Readme

GRT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
GRT MAHALAKSHMI NAGAR,
CHENNAI- TIRUPATHI HIGHWAY,
TIRUTTANI – 631209.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME6611 CAD / CAM LABORATORY
RECORD NOTE BOOK
Name of the Student : .
Reg. Number : .
Year/Semester : Third Year / Sixth Semester .
Branch : Mechanical Engineering .

GRT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
GRT MAHALAKSHMI NAGAR,
CHENNAI – TIRUPATHI HIGHWAY,
TIRUTTANI – 631209.
Register No.
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the practical work done by ________________________
of B.E. of Third year Mechanical Engineering in the ME6611 CAD/CAM LABORATORY during the
academic year 2017-2018.
Staff–In–Charge Head of the Department
Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on ____________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

Contents
S.No Date Experiment Page no Signature

INTRODUCTION ABOUT CAD /
CAM
INTRODUCTION ABOUT CREO
1 Flange Coupling
2 Screw Jack
3 Non return Valve
4 Universal Coupling
5 Stuffing Box
6 Plummer Block
7 Machine Vice
8 Crosshead
INTRODUCTION ABOUT CAM
FUNDAMENTALS OF PART
PROGRAMMING
9 Turning and Facing
10 Step Turning
11 Multiple Turning
12 Contour Turning
13 Grooving
14 Taper Turning
15 Thread Cutting
16 Contour Milling
17 Mirroring
18 Circular Pocketing
19 Rectangular Pocketing
20 Drilling
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Students are required to remove their footwear outside the center and keep it in the box provided
for the same.
2. Students should leave their belongings outside the lab except their observation note book, the
concerned books/manuals and calculators.
3. Students are requested not to place their legs on the wall or on the table.
4. Students should refrain from leaning on the table and sitting on it.
5. Before logging in to a particular terminal, if there is something wrong in the terminal, the
student should report the same immediately to the concerned staff.
6. Students should not use any disks brought from outside without prior permission from the
concerned staff.
7. Students can get the required manual or disks from the staff after signing in the appropriate
register.
8. Students should collect their printouts before leaving the lab for that particular session.
9. Before leaving the Terminal, the students should logout properly and leave their chairs in
position.
10. Students are not allowed to take any manual outside the center.
11. Edibles are strictly prohibited in the center.
12. No internet browsing allowed during the lab hours.
******
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS TO HANDLE CNC MACHINES
1. Get permission from the concerned staff before switch ON the CNC machines.
2. Ensure the proper power supply for the system and machine.
3. Handle the CNC machines very carefully.
4. If any problem occurs in the system or machine immediately inform to the concerned staff.
5. Your batch is responsible for the CNC machine and its system while doing the lab exercise
assigned to your batch.
******
1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT CAD / CAM
1.1 What is CAD/CAM?
CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) refers to computer
software that is used to both design and manufacture products.
CAD is the use of computer technology for design and design documentation. CAD/CAM
applications are used to both design a product and program manufacturing processes,
specifically,
CNC machining. CAM software uses the models and assemblies created in CAD software to
generate tool paths that drive the machines that turn the designs into physical parts. CAD/CAM
software is most often used for machining of prototypes and finished parts.
1.2 Why CAD/CAM?
Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing is the way things are made these
days. Without this technology we wouldn’t have the range and quality of products available or,
at least, they wouldn’t be available at a price most of us can afford. Hand-building and manual
techniques still very much have their place and Design Education needs to treasure and foster
these skills so that future generations will have the „hands-on‟ skills to understand the man-
made world and provide the next generation of engineers, designers and technicians. All of
these professional’s will be using CAD/CAM techniques or CAD/CAM products in their work,
alongside practical hands-on skill. Design and Technology education has to reflect modern
practice so it is crucial that students have the opportunity to use real CAD/CAM tools in their
designing and making.
1.3 ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN DES
As manual design process has several risk factors including human fatigue and the
evolution of design based on his previous experience. With the advent of computer and the
development i n the field of computer graphics, various design & manufacturing process
takes place new faster rate with minimum or optimum error. The below figure shown the
implementation of computer in design:
Recognition of need
Problem definition
Synthesis Geometric Modelling
Analysis &
Engineering Analysis
Optimization
Design Review &

Evaluation
Evaluation
Presentation Automated Drafting
Figure 1 Role of Computer Aided Design

