DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

REVIEW OF MATERIAL

SUBJECT- TRANSPORTATION LAW

TITLE: REGULATION OF THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY WITH BLOCKCHAIN

TECHNOLOGY

Submitted to : Submitted by :

Dr. Shashank Shekhar Manu Pratap Singh

(Asst. Prof. Law) Enroll No. -140101075

Dr. RMLNLU, Lucknow. Sem- VIII

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S.NO ARTICLE/BOOKS/NEWSCLIP PAGE
NO.

1. Gargi Rajvanshi, Transportation Law (1st edn, Lexis Nexis India, 2015) 3

2. Grimm M and Treibich C, 'DETERMINANTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC 4

CRASH FATALITIES ACROSS INDIAN STATES' (2012) 22 Health
Economics

3. Satoshi Nakamoto, 'Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System' 4

[2008] metzdowd.com

4. Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still 5

Necessary?

5. Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint For A New Economy (1st edn, 6

O'Reilly 2015).

The main sources of reference in this study include:

1. Satoshi Nakamoto, 'Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System' [2008]

metzdowd.com.

This resource is the white paper on bitcoins that was released on October 2008 on The
Cryptography mailing list at metzdowd.com. This paper explains the concept behind the
bitcoin and the Blockchain application of the same, and is the basis of the first successful
application of the Blockchain at such a massive scale.

2. Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint For A New Economy (1st edn, O'Reilly
2015).

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This source is authored by the founder of the Institute for Blockchain Studies, and is a
comprehensive guide to the concepts, features, and applications of Blockchain. This source
has been used by the researcher for the purposes of technical research and context building.

3. Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still

Necessary?

This paper gives a perspective into the characteristics and the functioning of a hypothetical
autonomous government, solving a variety of weaknesses, and is essential for
understanding a Blockchain model, and creating a model within the transport industry.

Gargi Rajvanshi, Transportation Law (1st edn, Lexis Nexis India, 2015)

 It talks about the importance of legal regulation in the transport sector; it goes on to
cover regulations governing transport by roadways, airways, waterways, and railways,
including international conventions where applicable. Finally, it discusses
contemporary issues in the transport sector such as the aims and objectives of the draft
Road Transport and Safety Bill, 2014.
 Explains the meaning and significance of transport in society, Discusses the
importance of legal regulation in ensuring optimum utilization of transportation.
Specifically covers the liability of air carriers in cases of loss of passenger life and
luggage. Covers the concept of Railways Grievance Redressal Tribunal, its major
objectives and working. Features a detailed discussion on the most debated Road
Transport and Safety Bill, 2014.

Grimm M and Treibich C, 'DETERMINANTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC CRASH

FATALITIES ACROSS INDIAN STATES' (2012) 22 Health Economics

 This paper explores the determinants of road traffic crash fatalities in India. As
potential factors, the analysis considers, besides income, the sociodemographic
population structure, motorization levels, road and health infrastructure and road rule
enforcement. Methods: An original panel data set covering 25 Indian states is

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 analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Time and state fixed effects account
for unobserved heterogeneity across states and time. Results: Rising motorization,
urbanization and the accompanying increase in the share of vulnerable road users, i.e.
pedestrians and two-wheelers, are the major drivers of road traffic crash fatalities in
India. Among vulnerable road users, women form a particularly high-risk group.
Higher expenditure per policeman is associated with a lower fatality rate. Conclusion:
The results suggest that India should focus; in particular, on road infrastructure
investments that allow the separation of vulnerable from other road users, on
improved road rule enforcement and should pay special attention to vulnerable female
road users.

Satoshi Nakamoto, 'Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System' [2008]

metzdowd.com

 On October 31 of 2008, a paper written by a person or group named ‘Satoshi

Nakamoto’ released a white paper called “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash
System.” The document issued to the subscribers of the cryptography mailing
list described a revolutionary technology that created the world’s first genuine peer-
to-peer and decentralized monetary system. The internet-based money enabled online
payments without a third party and also wasn’t issued by a government or corporate
entity. Nakamoto’s brilliant paper sums up Bitcoin’s primary attributes in the first few
sentences that state:
 Bitcoin a purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments
to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial
institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are
lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double spending. We propose a
solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network
timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-
of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.

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Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still
Necessary?

