TRU'ONG D~l HQC XAY Dl)'NG

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ISSN 1859-2996

T~P CHi KHOA HQC CQNG NGHI;

KET QUA NGHIEN c(fu VA lfNG Dl,ING
1 . B~ch Dinh Thien, Van Vi§t Thien An, Ph an Giang Nam ................................................... ...... ... 3
Nghien CLPU anh hll'ang cua han hgp phl,J gia tro trau - tro bay den tinh chat CO' ly cua be tong chat
ll.I'Q'ng cao
2. Nguyen Van Tutm, Nguyen Cong Th~ng, Ph~m HCPu Hanh ........ ............................................. 11
Nghien cU>u che t<;~o be tong wang d<? sieu cao sU. d1,1ng ph1,1 gia khoang thay the m<?t phan xi mang a
Vi$t Nam hl.l'&ng t&i phat trien b~n vO>ng
3. Nguyen Cong Th~ng, Ph~m HCPu Hanh, Nguyen Van Tu§n .. ...... ... ......................................... 19
Anh hll'ang cua sgi th ep phan tan den kha nang chong nU>t do co ng6t cua be tong chat ILI'g ng sieu cao
4. Van Vi§t Thien An ..................................................................................................................... 26
Nghien cU>u nang cao d<? b~n cua be tong chat ll.I'Q'ng sieu cao sU. d1,1ng trong m o i trl.l'a ng axft
sunphurfc
5. Nguyen Trgng Lam, Dao Dinh Khfmh .. .............................. ... ... ... ..................................... ........ 34
D<? b~n sulfat cua xi mang po6c lang han hgp sU. d1,1ng ph1,1 gia khoang tro bay
6. VO Dinh D§u ... ........................................................................................................................... 40
Anh hll'ang cua phl,J gia khoang den wang d<? cua xi mang po6c lang thea thai gian bao quan
7. Le M~nh CU'CYng, Le Ha Nh~t, Nguyen Tuan Minh, Nguyen Trgng Lam, Nguyen Van Tuan .. .48
Nghien cU>u kha nang ph an tan nano silica trong h$ ph1,1 gia sieu deo va nl.l'&c
8. Chu Thj Hai Ninh, VO Minh D&c .................................................... ...... ...................................... 52
Nghien cU>u che t<;~o chat ket dfnh chiu nhi$t dung xi mang pooc lang han hgp v&i ph1,1 gia phe thai tro
bay nhi$t di$n
9. Ngo Kim Tuan, vo Dinh Dau ............... ......... .. ... ...................................................................... ..59
Nghien CLPU che t<;~o vO>a kho wang dQ cao ran nhanh SLP dt,Jng cho moi noi va cong tac sLJ.a chO>a ket
cau be tong cot thep
10. TranD&c Trung, Biii Danh D~i, VODinhDau ......................................................................... 67
Nghien cU>u che t<;~o vO>a n~n cho be tong tl,l' len , wang d<? cao sU. d1,1ng cat min va han hgp phl,J gia
khoang xi 16 cao- tro trau
11. T6ng T6nKien, Le Trung Thanh ... ...... ... ...................................................................... ... ....... 77
Anh huoa ng cua xi 16 cao nghi~n min den m<?t so tinh chat cua be tong Slf dt,Jng cot li$u ta i che
12. T6ng Ton Kien, Le Trung Thanh, Ph~m Thf Vinh Lanh, Phung Van LI,J'............. ... ... .... .. 85
So sanh anh hl.l'a ng cua dQ am cot li$u khi tr(>n den cac tinh chat cua be to ng SLP dt,Jng cot li$u tl,l' nhien
va cot li$u be tong nghi~n
13. Nguyen Trgng Lam, Mai Qu§Anh ................. ..................... ............... .. .... .... ...... ..................... 94
Nghie n CLPU Slf dt,Jng ket hQ'p tro bay va cat de san xu at be tong khf Chl.l'ng ap

THONG TIN KHOA H()C VA CONG NGH~

1. Ph~m HCPu Hanh .. ... ... ... ......................... ................................. ... .. .... ... ... .. .......................... ..... 100
Be tong chat ll.I'Q'ng sieu cao
2. Hoang Vinh Long ..... .. ....... ......................................................................... ..... ....................... 104
T fnh tl,l' han gan cua v~t li$u be tong
3. B~ch Dinh Thien ................................................................ ... ... ... ........................................ ... 108
26 na m xay dl,l'ng va tma ng thanh cua vi$n nghien cU>u va U>ng d1,1ng v~t li$ u xay dl,l'ng nhi$t d&i