Implementation of computer in the design stage becomes the subset of design process. Once
the conceptual design materializes in the designer mind the geometric model starts by the
appropriate CAD software. The choice of geometric model to CAD is analogous to the choice.
The various design related tasks which are performed by a modern computer-aided design
system can be grouped into four functional areas:
1. Geometric Modeling
2. Engineering Analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting.
1.3.1 Geometric Modeling:
It is concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry of
an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object to be displayed &
manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The
software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both
by the computer & the human designer.
During the geometric modeling computer converts the command into a mathematical
model, stores it in the computer data files, and display it as an image on the CRT screen. Object
can be represented by geometric model by wireframe, surface model or solid model. Another
feature of CAD system is color graphics capability. By means of color, it is possible to display
more information on the graphics screen.
1.3.2 Engineering Analysis:
The analysis may involve stress-strain calculation, heat transfer computation etc., of the
system being displayed. The computer can be used to aid in this analysis work. It is often
necessary that specific programs be developed internally vie the engineering analysis group to
solve particular design problem. In other situation, commercially available general purpose
programs can be used to perform the engineering analysis. Analysis may be:
a. Mass property analysis.
b. Finite element analysis.
The analysis of mass properties is the analysis feature of CAD system which provides properties
of solid object being analyzed, such as the surface area, weight, volume, centre of gravity and
moment of inertia.
In FEA the object is divided into large number of finite elements which form an interconnecting
network concentered node. By using a computer with significant computational Capabilities,
the entire object can be analyzed for stress- strain, heat transfer coefficient at nodes. By
determining the interrelating behaviors of all nodes in the system, the behavior of the entire
object can be assessed.
1.3.3 Design review & Evaluation:
Checking the accuracy of the design can be accomplished conveniently on the graphical
terminal. Semiautomatic dimensioning and tolerance routines which assign size specification
to surface indicated by the user help you to reduce the possibility of dimensioning errors. The
designer can zoom icon part design details and magnify the image on the graphics screen for
close scrutiny
One of the most important evaluation feature available on some computer aided design systems
is KINEMATICS. The available kinematics packages provide the capability to animate the
motion of the simple designed mechanisms such as hinged component & linkages. Commercial
kinematics software available is ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical
Systems).
1.3.4 Automated Drafting:
It involves the creation of hard-copy engineering drawings directly from the CAD data
base. Most of the CAD systems are capable of generating as many as six views of the parts.
Engineering drawings can be made into company drafting standard by programming
the standards into the CAD system.
Implementation of computer in the design stage becomes the subset of design process. Once
the conceptual design materializes in the designer mind the geometric model starts by the
appropriate CAD software. The choice of geometric model to CAD is analogous to the choice
of a mathematical model to engineering analysis. A valid geometric model is created by
definition translator, which converts the designer input into the proper database format. In order
to apply engineering analysis in geometric model, interface algorithms are provided by the
system to extract the required data from the model database to perform the analysis. In case of
FEA, these algorithms from the finite element modeling package of the system. Design testing
& evaluation may require changing the geometric model before finalizing it.
When the final design is achieved the drafting & detailing of the model starts, followed by
documentation & production of final drawings
1.4 COMPONENTS OF CAD SYSTEM
The components of a typical CAD system are illustrated in the following figure. The
central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the entire system. It contains of integrated circuits
of (IC) of three parts – ALU, controller and main memory unit. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
consists of electronic circuits, which perform logic and mathematical operations. Controller
circuits are used to regulate various operations carried out in the computer. Main memory
circuits store processed data, such as results of calculations and program instructions inside the
computer. Hundreds of electronic circuits are reduced and etched on chip as small as a pinhead.
The CPU is, therefore, one of the miracles of modern electronic technology.
In the CAD system, the functions of the CPU is as follows:
i) To receive information from the work station and display the output on a CRT screen;
ii) To read the data stored in a secondary memory storage unit;
iii) To give instructions to output devices such as plotters to create permanent drawings; and
iv) To transmit data to and from magnetic tapes.
In addition to main memory circuits in CPU, secondary storage capacity is provided to reduce the
cost of the main computer.
The functions of the secondary storage unit are as follows:
i) To store files related to the engineering drawings;
ii) To store CAD software; and
iii) To store programs required to give instructions to output devices like plotters.
1.5 Geometric Modeling:
A geometric modeling is defined as the complete representation of an object that includes in both
graphical and non-graphical information.
In computer-aided design, geometric modeling is concerned with the computer compatible
mathematical description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description of the
geometry of an object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signal from
CPU of the CAD system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be
designed for efficient use of both by the computer and the human designer.
To use geometric modeling, the designer construct the graphical image of the object on the CRT
screen of the IGS system by inputting three types of commands to the computer. The first type of
command generates basic geometric elements such as points, lines, and circles. The second
command types are used to accomplish scaling, rotation or other transformations of these elements.
The third type of command causes the various elements to be joined into desired shape of the
object being created on the ICG system.
During this geometric modeling process, the computer converts the commands into mathematical
model, stores it in the computer data files and displays it as an image on the screen. The model can
be subsequently being called from the data files for review, analysis or alteration. The most
advanced method of geometric modeling is solid modeling in three dimensions. This method uses
solid geometry shapes called primitives to construct the object.
Basically there are three types of modeling, they are
a. Wire Frame Modeling
b. Surface Modeling
c. Solid Modeling
1.5.1 WIRE FRAME MODEL-INTRODUCTION:
This is the basic form of modeling; here the objects drawn will be simple but more verbose,
geometric model that can be used to represent it mathematically in the computer. It is sometimes
referred as a stick figure or an edge representation of the object. Typical CAD/CAM system
provides users with possibly three modes to input coordinates: Cartesian, Cylindrical or Spherical.
Each mode has explicit or implicit inputs. Explicit input could be absolute or incremental
coordinates. Implicit input involves user digitizes. A wire frame model consists of points, lines,
arcs, circles &curves. Early wire frame modeling techniques developed in 1960’s were 2-
dimensional. They are not centralized &associative. Later in 1970’s the centralized, associative
database concepts enabled modeling of 3D objects as wire frame models that can be subject to 3-
dimensional transformations.
Wire Frame Entities

