GROUP A

Date: 1st April, 2014

 What is a SPUR??
 Mounted on Parallel and
coplanar shaft whose
teeth is parallel to the
axis of the wheel is

SPUR GEAR

And the gearing is known

as spur gearing.
 Before the toothed gear……

What is friction wheel?

It’s a simple disc for

transferring the velocity
ratio like gear.
 The obvious problem with it was that it slipped!!

To overcome this problem of slipping , teeth on the

periphery of the friction wheel was introduced
which is now called toothed gear.
Chain and belt drives are also used for power
transmission
But
chances of slipping is high which reduces the
velocity ratio
So
A machine element called toothed gear is
designed for transferring exact velocity ratio
where chances of slipping is minimum.
But we still use chain and belt drive when the
centre distance between the shaft is large
whereas gear is used for small distance.
WHY?
We have to be economical too!!!
Basically,
1. Spur gear
2. Helical gear
3. Bevel gear
4. Worm gear
Besides,
Rack and pinion,
Metres etc.
 In order to have
constant velocity ratio
throughout the
operation:

“the common normal at

the point of contact
between pair of teeth
should always pass
through the pitch point.”
In order to satisfy the law of gearing :

Teeth must have an involute profile.

AND
 The phenomenon in which the tip of the tooth undercuts
the roots on its mating gear, is called interference.

Failure of the gear

“Addendum circles of two mating gears must cut the line
of action between the points of its tangency with base
circle.”

To prevent interference, Radius of pinion and wheel

should be maintained as,
 The point of contact between the two teeth
is always on the involute profiles of both
the teeth.

Number of teeth in order to avoid

interference is given by the formula:
 Made of both Metallic (Cast iron, steel, and
bronze) and non metallic materials (Nylon rod,
Compressed paper etc.) depending upon the
application.
 Depends on the strength and service condition
like wear, noise etc.
 Non-metallic produces less noise whereas
Metallic produces more.
 Non- metallic are preffered for light works.
When the shafts are parallel and coplanar
Speed: Preferred for low speed
application (produces noise at high speeds)
Power: Washing machines, blender,
airplanes etc.
  Notused due to high
What noise
about
in car?

What about
in EXTENSIVELY
aeroplanes? USED
 WHAT IS THIS EQUATION?

Lewis equation gives beam

strength of a gear teeth.
Assumptions:
1. Load is transmitted from
one gear to another by a
single tooth.
2. Each tooth is considered
to be a cantilever beam.

WN Normal load acts at

point A along the tangent
to base circle
 WT= Tangential load acts
perpendicular
WR = Radial load acts
parallel
to
Centre line of tooth

WR = induces compressive
stress of relatively small
magnitude
Hence neglected
 WT induces a bending stress
which tends to break the tooth.

Thus
WT is the basis for design calculations
 Section of maximum stress( Critical
section)
 The parabola shown dotted outlines a
beam of uniform strength i.e
 if the teeth are shaped like a parabola
 it will have same stress at all sections
SO
 Section BC is the section of maximum
stress i.e. critical section ……..

HOW???
 Becausethe tooth is larger than the
parabola at every section except BC .
 Final Equation for WT

Maximum Stress
 For y of pinion and gear

Put corresponding value of T to find y of pinion and

gear
 For calculation of maximum stress:
Both are available on data book .
Effect of dynamic loading
Mainly due to:
1. Inaccuracies in tooth spacing
2. Irregularities in tooth profiles
3. Deflections of teeth under load.
Dynamic load may be calculated as
 The static tooth load (also called beam strength or
endurance strength of the tooth) is obtained by Lewis
formula by substituting flexural endurance limit or
elastic limit stress in place of permissible working
stress.

 where is called endurance limit

Maximum load that gear teeth can carry, without premature
wear

Depends upon

 radii of curvature of the tooth profiles

 the elasticity and surface fatigue limits of the materials.
Where,
Why we need to design?

