Assignment

Submitted To:- Engr. Akbar Ali

Submitted By:- Muhammad Mamoon Rasheed

Roll # 2015-ME-19

Session:- 2015-2019

Semester:- 6th

Subject:- Heat and mass transfer

Date:- 24-4-2018

Title: Boiling and Condensation

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University College of Engineering and Technology
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Table of Contents
1. Boiling................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Classification of Boiling ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Pool Boiling .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.2. Flow Boiling (Forced Convection Boiling).................................................................................. 3
2. Condensation ........................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1. Film Condensation ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.2. Dropwise condensation ................................................................................................................. 4
References .................................................................................................................................................... 5
 Boiling and Condensation

1. Boiling
Boiling is identified with change of liquid to vapor at a solid-liquid interface because of convection
heat transfer from the solid. Boiling occurs at the solid–liquid interface once a liquid is brought
into contact with a surface kept up at a temperature adequately above the saturation temperature
of the liquid. Unsettling of fluid by vapor bubbles gives massive convection coefficients and
accordingly vast heat flux at low-to moderate surface-to-fluid temperature differencesi.

1.1. Classification of Boiling

Pool Boiling:In this,the motion of fluid is because of natural convection.
Forced Convection Boiling: In this,motion of fluid is caused by external means and also caused
by bubble-induced mixing.
Saturated Boiling: In saturated boiling,the temperature of liquid is somewhat larger than saturation
temperature.
Subcooled Boiling: In subcooled boiling,the temperature of liquid is somewhat less than saturation
temperature.

1.1.1. Pool Boiling

Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow. Any motion of the liquid is because
of natural convection currents.For example,the water boiling in pan on top of a stove.
In pool boiling, vapour is created at a superheated wall that is minor related to the dimensions of
the pool of ostensibly still liquid in which it is immersed. The motion of the fluid is persuaded by
the boiling process and the velocities are expected to be low. These conditions are suitable for
small-scale laboratory experiments and for the understanding of boiling. However, pool boiling is
rare in industrial equipment. Even if there is no enforced flow of liquid past the heated wall,
imprisonment of the liquid and close arrangement of multiple heaters, as in kettle reboilers.[1]

1.1.2. Flow Boiling (Forced Convection Boiling)

In flow boiling (or forced convection boiling), fluid is forced to flow over surface by external
means such as a pump and also by buoyancy effects. Therefore, flow boiling is always go together
with other convection effects. Its conditions depend more on geometry, which can include external
flow over heated plates. The flow boiling can also be classified as either external and internal flow
boiling depending on whether the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or inside a channel.
Internal flow boiling is much complex than external flow boiling because vapor can not escape as
there is no free surface.The two-phase flow in a tube displays dissimilar flow boiling regimes,
Consequently internal forced convection boiling is usually mentioned as two-phase flow.[2]
 2. Condensation
Condensation occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced below its saturation temperature.

Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid. It is the reverse of evaporation, where
liquid water becomes a vapor. Condensation happens one of two ways: Either the air is cooled to its dew
point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold any more water.

Condensation is the change of physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase. It is a process
in which water vapor (gaseous form) in the air changes into liquid water when it touches a cooler surface.
When water in the air comes in contact with a cold surface, it condenses to form water droplets. This
phenomenon is known as condensation. The reverse of condensation is evaporation.

Condensation can be of two types,film condensation and dropwise condensation.In film condensation,the
surface get wet by liquid and film forms on the surface. The former occurs on a cooled surface which is
easily wetted.In dropwise condensation,the surface is not wet and there is no film present on surface.We
will now discuss the film condensation and dropwise condensation in details.[3]

There are two forms of condensation:

1. Film condensation,
2. Dropwise condensation.

2.1. Film Condensation

The liquid wets the surface and produces a liquid film. The surface is covered by a liquid film
which assists as an opposition to heat transfer. In film wise condensation, the surface above which
the steam get condenses is wet and therefore as soon as the steam condenses, a film is produced
on surface.Generally, film wise condensation results in low heat transfer rates as the film resists
the heat transfer. The thickness of the film produced depends on some parameters that involves
orientation of the surface, viscosity, rate of condensation etc.

2.2. Dropwise condensation

There is no liquid film to impede heat transfer. Drop-wise condensation occurs when the surface
on which condensation is taking place is non wet-able. In this type of condensation, as soon as
steam condenses, the droplets are produced. When the drops develop larger, they simply fall under
the effect of gravity. In drop wise condensation, large heat transfer rates are attained and therefore,
often times, chemicals are used to make sure that condensation takes place drop wise. Dropwise
condensation is incited artificially with the help of silicons, teflons, assortment of waxes, and fatty
acids. Dropwise condensation can be continued for a long time by the mutual effects of surface
coating and periodic inclusion of the promoter into the vapor. When dropwise surfaces damage,
they adapt to filmwise condensation. So most condensers are designed on the supposition that film
condensation will occur on the surface ultimately. Dropwise condensation is useful in powerplant
heat exchangers, thermal desalination, self-cleaning surfaces, and heating and air conditioning.
One of the most effective mechanisms of heat transfer, and extremely large heat transfer
coefficients can be achieved.
Small droplets grow as a result of continued condensation, coalesce into large droplets, and slide
down when they reach a certain size.

References

1. Bergles, A.E., Enhancement of pool boiling. International Journal of

Refrigeration, 1997. 20(8): p. 545-551.
2. Kharangate, C.R. and I. Mudawar, Review of computational studies
on boiling and condensation. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, 2017. 108: p. 1164-1196.
3. Koh, J.C.Y., Film condensation in a forced-convection boundary-layer
flow. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1962. 5(10):
p. 941-954.