TIEU DIEM KHOA H()C- CONG NGH~

1. Biii Van Biji, Ph~m HCPu Hanh .... ... ... ... ... ... ........................................................... .. ... ... .... .. .... 113
V~t li$u xay dl,l'ng v&i xu hl.l'&ng phat trien b~n vO>ng

BAN TIN KHOA H()C- CONG NGH~ VA DAO T~O

T~P CHi KHOA HOC CONG NGHe ~AYDt/NG ;_~;1~

f.......-;;:::::::::;;r""""'!
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
FOCAL TOPIC FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGYAND TRAINING NEWS
RESEARCH RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Bach Dinh Thien, Van Viet Thien An, Ph an Giang Nam ............................................. ...... ... ... .. 3
Study on the effects of fly ash and rice husk ash on mechanical and physical properties of high
performance concrete
2. Nguyen Van Tuan, Nguyen Cong Thang, Ph am Huu Hanh ............. ......... ............... ... ... ... ... ... 11
Sustainable development of ultra-high strength concrete using mineral admixtures to partly replace
cement in Vietnam
3. Nguyen Cong Thang, Pham Huu Hanh, Nguyen Van Tuan .................................................... 19
Influence of steel fibers on resistance of ultra-high perforcemance concrete to cracking due to
shrinkage
4. Van Viet ThienAn .................. .. .... ... ... ................................................... ....... .. .... ...... ................. 26
Research on improving resistance of ultra-high performance concrete to sulfuric acid attack
5. Nguyen Trong Lam, Dao Dinh Khanh ...................... ........................ ... .................................... 34
Sulfate resistance of portland blended cement containing fly ash
6. Vu Dinh Dau ............................................ ............................................................................. .. ..40
Effect of mineral admixtures on Portland cement strength in maintaining time
7. Le Manh Cuong, Le Ha Nhat, Nguyen Tuan Minh, Nguyen Trong Lam, Nguyen Van Tuan ... 48
Research on the dispersion ability of nano silica in water containing superplasticizer
8. Chu Thi Hai Ninh, Vu Minh Due ....................................................... .................................. ....... 52
Research into the manufacture of heat resistant binder from portland cement and thermoelectricity
flying ash ultilization
9. Ngo Kim Tuan, Vu Dinh Dau .............. ...... .. ....................................................................... ... .... 59
Research and development of high-strength rapid setting dry-mixed mortar for joints and repair
works for reinforced concrete structures
10. Tran Due Trung, Bui Danh Dai, Vu Dinh Dau ......... ...... .................................... ..................... 67
Premilinary study on mortar phase of self compacting high strenghth concrete using fine sand as fine
aggregate and ternary cementitious blends of cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice
hush ash
11 . Tong Ton Kien, Le Trung Thanh ...................... .. ................................................................... 77
Influences of ground granulated blast furnace slag on the properties of concrete using recycled concrete
aggregate
12. Tong TonKien, Le Trung Thanh, Pham ThiVinhLanh, Phung VanLu ......................... 85
Comparative influences of mixing moisture of aggregate on concrete properties prepared with
natural and crushed concrete aggregates
13. Nguyen Trong Lam, Mai QueAnh .... .. .. .... .................. .................. ........................ .... ........ .. ... 94
Research on using a combination of fly ash and sand to produce autoclaved aerated concrete
1. PhamHuu Hanh ............................................ .. ........................................................... .. .......... 100
Ultra-high performance concrete
2. Hoang Vinh Long ...................... ............................................................................ ................ 104
Self-healing of concrete materials
3. Bach Dinh Thien ............................................ ... ... ... ... ....................................................... ... .108
Institute of research and application for tropical building materials- 26 years to build and mature
1. Bui Van Boi, Ph am Huu Hanh .... ............................................. ............................................... 113
Building material with the trend of sustainable development
5024
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T~P CHi KHOA HQC CONG NGHI; ~A.YDI/NG
 Le Mf~nh Cll'fmg, Le Hit Nh~t', Nguyen Tuan Minh',
Nguyen Trt~ng Lam', Nguyen Van Tuan'

