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世紀最大の不公平と
不公平とは
About this talk
シェリル ウーダンの著作「ハーフ ザ スカイ」には、世界で抑圧されている女性た
ちが記されている。その話は衝撃的である。途上国の女性達が教育と経済的機会を等
しく与えられた時に、人類はすべての人的資源をフルに活用することになるという。
The global challenge that I want to talk to you about today rarely makes the front
pages. It, however, is enormous in both scale and importance. Look, you all are very
well traveled; this is TEDGlobal after all. But I do hope to take you to some places
you've never been to before.
So, let's start off in China. This photo was taken two weeks ago. Actually, one
indication is that little boy on my husband's shoulders is just graduated from high
school. (Laughter) But this in Tiananmen Square. Many of you have been there. It's
not the real China. Let me take you to the real China. This is in the Dabian
Mountains in the remote part of Hubei province in central China. Dai Manju is 13
years-old at the time the story starts. She lives with her parents, her two brothers
and her great-aunt. They have a hut that has no electricity, no running water, no
wristwatch, no bicycle. And they share this great splendor with a very large pig.
Dai Manju was in sixth grade when her parents said, "We're going to pull you out of
school because the 13-dollar school fees are too much for us. You're going to be
spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies. Why would we waste this money
on you?" This is what happens to girls in remote areas.
Turns out that Dai Manju was the best pupil in her grade. She still made the
two-hour trek to the schoolhouse and tried to catch every little bit of information
that seeped out of the doors. We wrote about her in the New York Times. We got a
flood of donations -- mostly 13-dollar checks, because New York Times readers are
very generous in tiny amounts. (Laughter) But then, we got a money transfer for
$10,000 -- really nice guy. We turned the money over to that man there, the
principal of the school. He was delighted. He thought, "Oh, I can renovate the
school. I can give scholarships to all the girls." You know, if they work hard and stay
in school. So Dai Manju basically finished out middle school. She went to high
school. She went to vocational school for accounting. She scouted for jobs down in
Guangdong province in the south. She found a job, she scouted for jobs for her
classmates and her friends. She sent money back to her family. They built a new
house, this time with running water, electricity, a bicycle, no pig.
And that brings me to my first major of two tenets of "Half the Sky." And that is
that the central moral challenge of this century is gender inequity. In the 19th
century it was slavery. In the 20th century it was totalitarianism. The cause of our
time is the brutality that so many people face around the world because of their
gender. So some of you may be thinking, "Gosh, that's hyperbole. She's
exaggerating." Well, let me ask you this question. How many of you think there are
more males or more females in the world? Let me take a poll. How many of you
think there are more males in the world? Hands up, please. How many of you think
-- a few -- how many of you there are more females in the world? Okay, most of you.
Well, you know this latter group, you're wrong. There are, true enough, in Europe
and the West, when women and men have equal access to food and health care,
there are more women, we live longer. But in most of the rest of the world, that's
not the case. In fact, demographers have shown that there are anywhere between
60 million and 100 million missing females in the current population.
And, you know, it happens for several reasons. For instance, in the last half-century,
more girls were discriminated to death than all the people killed on all the
battlefields in the 20th century. Sometimes it's also because of the sonogram. Girls
get aborted before they're even born when there are scarce resources. This girl here,
for instance, is in a feeding center in Ethiopia. The entire center was filled with
girls like her. What's remarkable is that her brothers, in the same family, were
totally fine. In India, in the first year of life, from zero to one, boy and girl babies
basically survive at the same rate because they depend upon the breast, and the
breast shows no son preference. From one to five, girls die at a 50 percent higher
mortality rate than boys, in all of India.