Wire frame Entities are divided into 2 types are:
a. Synthetic Entities---------Splines & Curves
b. Analytic Entities----------Points, lines, Circles, arcs, conics, fillet, chamfer
Applications:
 Two-dimensional drafting.
 Numerical control tool path generation.
Advantages:
 It is simple to construct model.
 Less computer memory to store the object.
 CPU time to retrieve, edit or update a wireframe model is less.
 Does not require extensive training.
Disadvantages:
 It is ambiguous representation of real object.
 It lacks in visual coherence and information to determine the object.
 User or terminal time needed to prepare & or input data increases with complexity of
object.
 Inability to detect interference between components.
 No facility for automatic shading.
 Difficult in calculating Physical properties like Mass, surface area, centre of gravity etc.,
1.5.2 SURFACE MODELING:
Surface model of an object is more complete and less ambiguous representation than it
wire frame model. It is also richer in associated geometric contents, which make it more suitable
for engineering and design applications. Surface model takes one step beyond wire frame models
by providing information on surfaces connecting the object edges. Creating a surface have some
quantitative data such as point & tangents & some qualitative data like desired shape &
smoothness. Choice of surface form depends on type of application.
Surface Entities:
Similar to wire frame entities, existing CAD / CAM systems provide designers with both
analytic and synthetic surface entities. Analytic entities include plane surface, ruled surface,
surface of revolution, and tabulated cylinder. Synthetic entities include the bicubic Hermite spline
surface, B – spline surface, rectangular and triangular Bezier patches, rectangular and triangular
Coons patches, and Gordon surface. The mathematical properties of some of these entities
are covered in this chapter for two purposes. First, it enables users to correctly choose the proper
surface entity for the proper application. For example, a ruled surface is a linear surface and does
not permit any twist while a B – spline surface is a general surface. Second users will be in a
position to better understand CAD/CAM documentation and the related modifiers to each surface
entity command available on a system. The following are descriptions of major surface entities
provided by CAD/CAM systems
1.5.3 SOLID MODELING
A solid modeling system is usually an interactive computer graphics system that is intended to
create true three-dimensional components and assemblies. Recent advances in CAD software,
computers, and graphical displays have made it possible to use solid representations of components
being considered in the design process. These solid models can be employed in
numerous ways.
Advantages of Solid Modeling
 A realistic visual display: By producing a shaded visible surface image of the solid, solid
modeling allows a designer to see exactly what has been created.
 Easy to deal with different views: Once a part has been created, we have the ability to
rotate, shade, section, or produce almost any view required by a designer.
 Single associated model database: The solid modeler provides the only database suitable
for all CAD operations.
 Almost all information needed for part generation is contained in the solid model.
 The algorithm should be able to ensure that it represents physically possible shape that is
complete and unambiguous Applications. e.g., automatic generation of a mesh for a finite
element analysis.
1.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR MODELING AND ASSEMBLING
 Part modeling and analysis
The part analysis includes the material type, mass and inertial properties, functional
properties of the faces, etc.
 Hierarchical relationships
An assemble tree and assemble sequence must be given.
 Mating conditions.
There are two methods for specifying mating conditions:
 Specify the location and orientation of each part in the assembly, together with the
representation of the part itself, by providing a 4 x 4 homogeneous transformation matrix.
(i.e., transformation from MCS to WCS).
 Specify the spatial relationships between its individual parts as mating conditions.
1.7 CAD/CAE/CAM Data Exchange
Computer databases are now replacing paper blueprints in defining product geometry and
non-geometry for all phases of product design, analysis, and manufacturing. It becomes
increasingly important to find effective procedures for transferring data among CAD/CAE/CAM
systems.
The need to exchange modeling data is directly motivated by the need to integrate and automate
the design and manufacturing process to obtain the maximum benefits from CAD/CAE/CAM
systems.
Four Types of Modeling Data to be transferred:
(1) Shape
(2) Nonshape
(3) Design
(4) Manufacturing
(1) Shape data consists of both geometrical and topological information as well as part features.
Entity attributes such as font, color, and layer as well as annotation is considered part of the entity
geometrical information. Topological information applies only to products described via solid
modeling. Features allow high-level concept communication about parts.
Examples are hole, flange, web, pocket, chamfer, etc.
(2) Nonshape data includes graphics data such as shaded images, and model global data as
measuring units of the database and the resolution of storing the database numerical values.
(3) Design data has to do with the information that designers generate from geometric models for
analysis purposes. e.g., mass property and finite element mesh data.
(4) Manufacturing data consists of information such as tooling, NC tool paths, tolerancing, process
planning, tool design, and bill of materials.
Commonly Used CAD Data Exchange Format:
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
PDES (Product Data Exchange Using STEP)
IGES is focused on CAD-to-CAD exchange where primarily shape and nonshape data were to be
transferred from one system to another.
PDES is previous called Product Data Exchange Standard. It is for the exchange of complete
product descriptions which covers the four types of modeling data (i.e., shape, nonshape, design
and manufacturing).
Other data exchange interfaces include: STL, Neutral, SET, ECAD, VDA, STEP, PDGS, CATIA,
Render, CGM, VRML, PATRAN, TIFF, etc.
2. INTRODUCTION ABOUT CREO
2.1 What is CREO?
CREO is a feature-based, parametric solid modeling system with many extended design and
manufacturing applications. As a comprehensive CAD/CAE/CAM system, covering many aspects
of mechanical design, analysis and manufacturing, CREO represents the leading edge of
CAD/CAE/CAM technology.
2.2 Starting CREO
To start Pro/E on a Windows machine, there may be an icon on your desktop or you may have to
look in the Start menu at the bottom left of the screen on the Windows taskbar. The program
takes a while to load, so be patient. The start-up is complete when your screen looks like the
following figure, which is a default Pro/E screen.
Figure 2The default Pro/E Wildfire screen.
Now, look for the icon under your menu to start a new application. Press the icon; or you may
use the menu FILE > New. Either way, you should be able to launch the following window.
Figure 3The pop-up window to start a new application.
You may type the name [housing] to replace the default name “prt0001”. In this section, we are
going to create the first feature of a part called “housing”, which is one of the components of a
disc brake assembly that we are going to create in the lab. The focus of this section, however, is
on the introduction of Pro/E environment rather than the modeling techniques. More modeling
techniques will be described in later sections.
After clicking the OK button, you should see the window shown in Figure 3, which is pretty much
self-explanatory. You are encouraged to move your mouse cursor on top of each shortcut button
and read the description from the command description window.
The filter setting selection is for the convenience of picking a feature on the main graphics screen.
The default (or the lazy way) is to leave it as Smart.
HINT: DO NOT resize or move the main or menu window. If you start messing with the window
size and placement, sooner or later you will bury a command menu behind other windows, then
suddenly the computer seems frozen and you are stuck there! So before becoming an expert, you’d
better let Pro/E do its own window management. This also tells you that if the computer seems
frozen, try to move the windows around to see if some menus are hidden waiting for your mouse
click.
2.3 Mouse Functions
Before we start with the hard job (modeling), you should know about some tricks of the mouse.
Wildfire is meant to be used with a 3-button mouse. If it has a middle scroll, it is actually better
and you are lucky. If your mouse is a 2-button one, try to use the <shift> key plus the left mouse
button (LMB) simultaneously as an equivalent to the middle mouse button (MMB). If it doesn’t
work, talk to your system administrator.
Most selections of menu commands, shortcut buttons, and so on are performed by clicking the left
mouse button (LMB). In this tutorial, whenever you “select”, “click”, or “pick” a command or
entity, this is done with the LMB unless otherwise directed.
Figure 4 A description of the CREO screen.

The functions controlling the view of the object in the graphics window are all associated with the
MMB. These are the important Spin, Pan, and Zoom functions. The following table summarizes
different uses of mouse buttons that can make your job easier and more fun. Note: if you know
previous versions of CREO, you will find the mouse functions are quite different! Learn the new
functions and don’t let your experience frustrate you.
2.4 Begin to work in CREO.
The main graphics windows show three orthogonal planes, named TOP, FRONT and RIGHT, and
a coordinate system. These planes are called datum planes, representing the 3-D world. These
planes are very useful as reference planes when creating features and assembling components.
Their advantages are not obvious when modeling simple parts, and in fact new users find these
planes annoying. Whatever you feel now, my advice is to get yourself used to these “annoying”
planes.
2.4.1. Prepare for sketching

Click the Extrusion button as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 The Sketched Features toolbar.

Then you will see
Figure 6 at the bottom of the main window.
Figure 6 only explains the buttons that will be referred to in the tutorial. You should exercise
moving the mouse cursor again to each button and read the description in the message window to
find out about other buttons.
Figure 6 Extrusion dialog window.