Tom tat: Hi~n nay ph1,1 gia khoang silica fume dung phO bitm trong be tong de cai thi~n tinh chat tinh ch8t cua
hOn hqp be tong va be tong da dong r~n. V&i sv phat trien cong ngh~, nano Silica (nS) dU'Q'c nghi{m c&u, che
t~o va &ng dt,Jng. Tr{m tht,PC te, m¢t s6 nghi{m c&u cho thay sv cai thi~n ro r~t cac tinh chat cua be tong khi s&
dt,Jng nS. Tuy nhi{m, hi~u qua s& dt,Jng nS l~i pht,J thuQc rat l&n vao Sl/' phBn tan nS do cac h~t nS sieu mjn co
nang IU'Q'ng be m~t l&n va rat de xay ra hi~n twng von tt,J t~o cac h~t v&i kich thU'&c l&n han, tifdolam giam cac
hi~u &ng colqi khi sifdt,Jng nS. De kh~c pht,Jc hi~n twng nay co the nghien c&u phfm tan nS trong h~ nU'&c va
pht,J gia sieu deo (PGSD). Bai bao trinh bay ket qua nghien c&u khB nang phBn tan nS trong h~ PGSD g6c
polycarboxylate va dU'a ra dU'Q'c IU'Q'ng nS di,J'B tren cac ty I~ PGSD/NU'&c khac nhau.
Til' khoa: Nano Silica; phfm tan; ph1,1 gia sieu deo; polycarboxylate; d¢ nh&t; TEM.
Summary: Nowadays, silica fume has been used very common as a mineral admixture for improving the
properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. Thanks to the new developments of nano-technology, nano
silica (nS) was studied, produced, and applied. In fact, some investigations show that the addition of nS
significantly improves the properties of concrete. However, the efficiency of this improvement depends on the
dispersion of nS because nS is a ultra fine material, the nS particles with a very high surface energy very easy
stick together causing agglomerates with uncontrolled greater particle sizes. This results in a reduction of the
possitive effect of the use of nS. This phenomenon can be improved by dispersing nS in water containing
superplasticizer. This paper presents some experimental results on the dispersion of nS in water containing
polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer, and some possible maximum nS contents are proposed for different
superplasticizerto water ratios (by weight).
Keywords: Nano silica; dispersion; superplasticizer; polycarboxylate; viscosity.

Nh(m ngay 011612015, chinh sifa ngay 151612015, chap nh(in dang 301612015

~ 1. Gic7i thi~u
Nano silica (nS) Ia cac h~t Si02 d~ng v6 djnh hinh c6 cau true xop v&i be m~t rieng khoang 283m /g,
2

va ban kinh trung binh cua mao quan Ia 50A (d~ng MCM-41 ). Nano silica dU'Q'C sl} d1,mg r¢ng rai trong thvc
0

t~ d~ lam chat hap ph1,1 , chat mang xuc tac va chat xuc tac. ns c6 th~ dU'Q'c dieu ch~ bctlng nhieu phU'ang
phap khac nhau nhU' phan U>ng giLI'a kiem silicat vai ax it hay muoi axit. nS thU'ang dieu ch~ tl.r thuy tinh long
va axit sunfuric. Oxit silic sl} d1,1ng lam chat nen Ia Si02 v6 djnh hinh dU'Q'C t6ng hqp theo phU'ang phap Sol-
Gel do d6 n6 c6 di~n tich be m~it tU'ang doi I an.
Day Ia phU'ang phap dan gian va ti~t ki~m [1 ,2, 7].
Hi~n nay Si02 dU'Q'C sl} d1,mg trong cac nganh c6ng nghi~p d~ cai thi~n be m~t va cac tinh chat ca hQc khac
cua vc;tt li~u . N6 dU'Q'C sl} d1,1ng nhU' Ia m(lt chat d(ln, phl,J gia, bi~n tinh d¢ nh&t cua cac san ph<flm nhU' san va lap
phu, nhva. cao su tong hqp, chat k~t dinh, chat chong tham, ho~c vc;tt li~u each nhi~t. c~,~ the silic di6xit v6 d!nh
a
hinh (silica kh6i) kich thU'&c micro (nhU' silica fume v&i kich thU'&c hc;tt trung binh khoang 0.15 m) da va dang
dU'qc sLrdl,lng lam ph1,1 gia khoang de cai thi~n cactinh chatcua hon hqp be tong va be tong da dong ri~m [3].