The second tenet of "Half the Sky" is that, let's put aside the morality of all the
right and wrong of it all. And just on a purely practical level, we think that one of
the best ways to fight poverty and to fight terrorism is to educate girls and to bring
women into the formal labor force. Poverty, for instance. There are three reasons
why this is the case. For one, overpopulaton is one of the persistent causes of
poverty. And you know, when you educate a boy, his family tends to have fewer kids,
but only slightly. When you educate a girl, she tends to have significantly fewer
kids. The second reason is it has to do with spending. It's kind of like the dirty, little
secret of poverty, which is that, not only do poor people take in very little income,
but also, the income that they take in, they don't spend it very wisely. And
unfortunately, most of that spending is done by men. So research has shown, if you
look at people who live under two dollars a day -- one metric of poverty -- two
percent of that take-home pay goes to this basket here, in education. 20 percent
goes to a basket that is is a combination of alcohol, tobacco, sugary drinks and
prostitution and festivals. If you just take four percentage points and put it into
this basket, you would have a transformative effect.
The last reason has to do with women being part of the solution, not the problem.
You need to use scarce resources. It's a waste of resources if you don't use someone
like Dai Manju. Bill Gates put it very well when he was traveling through Saudi
Arabia. He was speaking to an audience much like yourselves. However, two-thirds
of the way there was a barrier. On this side was men, and then the barrier, and this
side was women. And someone from this side of the room got up and said, "Mr.
Gates, we have here as our goal in Saudi Arabia to be one of the top 10 countries
when it comes to technology. Do you think we'll make it?" So Bill gates, as he was
staring out at the audience, he said, "If you're not fully utilizing half the resources
in your country, there is no way you will get anywhere near the top 10." So here is
Bill of Arabia.
(Laughter)
So what would some of the specific challenges look like? I would say, on the top of
the agenda is sex trafficking. And I'll just say two things about this. The slavery at
the peak of the slave trade in the 1780s: there were about 80,000 slaves transported
from Africa to the New World. Now, modern slavery: according to State Department
rough statistics, there are about 800,000 -- 10 times the number -- that are
trafficked across international borders. And that does not even include those that
are trafficked within country borders, which is a substantial portion. And if you
look at another factor, another contrast, a slave back then is worth about $40,000 in
today's money. Today, you can buy a girl trafficked for few hundred dollars, which
means she's actually more disposable. But you know, there is progress being made
in places like Cambodia and Thailand. We don't have to expect a world where girls
are bought and sold or killed.
The second item on the agenda is maternal mortality. You know, child birth in this
part of the world is a wonderful event. In Niger, one in seven women can expect to
die during childbirth. Around the world, one woman dies every minute and a half
from childbirth. You know, it's not as though we don't have the technological
solution, but these women have three strikes against them: they are poor, they are
rural and they are female. You know, for every woman who does die, there are 20
who survive but end up with an injury. And the most devastating injury is obstetric
fistula. It's a tearing during obstructed labor that leaves a woman incontinent.
Let me tell you about Mahabuba. She lives in Ethiopia. She was married against
her will at age 13. She got pregnant, ran to the bush to have the baby, but you know,
her body was very immature, and she ended up having obstructed labor. The baby
died, and she ended up with a fistula. So that meant she was incontinent; she
couldn't control her wastes. In a word, she stank. The villagers thought she was
cursed; they didn't know what to do with her. So finally, they put her at the edge of
the village in a hut. They ripped off the door so that the the hyenas would get her at
night. That night, there was a stick in the hut. She fought off the hyenas with that
stick. And the next morning, she new if she could get to a nearby village where
there was a foreign missionary, she would be saved. Because she had some damage
to her nerves, she crawled all the way -- 30 miles -- to that doorstep, half dead. The
foreign missionary opened the door, knew exactly what had happened, took her to a
nearby fistula hospital in Addis Ababa, and she was repaired with a 350-dollar
operation. The doctors and nurses there noticed that she was not only a survivor,
she was really clever, and they made her a nurse. So now, Mahabuba, she is saving
the lives of hundreds, thousands, of women. She has become part of the solution,
not the problem. She's moved out of a vicious cycle and into a virtuous cycle.
