clarify meaning
Pause -intentional breaks/stops before uttering the next word/phrase

LITERARY FOCUS
Philippine Literature -best understood within the context of Philippine History
-Dr. Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio and Marcelo H. Del Pilar wrote poems, essays
and stories about the cruelty of Spanish colonizers towards Filipinos
Topic Sentence -may be found at the beginning, middle and end part of a paragraph
Parallel Structure -using words, phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical forms
Ex: A Filipino is hospitable, generous and kind.
Expository Essay -expand and explain an idea by giving examples, comparing or contrasting
Descriptive Essay -describe a person, object, place, event, experience, emotion, situation etc.
Narrative Essay -tell a story or share an experience
Argumentative Essay -investigate regarding a topic, prove/defend a point

NON VERBAL CUES

Facial Expressions (emotions) -smiling, frowning, winking and smirking
Gestures (signal) -Finger-pointing, waving, clapping, bowing
Stance and postures (positions) –arm-crossing, slouching
Proxemics (Space) -how far one sits/stands beside someone could indicate the level of relationship
Eye gaze (stare) -manner by which a person looks at another person can communicate
Sweetness, anger, doubt, excitement
Haptics (touches) -a mother soft carers show love for her child
Appearance (looks/stereo type) –Color, clothing style and length

Intonation -pitch pattern

Theme -central idea
Key Ideas -overview of what the paragraph is all about
Parallel Sentence -reader understand the meaning of the sentence easily
Graphic Organizers -also called concept/mind maps helps to organize our thoughts
Word Stress -important when speaking because it affects meaning
Collocation -combining words in order to form meaning
Mood -atmosphere that readers feel while reading
Supporting Details -helps, support and elaborate the key idea of a paragraph
Misplaced modifier -word, phrase or clause that is separated from the word it modifies/describes
-often sound awkward, ridiculous or confusing
Dangling modifier -word or phrase that modifies a word
Infographic -image that represents information, data or knowledge
Voice -special aspect of speaking (3main elements: breathing, resonance, pitch)
Sensory images -describing something using senses
 READING STYLES
Scanning -looking for specific information
Skimming -looking for the main idea or the overview
Extensive reading -for entertainment or leisure
Intensive reading -to know every detail in the material
-“zoom lens” reading strategy

Coordinating conjunctions -produce coherent and unified paragraphs

-FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Ex: We need to be strong and patient so we can overcome all our problems

Pitch -allows listener to distinguish emotions and mood of the person speaking
High pitched voice -number of vibrations increases
Low pitched voice -number of vibrations decreases
Oral Tradition -passing of literature from one generation to the next
Complex sentences -sentences with more than one idea
-composed of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
-ex: The kind hired excellent educators since Thai children needed quality education.
independent clause dependent clause

Subordinating Conjunctions -essential in creating complex sentences

Research -important aspect of any type of writing
Juncture -critical pause that one needs to make while speaking
Setting -general locale, historical time and social circumstances surrounding a story
Brain storming -writing down all your raw ideas on paper

Write the appropriate coordinating conjunctions on the blank.

1. Sometimes we feel abandoned _____________ we should have faith.
2. He always argues with his parents _____________they continue to support him.
3. Her father lost his job _____________ Maricar was forced to stop going to school
4. Life gives us challenges _____________it also give us opportunities
5. Either prayer keeps us string in times of trouble _____________ it gives us hope in times of doubt.