' ThS, Khoa V(it li~u Xay di,J'flg, TrU'&ng D~i hQc Xay di,J'flg. E-mail: cuonglekhtn@gmail.com.
2
TS, Khoa V(itli~u Xay di,J'flg, TrU'&ng D~i hQc Xay di,J'flg.

5024
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T~P CHi KHOA Hc;>C CONG NGHI; ~A.YDt/NG
 V&i sv phat triem cua cong ngh('l, nano Silica da dU'Q'C nghiem cLI'u, che t~o va Ll'ng d1,1ng. Trem thvc te, mot
so nghiem cLI'u cho thity c6 sv cai thi('ln r6 r('lt tinh chitt cua be tong khi sLY d1,1ng nS [4-6]. Tuy nhien, hi('lu qua sLY
d1,1ng nS phi,J thuoc ritt l&n vao sv ph an tan nS, do cac hc;~t nS sieu min c6 nang IU'qng b~ mc;lt l&n do d6 ritt de xay
ra hi('ln tU'qng v6n t1,1 t~O cac h~t l&n hO'n v&i kich thU'OC l&n hO'n, tLJ> d61am giam cac tU'O'ng tac c61qi cua cac h<;~t
nS trong be tong.
De kh~c ph1,1c hi('ln tU'qng nay c6 the nghien cLI'u cai thi('ln sv phan tan nS trong h('l ph1,1 gia sieu deo
(PGSD) va nU'&c. Thvc te c6 ritt nhi~u loc;~i PGSD, thU'&ng Ia polime v&i khoi IU'qng phan tLY l&n c6 the dU'qc t6ng
hqp hoc;lc c6 s~n trong tv nhien, nhU' ph1,1 gia sieu deo Melamine Formaldehyde Sulfonate, Naphthalene
Formaldehyde Sulfonate, loc;~i sieu deo goc Polycarboxylate (PC). Cac ph1,1 gia sieu deo the h('l m&i goc
Polycarboxylate c6 chLI'a nh6m chLI'c Coo· tich di('ln am. NhU' v~y c6 the t~o ra sv ph an tan tot cho cac hc;~t nS tich
di('ln dU'O'ng v&i CO' chetU'O'ng tactTnh di('ln. Day cung chinh Ia m1,1c tieu cua bai bao.
Cac ket qua nghien cLI'u v~ kha nang ph an tan cua nS trinh bay trong bai bao dva tren do dl!n di('ln, do nh&t
va hinh anh quan sat dU'qc dU'&i kinh hien vi di('ln tLY try~n qua TEM doi v&i h('l PGSD va nU'&c khi c6 sv tham gia
cua nS.
~ 2. V~t li~u. thiit bi va phU'O'ng phap nghien cU>u
2. 1 V~t li~u va thi~t bf nghien c!Pu
a) V~t li$u nghien cLI'u: Mot s6 v~t li$u dung cho nghien cLI'u bao g6m ph1,1 gia sieu deo (PGSD)ACE
388 Sure Tee (g6c Polycarboxylate Ether- PCE v&i ham IU'qng kh6 60%), v~t li$u nano Silica c6 kich thU'&c
2
15 nm v&i ty di$n tich khoang 170m /g.
b) Thiet bi nghien cLI'u: Cac thiet bi sLY dt,mg trong nghien cLI'u g6m: May khuay ca, may do do dan
di$n , OAKTON CON 510; May do do nh&t, SV 10:0.3 mPa.s-10 ,000 mPa.s; Kinh hien vi , MOTIC 81-220;
Can ph an tich, JJ300; Kinh hi en vi di('ln tU> truy~n qua; Tu say va mot s6 cac d1,1ng Cl,l , va mot s6 thiet bi khac.
2.2 PhLPong phap nghien c!Pu
Trong nghien cLI'u da sU> dt,Jng cac phU'ang phap phan tich h6a ly phi tieu chuan do do dl!n di$n, do
nh&t. . . ket hqp v&i cac phU'ang phap ph an tich hi$n d~i nhU' quan sat bang kinh hi en vi quang hQc, kinh hien
vi di('ln tU> truy~n qua (TEM) ... Ova vao cac ket qua cua nghien cLI'u, cache tU'ang tac cua hc;tt nS trong h('l
PGSD va nU'&C da dU'Q'C d~ xu at.
2.3 Quy trinh thi nghi~m
Quy trinh thi nghi$m dU'Q'C trinh bay & Hinh 1. Tinh toan IU'qng PGSD va nU'&c theo cac ti 1$ cho
tm&c (tinh theo kh6i IU'qng) v&i tong kh6i IU'qng giiJ' khong doi Ia 200g, sau d6 dU'qc khuay deu v&i t6c do

[
6000 vong/phut, va cho them tLY tU> tU>ng IU'qng nS da d!nh tm&c vao h$. Tiep tt,Jc khuay deu den khi do phan
tan d6ng nhat, sau d6 do do dan di$n , dQ nh&t va quan sat kinh hien vi cua mau san pham.