I've talked about some of the challenges, let me talk about some of the solutions,
and there are predictable solutions. I've hinted at them: education and also
economic opportunity. So of course, when you educate a girl, she tends to get
married later on in life, she tends to have kids later on in life, she tends to have
fewer kids, and those kids that she does have, she educates them in a more
enlightened fashion. With economic opportunity, it can be transformative.
Let me tell you about Saima. She lives in a small village outside Lahore, Pakistan.
And at the time, she was miserable. She was beaten every single day by her
husband, who was unemployed. He was kind of a gambler type -- and unemployable,
therefore -- and took his frustrations out on her. Well, when she had her second
daughter, her mother in-law told her son, "I think you'd better get a second wife.
Saima's not going to produce you a son." This is when she had her second daughter.
At the time, there was a microlending group in the village that gave her a 65-dollar
loan. Saima took that money, and she started an embroidery business. The
merchants liked her embroidery; it sold very well, and they kept asking for more.
And when she couldn't produce enough, she hired other women in the village.
Pretty soon she had 30 women in the village working for her embroidery business.
And then, when she had to transport all of the embroidery goods from the village to
the marketplace, she needed someone to help her do the transport, so she hired her
husband. So now they're in it together. He does the transportation and distribution,
and she does the production and sourcing. And now they have a third daughter, and
the daughters, all of them, are being tutored in education because Saima knows
what's really important.
Which brings me to the final element, which is education. Larry Summers, when he
was chief economist at the World Bank, once said that, "It may well be that the
highest return on investment in the developing world is in girls' education." Let me
tell you about Beatrice Biira. Beatrice was living in Uganda near the Congo border,
and like Dai Manju, she didn't go to school. Actually, she had never been to school,
not to a lick, one day. Her parents, again, said, "Why should we spend the money on
her? She's going to spend most of her life lugging water back and forth." Well, it just
so happens, at that time, there was a group in Connecticut called the Niantic
Community Church Group in Connecticut. They made a donation to an
organization based in Arkansas called Heifer International. Heifer sent two goats
to Africa. One of them ended up with Beatrice's parents. And that goat had twins.
The twins started producing milk. They sold the milk for cash. The cash started
accumulating, and pretty soon the parents said, "You know, we've got enough money.
Let's send Beatrice to school." So at nine years of age, Beatrice started in first grade
-- after all, she'd never been to a lick of school -- with a six year-old. No matter, she
was just delighted to be in school. She rocketed to the top of her class. She stayed at
the top of her class through elementary school, middle school, and then in high
school, she scored brilliantly on the national examinations, so that she became the
first person in her village, ever, to come to the United States on scholarship. Two
years ago, she graduated from Connecticut College. On the day of her graduation,
She said, "I am the luckiest girl alive because of a goat." (Laughter) And that goat
was $120.
So you see how transformative little bits of help can be. But I want to give you a
reality check. Look: U.S. aid, helping people is not easy. And there have been books
that have criticized U.S. aid. There's Bill Easterly's book. There's a book called
"Dead Aid." You know, the criticism is fair; it isn't easy. You know, people say how
half of all water well projects, a year later, failed. When I was in Zimbabwe, we
were touring a place with the village chief -- he wanted to raise money for a
secondary school -- and there was some construction a few yards away, and I said,
"What's that?" He sort of mumbled. Turns out that it's a failed irrigation project. A
few yards away was a failed chicken coop. One year, all the chickens died, and no
one wanted to put the chickens in there. It's true, but we think that you don't
through the baby out with the bathwater; you actually improve. You learn from
your mistakes, and you continuously improve.
We also think that individuals can make a difference, and they should, because
individuals, together, we can all help create a movement. And a movement of men
and women is what's needed to bring about social change, change that will address
this great moral challenge. So then, I ask, what's in it for you? You're probably
asking that. Why should you care? I will just leave you with two things. One is that
research shows that once you have all of your material needs taken care of -- which
most of us, all of us, here in this room do -- research shows that there are very few
things in life that can actually elevate your level of happiness. One of those things
is contributing to a cause larger than yourself.