Complete the sentence by writing the most appropriate subordinating conjunction on the space provided.
1. _____________ the Thais harvest their food, they remember the important role buffaloes played in
farming
2. Farming is the primary source of livelihood for Thais _____________ fishing is primary source of livelihood
of Filipinos
3. _____________Filipinos and Thais may have different cultures and traditions, they should find ways to
collaborate.
4. _____________ they are neighbors, they are not particularly close
5. It is best for countries to be united _____________engage themselves in conflicts _____________ this
could affect their people.
AP 8
Klima - ay ang kalagayan ng atmospera sa isang rehiyon ng mundo sa mahabang panahon.
Panahon o weather - tumutukoy sa kalagayan ng atmospera sa isang maliit na lugar sa maikling panahon.
Sonang tropical - nakakaranas ng dalawang panahon ( tag-init at tag-ulan)
Sonang templada - ay mayroong katamtamang klima na binubuo ng apat na panahon ( tag-araw, taglagas,
taglamig, at tagsibol)
Sonang Polar - nakakaranas ng tuyo ngunit may napakalamig na klima.
Koppen Clasification System - nakabatay sa temperature at vegetation.
Type A / Tropical - nakatatanggap ng higit na radyasyong solar o init mula sa araw.
Type B/ Arid - tuyo at bahagyang tuyo.
Type C at D/ Temperature o code continental - sa pagitan ng 25-700 sa Hilaga at Timog Emisperyo
matatagpuan ang mga lugar na may ganitong klima.
Likas na yaman - kapaligirang natural na nakaiimpluwensya sa paraan ng pamumuhay ng mga nilikha
sa daigdig.
Pisikal - na bahagi ay kinabibilangan ng kalupaan, hangin, tubig, liwanag, at temperature.
Biyolohikal - binubuo ng mga halaman at hayop.
Geodiversity - iba’t ibang kaanyuang pisikal.
Renewable resources - mga likas na yaman na patuloy na napapalitan at hindi agarang nauubos.
Lahi - ay isang konseptong panlipunan na binuo upang pangkatin ang mga tao batay sa
pagkakaiba sa katangiang pisikal.
Prehuwisyo - saloobin at opinion na walang katanggap-tanggap na batayan na nagreresulta sa
pagwawalang bahala ng karapatan ng isang tao.
Diskriminasyon - hindi pantay na pagtrato ng tao sa ibang tao.
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
Pangkat etniko - kalipunan ng mga tao na may pagkakatulad sa wika, relihiyon, pagkain, paniniwala,
kaasalan, at kultural na pagkakakilanlan.
Pidgin language - kapag nagkaroon ng ugnayan ang mga lipunan na may kani- kanilang wika.
Lingua franca - wika ng komunikasyon at kalakalan sa malawak na lugar.
Mother tongue - unang wikang natutunan.
PANGKAT NG MGA WIKA BATAY SA PAGKAKAROON NG IISANG PINAGMULAN
Indo-European -pinakamalawak at pinakalaganp na wika sa buong mundo
Afro-Asiatic -binubuo ng dalwang sangay: Semitic at Hemitic.
(Semitic ang wika ng mga naninirahan sa tangway ng Arabia)
(Hamitic ay laganap sa Morocco, Algeria at Sahara)
Niger Congo o Niger Kordofanian –pinakalaganp na uri ng wika sa Aprika
Altaic -laganap sa Gitna, Hilaga at Silangang Asya
Uralic -sa Hilagang Eurasia matatagpuan amg mga lipunang nagsasalita ng ganitong wika
Austrosenian -saklaw ng wikang ito an gang mga kapuluan sa Pasipiko
Austroasiatic - wika ng mga naninirahan sa mainland Timog-Silangang Asya
Sino-Tibetan -pinakamaraming tao ang nagsasalita ng nagsasalita ng Han Chinese (Mandarin)
Iba Pang Pamilya ng Wika –magtatagpuan sa mga refugee areas ang ilang pamilya ng wika na may maliit ng
bilang ng nagsasalita
Relihiyon -sistema ng paniniwala at gawain na kumikilala sa oagkakaroon ng kapangyarihang higit
sa tao.
Monoteismo -kumikilala sa iisang diyos
Politeismo -sumasampalataya sa maraming bilang ng diyos
Judaismo -unang relihiyon na uminog ang pananampalataya sa iisang diyos
Kristiyanismo -pinakamalaking relihiyon base sa bilang ng mga kasapi
Islam -nangangaral ng pagsunod sa diyos na si allah
Shia -“Shiat Ali” o “kapartido ni Ali” na kinikilala ang karapatan ni Ali bilang kahalili sa
pamumuno ni Mohammad
Hinduismo -sumasamba sa maraming diyos na may control sa iba’t ibang aspeto ng buhay
Jainismo -nangangaral ng ahimsa (paggalang sa lahat ng may buhay)
Sikhismo -pagkakaroon ng iisang diyos at pamumuhay ng marangal at may tamang kaasalan
Budismo -nakabatay sa four noble truth ni Siddhartha Gautama na kilala sa tawag na Buddha na
nangangahulugang naliwanagan
Prometheus -Titan na lumikha ng tao mula sa putik at ang diyosang si Athena ang nagbigay buhay
Adan at Eba -ninuno ng mga Hudyo, Kristiyano, Muslim at ng sangkatauhan
Rig Veda -aklat ng mga Hindu na nakasaan na si Purusha ang sinaunang nilalang
Charles Darwin -may akda ng On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection na may paksang
Teorya ng ebolusyon
Homonid -iba’t ibang grupo na namuhay ng sabay sabay
Ardipithecus ramidus –pinsakamatandang labi ng isang hominin na nahukay sa Aramis, Ethiopia
Australopithecus anamensis –may mahabang braso
Australopithecus afarensis -may mala-bakulaw na anyo, maliit ang utak, may mahahabang braso
Autralopethicus africanus -may katangiang tulad- A. afarensis
Australopithecus Paranthropus aethiopicus –may malaking bagang at ngipin
Australopithecus Paranthropus boisei –katulad ng A.aethiopicus at may angguladong cheekbone
Homo Habilis -malaki ang utak at kaalaman sa pagbuo ng mga simpleng kasangkapan
Australopithecine -sanay sa pamumuhay sa kagubatan
Homo Erectus -katulad ng mga kasalukuyang tao at may higit na mahahabang hita at maiiksing bisig
kumpara sa katawan
Homo Sapiens -higit na Malaki ang utak tanda na mataas ang antas ng pag-iisip
H. sapiens sapiens -pinakamatandang buto ns binansagang Cro-Magnon, katulad ng tao mataas at pabilog
na noo at pataas na noo
Hominin -(human family tree) ay binubuo ng mga sanga at supling
Kultura -salitang pranses na culture “pagbubungkla ng lupa”, hiniram sa Latin na cultura
“paglinang, pag-aalaga at agrikultura”
Panahon ng Bato -Paleolitiko, Mesolitiko at Neolitiko
Lagalag (nomadic) -pamumuhay ng tao noon dahil sa pangangalap ng halaman at hayp na makakain
Humbad (flint) -uri ng bato na medaling hubugin
Mikrolito (Microlith) -maliliit na tinapyas na baton a inihilera at ipinasok sa mga kahoy, buto at sungay
Panahong Neolitiko -tinatawag ding Panahon ng Bato dahil mas pinakinis at mas maayos na ang pagkabuo
ng mga kasangkapang bato
Obsidian -ginagamit sa pagbuo ng mga kasangkapan
Tanso o Copper -unang metal na nalinang
Bronse -metal na mas matibay ito ay pinaghalong tanso at tin
Panahon ng Bakal -pagpoproseso ng bakal upang gawing armas at kasangkapan
SCIENCE 8
Potential Energy (PE)
Gravity: 9.8 m/s2
The unit for GPE is joule (J).
- stored energy that a body processes.
-associated with the position of the body
Example: a heavy metal used to demolish buildings and structures.
GPE = mass gravity height
GPE =mgh
The GPE is directly proportional to the mass of a body and its height
Ex: IF you double the mass, the GPE will be doubled
If you triple the mass, the GPE will be tripled