Click the Placement button as shown in Figure 6, then click Define. A pop-up window will
show up as Figure 7.
Figure 7 Sketch view set-up window.

Now go to the main graphics window, click the FRONT plane either on the word “FRONT” or
any side of the plane. You will see the first blank in Figure 6 is filled with FRONT (ignore the
words after FRONT; the same applies for other blanks in this window). This plane is chosen as
your paper that you can sketch on. Image you are drawing a picture. After picking the paper, you
have to place the paper in the right orientation so that you are either in a portrait or landscape view.
That is why there is a reference plane as shown in the second blank in Figure 7. In this case, Pro/E
should automatically fill in RIGHT, which means the RIGHT datum plane is chosen as the
reference plane and it faces the right of your paper, which is filled in the third blank in the figure.
Now, click Sketch button and you will be brought to a new window environment. The Pop-up
window named References appears and lists RIGHT and TOP datum planes as references. In the
meantime, the two planes are shown in the main graphics window as two perpendicular lines and
two brown infinite dotted lines override them. These two references are used as references for
dimensions. As you may appreciate, no matter what you draw on the paper, you have to know the
relative position of your drawing on the paper. This seems very obvious in a real drawing because
human beings do all these things intuitively. But computer needs you to specify these. Of course,
one may deliberately select a particular reference plane. As a starter, we just accept the default
choice and simply click Close on the window.
2.4.2. Sketch the geometry
For the sketch, you pretty much work with two groups of buttons. The first group is to control
the views of sketch, as shown in Figure 8. The second group is the sketch toolbar buttons, shown
in Figure 9.
Figure 8 Control buttons for sketch views.

The view control buttons can help you set the proper view, clean the view, assist sketching, etc. I
found the first button is very useful as I had the habit of using scroll ball to spin the geometry. So
the first button can always bring me back to the paper (the sketch view). The Grid On/Off is often
used as the grid can help the sketch. Now click on the button to turn the grid on. You should see
Figure 9.
The second group of buttons shown in Figure 10 allows you draw different features. Some of these
commands are very obvious, e.g., creating lines, circles, etc. Some are not. These commands may
be explained later in this tutorial.
Figure 9 The sketch plane with grid on.
Figure 10 The sketch and datum toolbar.

2.4.3. Redefine the feature
In case you messed up the part and cannot get the one shown in Figure 12. Don’t panic. Click the
Extrude 1 feature (or even the sketch feature under this extrusion feature) in your Model tree
window using the RMB. You will then see a bunch of commands including Edit, Edit Definition,
etc. The Edit command allows you modify dimensions in 3D mode and the Edit Definition
command brings you back to the sketch and the extrusion definition environment.
You can then correct the steps that have been messed up with and follow the instructions in this
section to get it right. Another way to modify a dimension is to double click a feature in the main
graphics window; all the dimensions relevant to the feature will show up. You can double click
the dimension you want to modify and enter a new number. Then click the Regenerates Model
button (To use this function, make sure the Filter Setting at the right bottom corner of the window
is turned to Features.).
2.4.4. SAVE view, and print the model
Pro/E, unlike other Windows applications, does not automatically save your work. You have to
remember to do that. If you leave the program without saving your new work, it is basically gone!
Anyone who says that they have never lost work this way is probably lying! Click FILE> Set
Working Directory to change the default directory to a subdirectory under your home
C:\25.353\start directory. By doing this, you can keep the default Pro/E directory tidy and avoid
someone else accidentally deleting your file.
HINT: Save your model frequently to avoid loss of work.
Now, you should play with the buttons in the top tool chest.
Figure 11 Groups in the top tool chest.

As shown in Figure 13, these buttons can be grouped to five groups. Buttons such as Regenerates
Model, Redraw the current view, and Refit object to fully display are commonly used ones.
Can you find them? Please note these toolbar buttons will change, depending which mode you are
in. Examples of different modes are part modeling model, drawing mode, assembly mode, sketch
mode, etc.
You can use FILE > Print to print your model, or FILE > SAVE to print it as a picture or Files
Actions Model Display formats readable by other CAD tools. Or, you could simply use the <Print
Scrn> key on your keyboard and then use Microsoft Paint to convert it into a picture file.
2.5 Creating a 2-D Engineering Drawing

In this section, we will turn the 3-D solid model of the component housing into a conventional 2-
D engineering drawing.
Choose FILE > New, then select the radio button next to Drawing in the window. Enter the name
[housing]. Uncheck the Use default template button.
Figure 12 Creating a new drawing window.
Figure 13 Drawing set-up window.

A dialog window will pop-up, shown in Figure 13. CREO automatically brings up the part model,
as long as the filename is the same. The drawing file suffix is “. drw”, a part file suffix is “.prt”,and
an assembly file suffix is “.asm”. Accept all the default settings in this window. Then you will face
a black box for drawing. The size setting default should probably be changed to either A4 or A3
depending on the drawing requirements.
2.5.1 Insert views
Click the “Insert a drawing view” button (or use the menu Insert > Drawing View > General).
You will see in the message window “Select CENTER POINT for drawing view.” Click in the
main graphics window to locate your first view (at the bottom left quadrant of the box). You will
then see a dialog window as shown below:
Figure 14 Dialog window for view control in the drawing mode.
In the dialog window, select FRONT as shown in Figure 25. Then click OK. You can double click
the view to change the scale. You will then see the dialog window again. Select Scale in the left
column, and enter the value [0.065] in the Custom scale blank. You should see a defined front
view of the housing.
Use the menu Insert > Drawing View > Projection. Then click at a location right above the first
view. You will see the top view is generated. Repeat the last step to create the right view of the
model. (Hint: This time you need to click the front view first to specify from which view the
projection is created.)
You will see now your views are pretty messy with many lines and datum features. You could
press all the datum view buttons and then the Redraw button to clean the drawing a little bit. Then
Click TOOLS > Environment. In the last blank of the pop-up window, choose No Display for
Tangent Edges. After performing a Redraw, all the tangent edges for rounds are cleaned up.
The views look much better.
Last, we need to add an isometric view. This is done by clicking the again. Click the upper
right quadrant for location. Since the default view of the model hides a lot of the features, the
model has to be re-oriented for a better view. Please refer to Error! Reference source not found.
to select Angles from the view orientation section. In the Rotation Reference blank, pick
Horizontal, and enter [180] degree in the Angle value blank.
Click Apply in the Orientation window, you should be able to see the isometric view. Change the
scale to [0.065] in the same way as you did before on the front view. Then press the OK button.
Deselect the button, you can select a view, press hold, and drag it to a desired location (using
the LMB of course and following the exact action sequence please). You will notice that you
cannot drag the views freely as they are inter-connected to satisfy their interrelationships.
Figure 15 The show/erase dimension window.
2.6 Other Useful Features