Do d9 &in di~n

<!:
Tinh toan IU'gng
PGSD va nU'&C
Khuay deu va
them tu tu nS

--f
Hinh 1. Quy trinh thi nghi~m ap dt,mg trong nghien c&u

3. Kit qua va thao lu~n

[:==f)=o=d=9=n=h=&t=~
Quan sat bc'ing
kinh hien vi

3.1 Anh hLPiYng cua nS d~n d9 d!m di~n cua h~ PGSD va Ntp{yc (N)
Tac gia da tien hanh khao sat Sl! phan tan nS trong h$ chLI'a PGSD vaN v&i ty 1$ PGSD/N (tinh thea
kh6i IU'qng) thay doi theo cacti 1$ 1/ 1; 1/3 ; 1/5; 1/8 ; 1/ 1 0 ; 1/ 12; 1/ 15; 1/ 17. Anh hU'&ng cua nS v&i ham IU'qng
khac nhau den d¢ dan di$n cua h('l (PGSD + N) c6 cac ty l('l PGSD/N (PGSD/N) khac nhau dU'Q'C neu & Hinh
2. Ket qua cho thay & tat ca cac mau c6 ty 1$ PGSD/N tU> 1/ 1 den 1/17 khi tang kh6i IU'qng Si02 thi d¢ dan
di$n giam. Anh TEM khi phan tan Si0 2 trong h$ PGSD va NU'&c. TU> anh TEM cho thay cac hc;tt nS bam tren
cac chuoi mc;tch PCE t<;~o thanh cac mc;tch xo~n dai va khong xuat hi$n cac hc;tt nS keo t1,1 v&i nhau & kich c6'
nanomet.

T~P CHi KHOA HQC CONG NGHe ~AYD'ING :.~;1~

 14
12
10
' - PGSD/N = 1/1

PGSD/N = 1/3
8

B¢ dan
6 ~ PGSD/N = 1/5
PGSD/N = 1/8
di$n, mS 4
•R~~R~~ -lHg
2 PGSD/N = 1/ 17

0
0 5 10 < 15 20 25 30
Khoi IU'Q'I1g nS, g
Hinh 2. Anh hU'&ng cua ham /U'Q'ng nS dtJn d¢ dan di(m cua cac h{j (PGSD + N)
c6 ty l{j PGSD!N khac nhau tiP 111 den 1117 (thea khoi IU'Q'ng)

208 000x@ 51 mm
9:49:29 a 12 /26/ 1 4 HV= 80.0kV 9: 4 6:18 a 1 2/2 6/14 HV = 80.0kV
TEH Modo: Ima ging D irect Ma g : 80000x TEH Modo: Imaging Direct Mag: lOOOOOx
EMLab -NIHE EML ab- NIHE

Hinh 3. Anh TEM v&i d¢ ph6ng d~i 10' lfJn

3.2 Anh hU'iYng cua nS den dij nh&t cua h~ PGSD vaN
Tien hanh khao sat anh hU'ang cua nS den d9 nh&t cua h$ (PGSD + NU'&c) v&i ty 1$ PGSD/N thay doi
1/1 ; 1/3; 1/5; 1/8; 1/1O; 1/12; 1/15; 1/17 (thea kh6i IU'Q'ng). Ket qua nghiem cLi'u dU'Q'C neu trong Hinh 4. Ket
qua nghien cLi'u cho thay rang khi ham IU'Q'ng nS tang, d<) nh&t cua tat ca cac mau c6 ty 1$ PGSD/N tLY 1/1
den 1/17 (tinh theo kh6i IU'Q'ng) deu tang. 8ieu nay hoan toan phu hQ'p v&i CO' che da dU'Q'C de xu at tru>&c d6.
Trang qua trinh tien hanh thi nghi$m, cac mau dU'Q'C khuay trong may khuay CO' v&i t6c d¢ 6000 v6ng/phut.
NhU' v~y. IU'Q'ng nS them vao t6i da trong h$ (PGSD + N) (xem Bang 1) trong d6 IU'Q'ng nS t6i da dU'Q'C xac
dinh tU'ang Li'ng v&i IU'Q'ng nS lam thay doi d<)t ng<)t d9 nh&t cua h$ va qua quan sat tren kinh hilln vi thay
xu at hi$n keo tt,J nS c6 kich thU'&c l&n han rat nhieu so v&i IU'Q'ng nS chU'a t6i da.
120 PGSD/N = 1/1

