IV.

PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 16-20

A. In Grave and Less Grave Felonies

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 16

1. Principals
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 17

a. Principals by direct participation

United States v. Diris, 26 Phil. 133 (1918)

b. Principals by inducement
People v. Ong Chiat Lay, 60 Phil. 788 (1934)
United States v. Indanan, 24 Phil. 203 (1913)
People v. Kichi Omine, 61 Phil. 609 (1935)

c. Principals by indispensable cooperation

People v. Montealegre, 161 SCRA 700 (1988)
People v. Simbra, 117 SCRA 242 (1982)

2. Accomplices

a. REV. PEN. CODE, art. 18

b. People v. Nierra, 96 Phil. 1 (1980)

People v. Doble, 114 SCRA 131 (1982)
People v. Doctolero, 193 SCRA 632 (1991)
People v. Vera, 312 SCRA 640 (1999)

3. Accessories

a. REV. PEN. CODE, art. 19 and 20

b. People v. Talingdan, 84 SCRA 19 (1978)

Vino v. People, 178 SCRA 626 (1989)

c. PRES. DECREE NOS. 1612 and 1829

B. In Light Felonies
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 16

C. Corporations and officers

1. Ching v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 164317, 6

February 2006

2. West Coast Insurance Co. V. Geo Hurd, G.R. No. L-8527,

30 March 1914

V. PENALTIES

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 21-88

 2

A. General Principles

1. Constitutional limitations
CONST., art. III, sec. 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, & 22

a. No ex post facto law and bill of attainder

b. Due process

c. No cruel and inhuman punishment

2. Prospectivity
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 1, 21, 22, Civil Code, art. 4

3. Rep. Act No. 9745 (2009)

B. Purposes

C. Penalties that may be imposed

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 21, 24, 25

1. Death penalty

a. CONST., art. III, sec. 19(1)

b. REP. ACT NO. 9346 (2006)

c. REP. ACT NO. 7659 (1993)

d. People v. Echegaray, 267 SCRA 682 (1997)

a. People v. Munoz, G.R. Nos. 38969-70, 9 February

1989

b. People v. Bon, G.R. No. 166401, 30 October 2006

g. People v. Sarcia, G.R. No. 169641, 10 September

2009

h. People v. Arpon, supra

D. Classification
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 25, 26

E. Duration and Effect

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 27 to 45

1. Reclusion perpetua v. Life imprisonment

2. Destierro
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 87

3. Preventive imprisonment
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 29
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REP. ACT NO. 10592 (2013)

4. Civil interdiction
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 34

5. Bond to keep the peace

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 35

6. Subsidiary penalty
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 39
REP. ACT NO. 10159 (2012)

F. Application

1. Rules for the application of penalties on principals,

accomplices and accessories
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 46, 50 to 57

2. Rules for graduating penalties

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 61 to 65, 71
People v. Bon, supra

3. Complex crimes and Special complex crimes

a. REV. PEN. CODE, art. 48

b. People v. Guillen, supra

c. Enrile v. Salazar, 186 SCRA 217 (1990)

d. Napolis v. Court of Appeals, 43 SCRA 301 (1972)

e. People v. Toling, 62 SCRA 17 (1975)

f. People v. Salvilla, supra

g. People v. Valdez, 304 SCRA 611 (1999)

h. People v. Sanidad, G.R. No. 146099, 30 April 2003

i. People v. Lawas, 97 Phil. 975 (1955), unreported

4. Continued crime and Continuing crime

a. People v. De Leon, 49 Phil 437 (1926)

b. Umil v. Ramos, 187 SCRA 311 (1990)

c. Sanlakas, et.al. v. Angelo Reyes, et.al., G.R. Nos.

159085, 159103, 159185, 159196, 3 February 2004
(read only the Separate Opinion of Justice Consuelo
Ynares-Santiago)

5. Penalties in special cases

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 48, 49, 58, 59, 60, 67, 68, 69
 4

6. Three-fold rule
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 70
Mejorada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. L-51065-72, 30 June
1987

7. Indeterminate Sentence Law

a. ACT NO. 4103 (1933), as amended

b. People v. Simon, G.R. No. 930280, 29 July 1994,

234 SCRA 555 (1994)

c. Rosa Lim v. People, G.R. No. 130038, 18 September

2000

d. People v. Gabres, 267 SCRA 581, 595-596 (1997)

e. People v. Lampaza, 319 SCRA 112 (1999)

f. People v. Oyanib, G.R. No. 130634-35, 12 March

2001

g. People v. Ducosin, 59 Phil. 109 (1933)

h. People v. Formigones, 87 Phil. 658 (1950)

G. Execution and Service

1. Probation

a. PRES. DECREE NO. 968 (1976), as amended

REP. ACT NO. 9344, sec. 67, 42
REP. ACT NO. 10707 (2015)

b. Francisco v. Court of Appeals, 243 SCRA 384

(1995)

c. Yusi v. Morales, 121 SCRA 854 (1983)

d. Cal v. Court of Appeals, 251 SCRA 523 (1995)

e. Llamado v. Court of Appeals, 174 SCRA 566 (1989)

f. Baclayon v. Mutia, 129 SCRA 148, 154 (1984)

g. Bala v. Martinez, 181 SCRA 459 (1990)

h. Salgado v. Court of Appeals, 189 SCRA 304 (1990)

2. Children in conflict with the law

VI. EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 89-99

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A. Total Extinction
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 89

1. Death of the convict

RULES OF COURT, Rule 20, sec. 7 & 8
RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, sec. 4

a. People v. Bayotas, 236 SCRA 239 (1994)

b. People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 190610, 25 April

2012

2. Service of the sentence

3. Amnesty
CONST., art. VII, sec. 19
People v. Patriarca, G.R. No. 135547, 29 September
2000
People v. Casido, G.R. No. 116512, 7 March 1997
Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642 (1949)

4. Absolute pardon
CONST., art. VII, sec. 19
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 23, 344
Flora v. Oximana, G.R. No. 19745, 31 January 1964
Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, supra
Pelobello v. Palatino, G.R. No. 48100, 20 June 1941
Atty. Alicia Risos-Vidal v. Commission on Elections,
G.R. No. 206666, 21 January 2015

5. Prescription of the crime

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 90 and 91
ACT NO. 3326

6. Prescription of the penalty

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 92 and 93

7. Marriage of the offended woman, as provided in Article

344 of the Revised Penal Code
People v. Ronie de Guzman, G.R. No. 185843, 3 March
2010
People v. Ernesto dela Cerna, G.R. Nos. 136899-904, 9
October 2002

B. Partial Extinction
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 94
REP. ACT NO. 10592 (2013)

1. Conditional pardon
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 95
In re. Antonio Infante, G.R. No. 4164, 12 December
1952
Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272 (1987)
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2. Commutation of the sentence

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 96

3. Good conduct allowances

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 97, 98, 99 and 158
REP. ACT NO. 10592 (2013)

VII. CIVIL LIABILITY

REV. PEN. CODE, art. 100-113

CIV. CODE, art. 19-21, 29-36, 1157, 1158 to 1162, 2176, 2177, 2180,
2202, 2204, 2206, 2216, 2219, 2230, 2233, 2234
Rules of Court, Rule 111, sec. 1

A. In general

1. Chua v. Court of Appeals, 443 SCRA 142 (2004)

B. Persons civilly liable

1. Carpio v. Doroja, 180 SCRA 1(1989)

2. Basilio v. Court of Appeals, 328 SCRA 341 (2000)

3. Philippine Rabbit v. Court of Appeals, 427 SCRA 526 (2004)

4. Quinto v. Andres, 453 SCRA 511 (2005)

C. What civil liability includes

1. Heirs of Raymundo Castro v. Bustos, 27 SCRA 327

(1969)

D. Extinction of civil liability

1. REV. PEN. CODE, art. 89

2. CIV. CODE, art. 29

3. RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, sec. 1 & 4

4. People v. Bayotas, supra