2.6.1 Insert a Note
For all the small rounds, you can erase all the dimensions. Instead, you enter a note to the drawing.
Choose INSERT > Note, select No Leader / Enter / Horizontal / Standard / Default / Make
Note. After picking a point where to locate the notes, in the prompt window, enter [Small rounds
are R2.00.] and press the enter key again to finish. Then click Done/Return.
2.6.2 Show Centerlines
If centerlines of circular features are not shown, you can press the button, pick the Axis button to
show and pick the three orthogonal views. If you see labels of the centerlines, deselect the Datum
axis on/off button in the top tool chest.
2.6.3 Erase Snap Lines
The snap lines (dotted lines generated automatically when you show dimensions) are shown on
the drawing. They will not be printed out when you create hard copies. However, if they bother
you, click TOOLS > Environment, deselect the Snap Lines button in the Display window. Then
click Repaint button. Those snap lines will disappear.
2.6.4 Modify Display
You could double click a view. You will see a VIEW MODIFY window. Click View Disp, then
choose Hidden Line / No Qlt HLR / No Disp Tan / Drawing Color / Done. You can change the
display of a view to the Hidden Line format, no matter what is the setting in the top toolbar.
HINT: The default view display (hidden line, wireframe, etc.) of the drawing is determined by the
view display of the part in the model window. Once you used the view modify window to change a
view’s display as illustrated above, these display settings will become fixed and will not be affected
by the top toolbar buttons.
HINT: Press and hold <Ctrl> key and you can click multiple views. So you can change their
display settings all at once.
CAD EXERCISES
Ex. No.:1 FLANGE COUPLING
A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange
is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at right angle to the axis of
the shaft. One of the flange has a projected portion and the other flange has a corresponding recess.
This helps to bring the shafts into line and to maintain alignment. The two flanges are coupled
together by means of bolts and nuts. The flange coupling is adopted to heavy loads and hence it is
used on large shafting. The flange couplings are of the following three types:
1. Unprotected type flange coupling.