 The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive
innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our
interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in
this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a
political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it
discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which
challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority,
citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain
and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to
manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities.
The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in
distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and
to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the
demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a
necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization
through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone
political theory.

Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint For A New Economy (1st edn, O'Reilly
2015).

 Bitcoin is starting to come into its own as a digital currency, but the blockchain
technology behind it could prove to be much more significant. This book takes you
beyond the currency ("Blockchain 1.0") and smart contracts ("Blockchain 2.0") to
demonstrate how the blockchain is in position to become the fifth disruptive
computing paradigm after mainframes, PCs, the Internet, and mobile/social
networking.
 Author Melanie Swan, Founder of the Institute for Blockchain Studies, explains that
the blockchain is essentially a public ledger with potential as a worldwide,
decentralized record for the registration, inventory, and transfer of all assets—not just

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 finances, but property and intangible assets such as votes, software, health data, and
ideas.

Other Useful Web articles:

 Allison I and Lielacher A, 'Blockchain To Play Role In Future Of Transportation?

UBS Teams Up With ZF And Innology SE To Make It Happen' (Blockchain News,
2017) <http://www.the-Blockchain.com/2017/01/05/Blockchain-to-play-role-in-
future-of-transportation-ubs-teams-up-with-zf-and-innology-se-to-make-it-happen/>
accessed 13 February 2017

 'An Analysis Of Law Relating To Accident Claims In India' (Legalserviceindia.com,

2017) <http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/km.htm> accessed 8 April 2017

 'Driving License | India Drive Safe' (Indiadrivesafe.com, 2017)

<http://www.indiadrivesafe.com/2-general-responsibilities-of-the-drivers/driving-
license.html> accessed 13 April 2017

 future? B, 'Blockchain And Self-Driven Cars: Are We Ready To Welcome The

Future?' (The Indian Economist, 2017) <https://theindianeconomist.com/blockchain-
self-driven-cars-ready-welcome-future/> accessed 7 April 2017

 Gil-Pulgar J, 'Fight Traffic Jams With Blockchain Technology - Bitcoin News'

(Bitcoin News, 2017) <https://news.bitcoin.com/fight-traffic-jams-blockchain-
technology/> accessed 10 April 2017

 'Self Driving: The New Auto Industry Paradigm' (Morgan Stanley LLC 2017)
<https://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/PDFs/Nov2013MORGAN-
STANLEY-BLUE-PAPER-AUTONOMOUS-CARS%EF%BC%9A-SELF-DRIVING-
THE-NEW-AUTO-INDUSTRY-PARADIGM.pdf> accessed 10 April 2017

 Wang K and Safavi A, 'Blockchain Is Empowering The Future Of Insurance'

(TechCrunch, 2017) <https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/29/blockchain-is-empowering-
the-future-of-insurance/> accessed 8 April 2017

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White Paper/ Research Papers/ Reports

 Asharaf S and Adarsh S, Decentralized Computing Using Blockchain Technologies

And Smart Contracts

 Baumann F, Friehe T and Grechenig K, 'Switching Consumers And Product Liability:

On The Optimality Of Incomplete Strict Liability' SSRN Electronic Journal

 Beiker S and Calo R, 'Legal Aspects Of Autonomous Driving' SSRN Electronic

Journal

 'Blockchain Technology Beyond Bitcoin' (Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship &

Technology 2015)

 Clarke R, 'Opportunity Makes The Thief. Really? And So What?' (2012) 1 Crime
Science

 Delloite LLP, 'Blockchain Enigma Paradox Oppurtunity' (Deloitte LLP 2016)

 Law Commission of India, 'Legal Reforms To Combat Road Accidents' (Law

Commission of India 2008)

 Nakamoto S, 'Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System' [2008] metzdowd.com

 Wisconsin Briefs, 'Peer To Peer Ride Sharing' (Wisconsin Legislative Reference

Bureau 2014)

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 Case Laws

 Fazilka Dabwali Transport Co Pvt Ltd V Madan Lal [1977] Supreme Court of India,
2 SCC (Supreme Court of India)

 Jason Pridmore A, 'A Synthetic Theory Of Law And Technology' (2007) 8 Minnesota
Journal of Law, Science & Technology

 Ratan Singh v State of Punjab [1979] Supreme Court of India, 1 SCR (Supreme Court
of India)

 United India Insurance Company Ltd V Lehru & Ors [2004] Karnataka High Court, I
ACC (Karnataka High Court)