GPE
FORMULAE:

m g h

Sample Problem: A 7-kg box is lifted form the garage floor and is placed on top of a cabinet. If the box gains
150 J of GPE, how high is the shelf?

Sample Problem: Compute the mass of a man who climbs a wall that is 4m high and gains 2500 J of GPE.

Kinetic Energy (KE) -energy moving from one to another

-movement of body form one point to another
Example: vibrational, rotational and translational energy
The unit for GPE is joule (J).
𝟏
FORMULAE: KE= 𝟐 mv2

𝑚
Sample Problem: A 650-kg roller coaster car moves at 19 𝑠 . Determine its KE.
Sample Problem: In a circus, the 50-kg platform diver had a KE of 10, 000 J just before hitting the water.
Compute her speed just before she splashed into the water.

𝟐𝑲𝑬
FORMULAE: = v2
𝒎

𝟐𝑲𝑬
V= √
𝒎

PRACTICE:
1) Determine the amount of GPE of a 1.5-kg book that is moved to three different shelves. The heights of the
shelves are 2.0m, 2.5m, and 3.0m.

𝑚
2) A 40-kg boy and his 90-kg father went brisk walking. Both walked at a rate of 2 𝑠 . Who had more kinetic
energy? Support your answer.

3) What is the velocity of a 400-kg elevator that has 4,500 J of energy?

Work and energy are related. When a net force does work on an object, it causes a change in the velocity of
the object, thus changing the KE as well. This is called the work-energy theorem.
FORMULA: W=KEfinal – KE initial
W= KE
1
W= 2 m v2
1 1
W= 2mvfinal2 - 2mvinitial2

POWER -tells you the rate at which work is done or how fast energy is being used.

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊
POWER= POWER=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
The unit for power is or watt (W)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
1) Mang Lino did not have a good day yesterday. His jeepney stopped in the middle of the street. He called for
some volunteers tp help him push the vehicle 150 m away from where it stopped. The amount of force that
they applied to the jeepney was 1,200 N. They pushed the jeepney for 15 minutes. Determine the power of
the volunteers who pushed the vehicle.

W=Fd The unit is joule.

𝑊
W= 𝑡 The unit is joule.

2) Juan has 5 W of power while lifting a box to a height of 4m. In doing so, he exerts 90 N of force. How long
did he do the task?

𝑊
t= 𝑃 The unit is second (s)