2. Protected type flange coupling.
3. Marine type flange coupling.
Ex. No.:1
FLANGE COUPLING
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Flange Coupling and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open CREO software. Select file -New-Part and select dimension as mm.
2. Depending on the component select the plane (Front or Top or Right or Left) and click sketch.
3. Select the axis for the plane using axis line command and using line and circle command draw
the required views of the component.
4. Using delete command, remove unwanted lines and circles
5. After completing the view click button. Now depending on shape of the component either click
revolve or extrude command.
6. In order to make a hole, click - extrude and click remove material.
7. After extruding or revolving click button to get the complete solid component.
8. Save the part using file - SAVE command.
9. All remaining components are drawn in similar manner.
10. The drawn solid components are assembled.
RESULT:
Thus the components of Flange Coupling have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
FLANGE COUPLING
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:2 SCREW JACK
Screw jacks are used for raising heavy loads through very small heights.
The screw jack is a device, for lifting heavy loads, by applying a comparatively smaller effort at
its handle. The principle, on which a screw jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane.
a screw jack consists of a square threaded rod (also called screw rod or simply screw) which fits
into the inner threads of the nut. The load, to be raised or lowered, is placed on the head of the
square threaded rod which is rotated by the application of an effort at the end of the lever for lifting
or lowering the load.
Figure shows the details of one type of screw jack. In this, the screw 3 works in the nut 2 which is
press fitted into the main body 1. The tommy bar 7 is inserted into a hole through the enlarged
head of the screw and when this is turned, the screw will move up or down, thereby raising or
lowering the load.
Ex. No.:2
SCREW JACK
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Screw Jack and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Screw Jack have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
SCREW JACK
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:3 NON-RETURN VALVE
Valve is a device used for regulating the flow of fluid. In the non-return valve, the pressure of the
fluid allows the flow in one direction only.
When the inlet pressure of the fluid is greater than the pressure at the top of the valve, it gets lifted
and allows the fluid to flow past. However, as the fluid pressure builds-up more at the top; the flow
ceases and the fluid will not be permitted in the reverse direction, due to shutting of the valve
automatically. It is used in boiler feed water system.
Figure shows the details of a non-return valve. The fluid enters at the bottom of the valve and
leaves from the side. It consists of a body 1 with flanges at right angle, for the purpose of mounting
the same. The valve seat 3 is introduced into the body from top and secured in place by set-screw
6. The valve 4 is also introduced from top and located in the valve seat. The valve seat allows free
sliding of the valve in it. The studs 5 are first screwed into the body and after placing the cover 2,
it is tightened with nuts.
As water with pressure enters at the bottom of the valve, the valve gets lifted in the valve seat,
allowing free flow of water through the exit. However, the amount of lift of the valve is controlled
by the cover.
Ex. No.:3
NON RETURN VALVE
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Non-Return Valve and to assemble them using CREO
software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Non-Return Valve have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
NON RETURN VALVE
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:4 UNIVERSAL COUPLING
A universal or Hooke’s coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axes intersect at a small
angle. The inclination of the two shafts may be constant, but in actual practice, it varies when the
motion is transmitted from one shaft to another. The main application of the universal or Hooke’s
coupling is found in the transmission from the gear box to the differential or back axle of the
automobiles. In such a case, we use two Hooke’s coupling, one at each end of the propeller shaft,
connecting the gear box at one end and the differential on the other end. A Hooke’s coupling is
also used for transmission of power to different spindles of multiple drilling machine. It is used as
a knee joint in milling machines.
The forks 2 are mounted at the ends of two shafts 1, making use of sunk keys 6. The central block
3, having two arms at right angle to each other, is placed between the forks and connected to both
of them by using pins 4 and collars 5. A taper pin (not shown) is used to keep the pins 4 in position.
During rotation of shafts, the angle between them can be varied.
Ex. No.:4
UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Universal Coupling and to assemble them using CREO
software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Universal Coupling have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
UNIVERSAL COUPLING
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE ;
Ex. No.:5 STUFFING BOX
It is used to prevent loss of fluid such as steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine
elements. In a steam engine, when the piston rod reciprocates through the cylinder cover; stuffing
box provided in the cylinder cover, prevents leakage of steam from the cylinder.
Figure shows the various parts of a stuffing box. At the base of stuffing box body 1, a bush 2 is
placed such that the bevelled edge of the bush is at the inner side of the body. Gland 6 is placed at
the other end of the body and is connected to the main body by means of studs 5 and nuts 7. The
space between the reciprocating rod and the bush and the gland is packed with a packing material
such as mineral fibres, leather, rubber or cork.
Ex. No.:5
STUFFING BOX
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Stuffing Box and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Stuffing Box have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
STUFFING BOX
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:6 PLUMMER BLOCK
A split-bearing is used for shafts running at high speeds and carrying heavy loads. A split bearing
consists of a cast iron base (also called block or pedestal), gunmetal or phosphor bronze brasses,
bushes or steps made in two-halves and a cast iron cap. The two halves of the brasses are held
together by a cap or cover by means of mild steel bolts and nuts. Sometimes thin shims are
introduced between the cap and the base to provide an adjustment for wear. When the bottom
wears out, one or two shims are removed and then the cap is tightened by means of bolts. The
brasses are provided with collars or flanges on either side in order to prevent its axial movement.
This bearing is used for long shafts, requiring intermediate support, especially when the shaft
cannot be introduced into the bearing, end-wise.
The bottom half 2 of the bearing brass is placed in the base 1 such that, the snug of the bearing
enters into the corresponding recess in the base; preventing rotation of the brasses. After placing
the journal (shaft) on the bottom half of the bearing brass, kept in the base, the upper half of the
bearing brass 3 is placed and the cap 4 is then fixed to the base, by means of two bolts with nuts5.
The bearing is made of two halves so that the support can be introduced at any location of the long
shaft.
Ex. No.:6
PLUMMER BLOCK
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Plummer Block and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Plummer Bock have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
PLUMMER BLOCK
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:7 MACHINE VICE
A machine vice is a work holding device, used in machines such as drilling, milling, etc. The
details of a plain machine vice are shown in Fig. It consists of the base 1 which is clamped to the
machine table using two T-bolts. The sliding block 3 is fixed in the centre slot of the base by means
of the guide screw 4. The movable jaw 2 is fixed to the sliding block with four screws 8 and 7.
One of the serrated plates 5 is fixed to the jaw of the base by means of screws 6 and the other to
the movable jaw by the screws 7. One end of the guide screw is fixed to the base by means of the
washer 9 and nut 10 (not shown in figure). The movable jaw is operated by means of a handle (not
shown) which fits onto the square end of the guide screw.
Ex. No.:7
MACHINE VICE
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Machine Vice and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Machine Vice have been drawn and assembled using CREO
software.
MACHINE VICE
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE :
Ex. No.:8 CROSSHEAD
The crosshead in a steam engine, acts as a link between piston rod on one side and connecting rod
on the other. Figure shows the assembly drawing of a steam engine crosshead. It consists of the
shoes which are fitted into the crosshead body 1, using the circular projections provided in the
shoes. The shoes are confined to move along the guides provided in the engine frame. The piston
rod is connected to the body by means of the cotter. The connecting rod (not shown in the figure)
is connected to the crosshead by a pin joint. The bearing is in two pieces and the wedge block and
the bolt and nut assembly are used for bearing adjustment.
Ex. No.:8
CROSSHEAD
Date:
AIM:
To draw the components of Crosshead and to assemble them using CREO software.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the components of Crosshead have been drawn and assembled using CREO software.
CROSSHEAD
REGISTER NUMBER :
DATE
3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT CAM
3.1 MEANING OF CAM
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is an application technology that uses computer software
and machinery to facilitate and automate manufacturing processes. CAM is the successor of
computer aided engineering (CAE) and is often used in tandem with computer-aided design
(CAD). Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to control machine tools and
related ones in the manufacturing of work-pieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it
is the most common, CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a
manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary
purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise
dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw
material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is
now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is a subsequent computer-
aided process after computer-aided design (CAD) and sometimes computer-aided engineering
(CAE), as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software,
which then controls the machine tool. CAM is used in many schools alongside Computer Aided
Design (CAD) to create objects.
3.2 OBJECTIVE OF CAM
The use of computers to guide the working of the industrial processes is known as computer aided
manufacturing or CAM. Any factory can be made highly automated by deploying real time
systems and robotics. A CAM system is highly efficient because it can control the production
house through different automated techniques. The purpose of CAM is to ensure that the error rate
is decreased, uniformity of products is high and precision in the processes can be achieved. CAM
operations is part of now almost all industries. It is helpful in removing errors from the primary
manufacturing processes and can also keep track of further orders and material to be used. The
automated plants have provided a hygiene and clean environment to various processes which
cannot be achieved fully by manual processes. For example, the packaging of meat and related
products is fully done by automated plants from the slaughter of the animal to the final product.
This has also reduced the labor cost and other operating overheads. The processes are now fully
automated that they can replace the tools and switch to the successive processes on their own.
3.3 SCOPE OF CAM
Integrated CAD/CAM/CAE Software like Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS & CATIA help manufacturers
optimize product concept early in Design process, enabling them to significantly improve product
quality, while reducing product development time and cost. Moreover, people having 3D
CAD/CAM/CAE knowledge have better chances of growth, immediate employability after
completion of course, graduation and chances of jobs abroad.
As the market economy opens more and more it has become extremely competitive and with this
state of economy, skilled people play the most important role in organization. Hence it becomes
imperative on the part of top Tool Room Training centers and engineering. Colleges to especially
look for new initiatives towards improving the skills and knowledge of students. An emerging
trend of engineering. Education in Tool Room and the world is the rapid incrementation of
CAD/CAM/CAE software as an essential part of curriculum.
3.4 ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN CAM
In the modern world, rapid changes and global expansion results in the changing of business
organizational trend. Business transactions that had been done traditionally are no longer
sufficient, so a new method has to be introduced to meet the consumers to cope with current market
demands, therefore Business Process Reengineering (BPR) that has been introduced since the
1990s are used worldwide nowadays, with the addition of information system and technology. It
can help to improve main business processes in terms of communication, inventory management,
data management, management information systems, customer relationship management (CRM),
computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided
engineering (CAE). This study explained the role of IT in a business’s process within area of CRM,
communication, information management and inventory management to boots efficiency and
effectivity a BPR adoptions.
3.5 NC CONTROLS
Numerical control (NC) is the technique of giving instructions to a machine in the form of a code
which consists of numbers, letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks and certain other symbols.
Controlling a machine tool by means of a prepared program is known as numerical control. NC
equipment has been defined by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) as: “A system in which
actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must
automatically interpret at least some portion of this data". Instructions are supplied to the machine
as blocks of information. A block of information commands sufficient to enable the machine to
carry out one individual machining operation. Each block is given a sequence number for
identification.
A set of instructions forms an NC program. When the instructions are organized in a logical
manner they direct the machine tool to carry out a specific task. It is thus termed as part program.
In a typical NC system, the numerical data which is required for producing a part is maintained on
a punched tape and is called the part program. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks
of information, where each block contains the numerical data required to produce one segment of
the work piece. The punched tape is moved forward by one block each time the cutting of a
segment is completed.
Preparing the part program for a NC machine tool requires a part programmer. The part
programmer must possess knowledge and experience of tools, cutting fluids, machinability data
and fixture design techniques.
Part programmers must be familiar with the function of NC machine tools and machining
processes and have to decide on the optimal sequence of operations. Part programs are written
manually or by using a computer-aided language, such as automated program tool (APT).
3.6 INTRODUCTION ABOUT CNC
Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine tools, the modern versions of NC machines
have an embedded system involving several microprocessors and related electronics as the
Machine Control Unit (MCU). Initially, these were developed in the seventies in the US and Japan.
However, they became much more popular in Japan than in the US. In CNC systems multiple
microprocessors and programmable logic controllers work in parallel for simultaneous servo
position and velocity control of several axes of a machine for contour cutting as well as monitoring
of the cutting process and the machine tool. Thus, milling and boring machines can be fused into
versatile machining centers. Similarly, turning centers can realize a fusion of various types of
lathes. Over a period of time, several additional features were introduced, leading to increased
machine utilization and reduced operator intervention. Some of these are:
(a) Tool/work monitoring: For enhanced quality, avoidance of breakdowns.
(b) Automated tool magazine and palette management: For increased versatility and reduced
operator intervention over long hours of operation
(c) Direct numerical control (DNC): Uses a computer interface to upload and download part
programs in to the machine automatically
3.7 TYPES OF CNC
Computer numerical control is applied to a variety of machines. Most of these find ready
application in aircraft, automobile and general engineering industry.
The machines controlled by CNC can be classified into the following categories:
 CNC mills and machining centers,
 CNC lathes and turning centers
 CNC electrical discharge machining (EDM)
 CNC grinding machines
 CNC cutting machines (laser, plasma, electron, or flame)
 CNC fabrication machines (sheet metal punch press, bending machine, or press brake)
 CNC welding machines
3.8 COMPONENTS OF NC/CNC SYSTEM
Following are the basic components of an operational numerical control system:
(i) Programme of instructions
(ii) Controller Unit also called Machine Control Unit (MCU)
(iii) Machine tool or other controlled equipment
Figure 16 Components of traditional NC systems
3.8.1 Programme of Instructions
The programme of instructions is the detailed step by step set of directions which tell the machine
tool what to do and in what sequence. The part programme is written in coded form and contains
all the information needed for machining the component. The part programme is fed to the machine
control unit through some input medium. Various types of input media are:
a) Punched cards
b) Magnetic tapes and floppy disks
c) Paper tape
3.8.2 Machine Control Unit
The second basic component of the NC system is the controller unit. This consists of the electronics
and hardware that read and interpret the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical
actions of the machine tool. The typical elements of a conventional NC controller unit are
discussed below.
a) Programme Reader
i. Card Readers
ii. Punched Tape Readers
 Mechanical (Electro-mechanical)
 Photo electrical
 Pneumatic
b) Magnetic Tape Reader
3.8.3 Machine Tool
The third part of the numerical control system is the machine tool itself. In a numerically controlled
machine all the movements of the tool and the machine table are done automatically with the help
of electric motors. For example, in case of a CNC lathe the longitudinal and transverse movements
of the tool are controlled by two motors fitted on the machine i.e. one for longitudinal movement
and the other for transverse movement of the tool. In addition, the speed of the spindle motor is
also controlled by the part programme. The machine may have a tool magazine, so that tool
changing is done automatically. Also the other functions like machine ON/OFF, coolant ON/OFF,
etc. are controlled through the part programme. The motors used for controlling the speed, feed
and depth of cut are either servomotors or stepper motors which enable the user to select any
desired speeds and feeds.
3.9 CLASSIFICATION OF NC SYSTEMS
The classification of NC machine tool systems can be done in three ways:
 According to the type of machine: Point-to-point, straight-cut and continuous path
 According to the programming method: Absolute and incremental
 According to the type of control system: Open-loop and closed-loop
3.9.1 Point-to-Point
Point-to-point machines move only in straight lines. They are limited to drilling, reaming,
boring, etc. and straight milling cuts parallel to a machine axis. When making an axis move, all
affected drive motors run at the same speed. When one axis motor has moved the instructed
amount, it stops while the other motor continues until its axis has reached its programmed
location. The point-to-point positioning NC system is illustrated in Figure 2.7.
Figure 17 Point-to-point (positioning) NC system

3.9.2 Straight-cut NC
Straight-cut control systems are capable of moving the cutting tool parallel to one of the major
axes at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is, therefore, appropriate for performing milling
operation to fabricate work pieces of rectangular configurations. With this type of NC system, it
is not possible to combine movements in more than a single axis direction. Therefore, angular cuts
on the work piece would not be possible. An example of straight-cut operation is shown in
Figure17. An NC machine capable of straight-cut movements is also capable of PTP movement.
Figure 18 Straight-cut system
3.9.3 Continuous Path
A continuous path machine has the ability to move its drive motors at varying rates of speed while
positioning the machine which facilitates cutting of arc segments and angles. The most common
type of continuous path operations are milling and lathe operations. In continuous path machine,
the tool is cutting while the axes of motion are moving, as for example, in a milling machine. All
axes of motion might move simultaneously, each at a different velocity. When a non-linear path is
required, the axial velocity changes, even within the segment. For example, cutting a circular
contour requires a sine rate change in one axis, while the velocity of the other axis is changed at a
cosine rate. In contouring machines, the position of the cutting tool at the end of each segment
together with the ratio between the axial velocities determines the desired contour of the part and
at the same time the resultant feed also affects the surface finish.
Figure 19 Contouring (continuous path) NC system for two-dimensional operations

