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E.g. the two Cartesian coordinates (x, y) of a particle moving in a plane can
be replaced by the two polar coordinates ( ).
I.e.
For each configuration of the system, the generalized coordinates must have
a definite set of values which will be a function of the Cartesian coordinates
and possibly also time.
I.e. ( )
( )
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Similarly, we can also have:
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Example for classroom consideration (ask a student to try on the
board)
If its Kinetic energy is given in the Cartesian and polar coordinates as:
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If we let
Then
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1.4 The Lagrange’s Equation
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Differentiating equation 17 with respect to time, we get:
But from equation 18, the first part can be written as:
Equation 18 becomes:
. Where,
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T depends on both
V depends only on
Equation 19 becomes
Note that this exists in a gravitational field, so we must use the equation:
Now we determine,
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This is similar for the y and z.
Solution
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But for a conservative force field,
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2.0 Conservation System
They are those for which the total energy E which is the sum of the Kinetic
energy and Potential energy is conserved i.e.
Example
Differentiating the potential energy with respect to time, gives the force for
such a harmonic oscillator. Then the total energy is
conserved.
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Consider a block sliding on a flat surface parallel to the surface of the earth
that experiences a frictional force. If the block has some initial kinetic
energy, the speed of the block slows to zero due to the friction. This causes
some of the Kinetic energy to be dissipated into heat.
This frictional force always depends on the velocity of the object and is not
derivable from a potential energy function.
1. Student exercise
1. The force is always directed from m towards or away from a fixed point o.
If
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2.3 Properties of central force field
c. The radius from the origin to the particle sweeps out equal areas in equal
times, thus the area velocity is constant (Keepler’s law).
Along the
Let define the position vector of a point with respect to the origin.
But
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is called the unit vector parallel to the direction of increasing
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2.6 Acceleration of motion
Applying the Newton’s second law, the forces in the directions are:
i.e.
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In a central force field, the angular momentum is constant.
Total energy
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