Beruflich Dokumente
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ARCHITECTURE
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
Harappan
•Drainage system
•Rectangular intersecting roads
•Sanitary system
Mauryan
•Monolithic Pillars
•Stupas start during this period – 4 gateways
•Surface built with bricks
•Viharas and Chaityas
•Rock Cut Architecture
Shunga – Satvahanas
· Early classic architecture
· Carved railings and gateways around Buddhist shrines
Kushan
· Sculpture developed
· The emperor himself was a divine authority
· Buddha was first time given a human form during this time
Gupta period
· Beginning of Hindu temples – temple at Deoghar, Udaigiri caves in Orissa
· Vaishnavite temple in Vidisha Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
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ROCK CUT
ARCHITECTURE
– BUDDHISM
100 AD – 160 AD
• Indian temples with its imposing towers, intricate carvings and awe
inspiring size were in fact the result of a gradual evolution over time.
• Earliest temples were made of timber and clay, and though they
were later replaced by the more enduring granite, there are still
temples in Kerala and Dakshina Karnataka made with timber and
which has withstood the ravages of time.
• Then, with the arrival of Gupta architecture in the 4th to 5th century CE,
the first free-standing Hindu temples were constructed with features such
as towers and projecting niches.
• The first materials used were wood and terracotta, but architects
gradually moved on to brick and stone, especially sandstone, granite,
zzand marble.
GUPTA PERIOD
• After Asoka, collapse of Buddhism and then Maurya Empire led to 500
years of conflict.
• Magadha's Gupta family took over—Chandra Gupta I began rule A.D.
320.
• The Gupta period marks an important phase in the history of ancient India.
• This was under the region of Chandra Gupta I followed by Samudra Gupta
;his son. Their successor Chandra Gupta II called as Vikramaditya played
an important role in developing the art and architecture of Gupta
Kingdom.
• The Gupta Period was usually described as the "golden age of India" as it
was a period of great military power and wealth and there was also great
development in the arts and sciences.
• Consequently, this era was also marked by the emergence of innumerable
images of popular Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Images of Lord Vishnu,
Lord Shiva, Lord Krishna, Surya and Durga evolved in this period.
Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi 8
• During the Gupta period a firm foundation of temple architecture was laid when the
basic elements of the Indian temple consisting of a square sanctum and pillared porch
emerged.
• The evolved Gupta temple also had a covered processional path for circumambulation
that formed a part of the worship-ritual.
• Earlier temples of the period had a flat slab-roof, often monolithic.
• Earlier temples of the period had a flat slab-roof, often monolithic, but the later temples
in brick and stone developed a shikhara. The gradual evolution of the Gupta style is
traceable.
Gupta temple
Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi 9
Earlier temples of the period had a monolithic flat slab
roof.
The mandala is actually a square divided into smaller squares arranged in the
form of a grid. Each smaller square depicts the area of the respective Gods. The
most commonly used mandala is the square subdivided into 64 and 81 squares.
TYPES OFPresentation
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi 13
MAJOR ELEMENTS /COMPONENT OF TEMPLE
Entrance
Mandapas / Halls
Garbhagriha
Shikhara
GARBHAGRIHA
• It is the part of temple in which the idol of the god i s installed.
• Circumambulation passage (Pradakshina path) is provided
around it.
• only priests are allowed to enter i t.
• It is usually on the main horizontal axis of the temple which
generally is an east-west axis.
• Generally it is a windowless dark and small chamber,
intentionally created to focus the devotee's mind on the
tangible form of god.
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
MAJOR ELEMENTS /COMPONENT OF TEMPLE
SHIKHARA
• Shikhar or Vimana means "Mountain peak"
• It refers to the rising tower over the garbha graha where the deity is
situated.
• It is the most prominent and visible part of a hindu temple.
EVOLUTION OF
RATHAS
Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi 19
HINDU TEMPLE FEATURES
• “Sikhara” refers to the spire or the tower. It is shaped as pyramidal and tapering
representing the mythological “Meru” or the highest mountain peak.
• “Garbhagriha” refers to the womb chamber which is the innermost chamber of any
temple where the deity resides. It is mainly square in layout and is entered
through eastern side.
• “Mandapa”, is the pillared hall in front of the garbha- griha, used as assembling
point by devotees for chant; rituals meditate or observe the priests perform the rituals.
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
Sometimes, “Natamandira” is also provided in some temples which mean the hall for
dancing.
“Antarala”, refers to the intermediate chamber which joins the main sanctuary and the
pillared hall of the temple premises.
“Ardhamandapa” refers to the front porch in the main entrance of the temple which
leads to the main temple.
1. Garbhagriha
2. Mandapa.
3. Antarala.
4. Mahamandapa.
5. Enclosing wall
6. Pradhikshana path.
•Repetition
• The idea of God was a form of nature and the Aryan Hindu had rituals
which basically involved in worshiping nature itself.
• The requirement of a temple as such was a simple altar and a roof which
was usually made of timbre.
• Beyond this the emergence of Mahayana stage led to idolizing and
worshipping god as a sculptor. This led to first types of temple forms where
a statue was kept.
• The earlier Brahminical (HINDU TEMPLE) stage had nothing but a cell to
house the image of what they regarded as God, but the rituals were still
carried outside in the open air.
• In front of this was a small portico made of stone, which looks like a
imitated model of timbre roofing.
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
Gupta temple at Sanchi
• The first of its kind temple where there was a clear demarcation and
definition of space.
• The structural system was also put to a test and result of which was this
model that emerged.
• It’s a small 12ft wide portico covered by a stone slab but has 4
impounding columns to support the same.
• Spatially it’s a better model of the Udayagiri temple with a small dark
cell which has the idol and a portico in the front with 4 columns. There
are two columns next to the cell entrance merged with the wall and
four in the front which are free standing Asoka columns with bell capital.
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
Temple at Tigawa, Jabalpur
• In terms of space and enclosure it mostly adopts what was there at
the Sanchi temple.
• The evident distinction was the columns in the portico, where the
simple columns transferred into a Hindu architectural marvel.
• The columns were of a square base and were boldly ornamented
with robust sculptures of gods and goddesses of the Hindu
mythology.
• The design of the capital, almost like making a huge statement
during the Gupta period. The stereotyped inverted bell capital style
from the Asoka period had to see and end and in that place came
in the highly decorated column capitals from the Gupta period.
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Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi