Academic Writing

Processes of Academic Writing

1 2 3
Asking question Answering the question Recommendations
Generating a problem in a Clarifying the problem Resolutions
concept
Evaluating an opinion Making a stand

Structures of Academic Writing

1. Three – Part Essay
2. IMRAD
Three – Part Essay
1. Introduction
 Thesis Statement
 Background Statement
 Interest Readers
2. Body
 Prove your thesis statement
 MEAT
 Main Idea
 Evidence
 Analysis – explain the evidence
 Transitions – help move the paragraph smoothly
3. Conclusion
 Clarification and Summary of Argument
 Explanation of Argument

IMRAD
1. Introduction
 Thesis statement/claim
 Existing researches on your topic or related literature and studies
 Gaps of the study
2. Methodology
 Used in carrying out the study or how a researcher arrives to the result
3. Results and Discussion
 Findings
Format
I. Introduction
II. Body and Conclusion
III. Citation
 APA (American Psychological Association) Style
(author and page)
(Aquino,15)
 MLA (Modern Language Association
(author and date of publication)
(Aquino,2018)
 Chicago Style
Footnotes
(author, title/subtitle, date of publication)

(Thoreau,” Walking,”182)

Language Used
 Formal, non – pretentious language

Things to Consider in Writing

1. Purpose
2. Audience
Task No. 1 Sample
The Digital Divide: The Challenge of Technology and Equity

Information technology is influence the way many of us live and work today. We use the
internet to look and apply for jobs, shop, conduct research, make airline reservations, and
explore areas of interest. We use E-mail and internet to communicate instantaneously with
friends and business associates around the world. Computers are commonplace in homes and
the workplace.
Although the number of internet users is growing exponentially each year, most of the
world’s population does not have access to computers of the internet. Only 6 percent of the
population in the developing countries are connected to telephones. Although more than 94
percent of U.S households have telephones, only 56 percent have personal computers at home
and 50 percent have internet access. The lack of what most of us would consider a basic
communication necessity -the telephone-does not occur just in developing nations. On some
Native American reservations only 60 percent of the residents have a telephone. The move to
wireless connectivity may eliminate the need for telephone lines but it does not remove the
barrier to equipment costs.

Who has internet access? The digital divide between the populations who have access
to the internet and information technology tools and those who don’t is based on income, race,
education, household type, and geographic location, but the gap between groups is narrowing.
Eighty-five percent of households with an income over $75,000 have internet access, compared
with less than 20 percent of the households with income under $15,000. Over 80 percent of
college graduates use the internet as compared with 40 percent of high school completers and
13 percent of high school dropouts. Seventy-two percent of household with two parents have
internet access; 40 percent of female, single parent households do. Differences are also found
among households and families from different racial and ethnic groups. Fifty-five percent of
white households, 31 percent of black households, 32 percent of Latino households, 68 percent
of Asian or Pacific Islander households, and 39 percent of American Indian, Eskimos, or Aleut
households have access to the internet. The number of internet users who are children under
nine years old and persons over fifty has more than triple since 1997. Households in inner cities
are less likely to have computers and
internet access than those in urban and rural areas, but the differences are no more than 6
percent.

(4) Another problem that exacerbates these disparities is that African-American, Latinos, and
Native Americans hold few of the jobs in information technology. Women about 20 percent of
these jobs and receiving fewer than 30 percent of the bachelor’s degrees in computer and
information science. The result is that women and members of the most oppressed ethnic group
are not eligible for the jobs with the highest salaries at graduation. Baccalaureate candidates
with degree in computer science were offered the highest salaries of all new college graduates.

Do similar disparities exist in schools? Ninety-eight percent of schools in the country are
wired with at least one internet connection. The number of classrooms with internet connection
differs by the income level of students. Using the percentage of students who are eligible for
free lunches at a school to determine income level, we see the higher
percentage of the schools with more affluent students have wired classrooms than those with
high concentrations of low-income students.
 Access to computers and the internet will be important in reducing disparities between
groups. It will require higher equality across diverse groups whose members develop knowledge
and skills in computer and information technologies. The field today is overrepresented by white
males. If computers and the internet are to be used to promote equality, they have to become
accessible to schools cannot currently afford the equipment which needs to be updated
regularly every three years or so. However, access alone is not enough; Students will have to
be interacting with the technology in authentic settings. As technology has become a tool for
learning in almost all courses taken by students, it will be seen as a means to an end rather
than an end in itself. If it is used in culturally relevant ways, all students can benefit from its
power.

Problem/ Main Thesis/Claim

 Access to information technology affects our work and way of life.

Supporting Details

 Despite the growing numbers of computers, the world’s population have little access to
computer and internet.
 Only percent of the third world countries have telephones much fewer than computers.
 In the USA, except for the Native Americans with few telephones, 94% have telephones,
but only 56 percent have computers.

 Income, race, education, household type, and geographical location create “digital
divides.”
 Ethnic minorities (African-Americans, Latinos and Native Americans) and women
(gender) benefit less from information technology jobs.
 The schools of the rich children have greater access to the internet.

Solution/Conclusion

 Equal or greater access to computers and the internet plus their interacting with the
technology as an end to itself, will reduce disparities in schools, and among people.