And the second thing. It's an anecdote that I'll leave you with. And that is the story
of an aid worker in Darfur. Here was was a woman who had worked in Darfur,
seeing things that no human being should see. Throughout her time there, she was
strong, she was steadfast. She never broke down. And then she came back to the
United States and was on break, Christmas break. She was in her grandmother's
backyard, and she saw something that made her break down in tears. What that
was was a bird feeder. And she realized that she had the great fortune to be born in
a country where we take security for granted, where we not only can feed, clothe
and house ourselves, but also provide for wild birds so they don't go hungry in the
winter. And she realized that with that great fortune comes great responsibility.
And so, like her, you, me, we have all won the lottery of life. And so the question
becomes: how do we discharge that responsibility?
So, here's the cause. Join the movement. Feel happier and help save the world.
(Applause)
今日 皆さんにお話したいグローバルな問題は トップページに載ることがほとんどな
い話題です しかしながら その規模と重要性において 実は大変大きな問題なのです
皆さんはよく旅をされるでしょう 何と言ってもここは TED グローバルですから しか
し皆さんが今まで 訪れたことがない場所へお連れしましょう
では まず中国から この写真は2週間前のものです 私の夫の肩に乗っている男の子
は 実はつい先日高校を卒業しました (笑) これは天安門広場です 皆さんは行かれ
たことがあるでしょう これは本当の中国ではありません 本物の中国にお連れしま
しょう ここは大別山です 華中 湖北省の僻地にあります ダイ マンジュは 13 歳でし
た 両親 二人の兄弟 大叔母と 共に暮らしていました 電気も水も来ていない 小屋で
暮らしていました 腕時計も自転車もありません このすばらしい家の中には 1匹の
大きな豚もいました ダイ マンジュが6年生の時に両親が言いました 「お前に学校を
辞めてもらうよ」 「13 ドルの授業料は私たちには払えない」 「どうせこれからの生
涯を田んぼで暮らすのだから」 「教育がなんのためになるって言うんだ」 これが僻
地に暮らす少女たちにしばしば起こることです
いくつかの問題についてお話ししてきたので 解決策についてお話ししたいと思いま
す 予測可能な解決策がありますね 今までの中にヒントがありました 教育と経済的
機会です 女の子を教育すると その子は晩婚になる傾向があります そして子供を遅
く生み 子供の数も少なくなります そしてその子供たちを よりよい環境で育てます
経済的機会もまた 変化をもたらします
サイマのことをお話ししましょう 彼女はパキスタンのラホールの郊外の小さな村に
住んでいます 当時は彼女は惨めな状態でした 彼女は失業中の夫に 毎日叩かれてい
ました 夫は賭け事が好きで そのために職にもあぶれて そのイライラをすべて彼女
に吐き出していました 彼女が次女を出産した時に 義理の母親が息子にこう言うのを
聞きました 「もう一人妻をもらった方がいいよ」 「サイマは男の子が生めないんだ
よ」と 次女が生まれた時のことです ちょうどその時 村の少額融資の団体が 彼女に
65 ドルの融資をしました サイマはそのお金で 刺繍の商売を始めました 彼女の刺繍
はよく売れて 業者からの注文が増えました 自分だけでは生産が追いつかなくなり
村の他の女性たちを雇うことにしました あっという間に村の 30 人の女性たちが 彼女
の刺繍ビジネスで働くようになりました そして その商品を村から市場へ 運ぶため
に 輸送をする人を雇う必要が出てきた時 彼女は夫を雇ったのです そこで今は二人
で 夫は輸送と販売を 彼女は生産と管理をしているのです 3人目の女の子も生まれ
ました 3人の娘たちは全員教育を受けています サイマは何が最も重要かを知ってい
るからです
ありがとうございました
(拍手)