Mechanical strength AGMA

Dynamic strength STANDARD
VALUE
Surface durability
 Should have sufficient strength
 Wear characteristics for longevity
 Use of space and material must be
economical
 The alignment of the gear must be
considered
 Lubrication must be satisfactory
STEP 1:
Design tangential tooth load is obtained from
the
power transmitted and the pitch line velocity as
 PAGE NO. 205

Equation 12.7 for the tangential load

Table 12.8 for the value of service factor

Apply Lewis equation,
Only to the weaker one!!!
If both are of same material then apply to the pinion.
Lewis equation is given by:

Note: ( * y ) is the determining parameter as the gear

having minimum value of this parameter is the weaker
among pinion and wheel
 PAGE NO 204 and 205
Equation 12.5(a) for Lewis equation.
Equation 12.5( c, d, and e) for Lewis form factor.
But can be evaluated from Table 12.5
Equation 12.6(a, b, c, d, and e) for velocity factor
For width of the gear equation 12.5(f).
Allowable static stress is obtained from Table 12.7
 Calculate
the dynamic load on the tooth by
using Buckingham equation:
 PAGE NO 207 and 209
Equation 12. 12 for calculating Dynamic load.
Dynamic factor C can be evaluated from
Table 12.12
Also can be evaluated by using the formula
Value of e is evaluated from
Table12.13 and Fig14.4
And, k=.107,for 14.5full depth involute
K=.111 for 20 full depth involute
K=.115 for 20 subsystem
 Findthe static tooth load (i.e. beam strength
or the endurance strength of the tooth) from
the relation:
 To prevent Bending failure ( W s > WD
)

Where is endurance limit

 PAGE NO 207

Equation 12.13(a) for Beam strength.

Table 12.15 for endurance limit

For safety, static load must be greater than dynamic
load and for different margins of beam strength Static
load is calculated from equation 12.13( b, c, and d)
 Find the wear tooth load by using the
relation:
 To prevent Pitting (Ww>WD)
 PAGE NO 208

For limiting wear tooth load equation 12.15(a)

For stress load factor Equation 12.15(b)

Also can be evaluated from table 12.16 and

12.17
EQUATION NO 12.4(a)
EQUATION NO 12.8(a, b, c)
EQUATION 12.1 and 12.2(a)
TABLE 12.1
TABLE 12.2
TABLE 12.4(a)
TABLE 12.4(b)
DESIGN INPUTS: DESIGN OUTPUT:

 Rpm1  Module
 Number of teeth
 Rpm2  pitch circle diameter
 Addendum
 Power  Dedundum
 Space constraints  Face width
 Materials  Tooth thickness
  Available space
width:
D1 + D2
D1
D2 ……………………..(1)

OR

 Distancebetween
centers of two shafts:
R1 + R2
 Now, either we assume num of teeth of
pinion(Tp)
OR
Can be evaluated by using the formula for no
interference condition:
Since we are provided with the gear ratio:

Dp/Dw
= N1/N2

From eqn (1) and this relation

Dp Calculated
then,
Module(m) = Dp /Tp
Check for the standard value of ‘m’.
 If
the calculated module is changed then
keep Dp constant and using new value of m we
recalculate for num of teeth on pinion and gear.
Now,
we find the value of addendum, dedendum ,
and Tooth thickness From Table 12.4(a)
Provided Power to be transmitted (P)
To calculate Face Width(b)
Follow Step 1 to Find Wt
Then,
Follow step2 to find value of b

Now, Check for the dynamic, static and

wear strength following step 3, 4, and 5.
Finally,

DESIGN
COMPLETED
The following particulars of a single reduction spur gear
are given :
Gear ratio = 10 : 1; Distance between centres = 660 mm
approximately; Pinion transmits 500
kW at 1800 r.p.m.; Involute teeth of standard proportions
(addendum = m) with pressure angle of
22.5°; Permissible normal pressure between teeth = 175
N per mm of width. Find :
1. The nearest standard module if no interference is to
occur;
2. The number of teeth on each wheel;
3. The necessary width of the pinion; and
4. The load on the bearings of the wheels due to power
transmitted
A gear drive is required to transmit a maximum
power of 22.5 kW. The velocity
ratio is 1:2 and r.p.m. of the pinion is 200. The
approximate centrE distance between the shafts may
be taken as 600 mm. The teeth has 20° stub involute
profiles. The static stress for the gear material
(which is cast iron) may be taken as 60 MPa and face
width as 10 times the module. Find the module,
face width and number of teeth on each gear.
Check the design for dynamic and wear loads. The
deformation or dynamic factor in the
Buckingham equation may be taken as 80 and the
material combination factor for the wear as 1.4.