100

80

Do nh&t, 60
mPa.s

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Khoi IU'Q'ng nS, g

Hinh 4. Anh hU'&ng cua ham /U'Q'ng nS den d¢ nh61 cua h{j (PGSD + N)
c6 ty l{j PGSDIN thay doi khac nhau tiP 111 dtJn 1/ 17 (thea khoi /U'Q'ng)

5024
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T~P CHi KHOA HOC CONG NGHI; ~A.YDI/NG
 Bang 1. LU'Q'ng nS t6i aa trong h~ (PGSD + N)
TY '' PGSD/N, tinh theo 1/1 1/3 1/5 1/8 1/10 1/12 1/15 1/17
khoi luoQ'ng

Kh6i IU'Q'ng nS (g) 12 17 19 22 24 26 28 30

% nS trong h$ (PGSD +
5.66 7.83 8.68 9.91 10.71 11 .50 12.28 13.04
NU'&c + nS) theo kh6i IU'qng
Kh6i IU'qng PGSD (g ) 100 50 33.33 22.22 18.18 15.38 12.5 11.11

Ket qua nghien cll'u cho thay khi IU'Q'ng PGSD giam, IU'Q'ng nU'ac tang thi IU'Q'ng nS phan tan tang .
Tuy nhien khi ti 1$ PGSD/N nh6 nen nS den 8g thi bat dau xuat hi$n hi$n tU'Q'ng keo tt,J cua cac h;;tt nS. 8ieu
nay c6 the dU'Q'C giai thich Ia do IU'Q'ng nU'ac VU'Q't qua ngU'6'ng de solvat h6a het PGSD, khi d61U'Q'ng nU'ac
dU' thU>a se gay ra hi$n tU'Q'ng keo tt,~ cac h;;tt nS. TU> ket qua nghien cU>u c6 the rna ra hU'ang di m&i trong vi$c
Ll'ng dt,~ng trl,l'c tiep vc;it li$u nano trong nganh vc;it li$u tien tien cling nhU' vc;it li$u xay dl,l'ng. TU> d6 Ll'ng dt,~ng
vc;it li$u nano se tro nen r(>ng rai han.
~ 4.Ketlu~n
TU> ket qua nghien cll'u va phU'ang phap su- dt,~ng c6 the dU'a ra m<?t s6 ket luc;in nhU' sau:
- Ket qua nghien cll'u da minh chll'ng dU'Q'C Sl! phan tan nS trong h$ PGSD va nU'ac dl!a tren d9 dan
di$n , dQ nh&t va Sl! ph an tan nS quan sat dU'Q'C qua hinh anh TEM .
-Ham IU'Q'ng nS t6i da c6 the ph an tan trong h$ PGSD va nU'ac pht,~ thu9c vao ty 1$ PGSD/ N. Khi ty
1$ nay thay doi tU> 111 den 1/ 17 thi IU'Q'ng ns t6i da co the phan tan dU'Q'c tang tU> 5 .66% den 13.04% (theo
khoi IU'Q'ng).

Tai li~u tham khcio

1. Yamada K ., Takahashi T. , Hanehara S. (2000), "Effects of the chemical structure on the properties of
polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer", Cement & Concrete Research 30(2) 197-207.
2. Andrei Y. Khodakov, Vladimir L. Zholobenko, Rafeh Bechara, Dominique Durand (2005), "Impact of
aqueous impregnation on the long-range ordering and mesoporous structure of cobalt containing MCM-41
and S BA-15 materials", Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 79 ( 1-3) 29-39.
3. Malhotra , V.M ., Ramachandran , V.S., Feldman, R.F., andAitcin , P.C . (1987), "Condensed Silica Fume in
Concrete", CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 240 p.
4 . Ji, T. (2005), "Preliminary Study on the Water Permeability and Microstructure of Concrete Incorporating
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