3.9.4 Absolute Programming
Absolute positioning is another type of programming system. In this system, the tool locations are
always defined in relation to point zero. The position commands are given as absolute distances
from the reference point. The reference point can be defined outside the work piece or at a corner
of the work piece. The reference point or point zero could be fixed or floating. When the point
zero is fixed, the origin is always located at the same position on the machine table. All locations
must be defined by positive x and y coordinates relative to that fixed origin.
When the point zero is floating, the operation can set the point zero at any position on the machine
table. This point zero is decided based on part programming convenience.
3.9.5 Incremental Programming
Incremental positioning is a programming system used to define the position of the tool in NC
machines. In an incremental system, the next tool location must be defined with reference to the
previous tool location. The dimensional data applied to the system will be a distance increment
measured from the preceding point at which the axis of motion was present.
3.9.6 Open-loop and Closed-loop System
In NC system, every control system may be designed as an open or a closed-loop control. The term
loop control means that there is no feedback in the total system and the action of the controller has
no information about the effect of the total system and the command signals that it produces. The
controller produces commands for actions of the motions of the NC machine tool.
The open-loop NC systems are of digital type and use stepping motors for driving the slides. A
stepping motor is a device whose output shaft rotates through by a fixed angle in response to an
input pulse. The stepping motors are the simplest way for converting electrical pulses into
proportional movement. Each pulse drives the stepping motor by a fraction of one revolution called
the step angle. Since there is no feedback from the slide position, the system accuracy is solely
dependent on the ability of the motor and accuracy of the mechanical parts.
The closed-loop control measures the actual position and velocity of the axis and compares them
with the help of a comparator. The comparator is a device that compares the output signal with the
signal received from the feedback device. The difference between the actual and the desired values
is the error. The control system is designed in such a way as to eliminate or reduce to a minimum,
the error, namely the system is of a negative feedback type.
4. FUNDAMENTALS OF PART PROGRAMMING
Part programme is an important component of the CNC system. The shape of the manufactured
components will depend on how correctly the programme has been prepared. Part programme is a
set of instructions which instructs the machine tool about the processing steps to be performed for
the manufacture of a component. Part programming is the procedure by which the sequence of
processing steps and other related data, to be performed on the CNC machine is planned and
documented. The part programme is then transferred to one of the input media, which is used to
instruct the CNC machine.
4.1 NC Words
The combination of binary digits (bits) in a row on the tape denotes a character. A NC word is a
collection of characters used to form an instruction. Typical NC-words are X-position, Y-position,
feed rate, etc. A collection of NC-words is called a block and a block of words is a complete NC
instruction. Following are the NC-words used in the formation of blocks. All the NC words may
not be used on every CNC machine.
 Sequence Number (N-Word)
 Preparatory Function (G-Words)
 Coordinates (X-, Y- and Z-Words)
 Feed Function (F- Word)
 Spindle Speed Function (S- Word)
 Tool Selection Function (T-Word)
 Miscellaneous Function (M-Word)
 End of Block (EOB)
4.2 Programming Formats
Format is the method of writing the words in a block of instruction. The following are the three
programme formats being used for part programming:
(a) Fixed block format
(b) Tab sequential format
(c) Word address format
The numerical control systems are designed to understand and work with one type of programme
format but control systems which can understand and work with more than one type of format are
also being used in CNC machines.
4.3 Program Structure
A CNC part program consists of one or more blocks of commands. When viewing the program, a block is
the same as a line of text. Blocks shown on the CRT are always terminated by the; symbol which is called
an EOB. Blocks are made up of alphabetical address codes. Address codes are always an alphabetical
character followed by a numeric value. For instance, the specification of the position to move the X-axis
would be a number preceded by the X symbol.
A program may also contain a / symbol. The / symbol, sometimes called a slash, is used to define an optional
block. If a block contains this symbol, any information that follows the slash in a program block, will be
ignored when the BLOCK DELETE button is selected when running a program. There is no positional
requirement for the address codes. They may be placed in any order within the block. The following page
is a sample program as it would appear on the control screen.
4.4 PREPARATORY (G) CODES:
Preparatory functions, called G codes, are used to determine the geometry of tool movements and operating
state of the machine controller, functions such as linear cutting movements, drilling operations and
specifying the units of measurement.
They are normally programmed at the start of a block.
4.4.1 Preparatory (G) Codes for Turning Machines:
S.No. CODES FUNCTION Format
G00 X ... ... ... ... Z ... ... ... ...;
1 G00 Rapid Positioning/ Traverse X ... ... ... ... Z ... ... ... ... are the X and Z axis co-ordinate
values.
G01 X ... ... ... Z ... ... ...;
2 G01 Linear Interpolation X ... ... ... ... Z ... ... ... ... are the X and Z axis co-ordinate
values.
G02 X ... ... Z ... ... I ... ... J ... ... F... ...;
X ... ... Z ... ... defines the arc end point in the work co-ordinate
system.
I ... ... J ... ... defines the signed distance of the arc start point
from the centre point of the arc.
Circular Interpolation in
3 G02 OR
CW G02 X ... ... Z ... ... R ... ... F... ...;
system.
R ... ... defines the length of the arc radius.
F ... ... defines the feed rate along the arc.
G03 X ... ... Z ... ... I ... ... J ... ... F... ...;
X ... ...Z ... ... defines the arc end point in the work co-ordinate
system.
Circular Interpolation in from the centre point of the arc.
4 G03 OR
CCW G03 X ... ... Z ... ... R ... ... F... ...;
system.
GØ4 X ... ... ... ...;
or
GØ4 P ... ... ... ...;
5 G04 Dwell
The dwell value is programmed using the address letters X
(time in seconds) or P (time in 1/1000 seconds), followed by a
number indicating this dwell value.
6 G20 Inch Data Input G20
7 G21 Metric Data Input G21
G28 U0 W0;
U and W can be used to indicate an intermediate point, through
8 G28 Reference Point Return
which the tool will pass, before continuing to the reference
point.
Tool Nose Radius
9 G40 G40
Compensation Cancel
Tool Nose Radius
10 G41 G41
Compensation Left
Tool Nose Radius
11 G42 G42
Compensation Right
Work Co-ordinate G50 U..... W.....
12 G50 Change/Max. Spindle U and W values represent the required incremental move tool
Speed setting position co-ordinates.
G70 P ns Q nf;
ns is the sequence number of the start block for the finishing
13 G70 Finishing Cycle pass.
nf is the sequence number of the last block for the finishing
pass.
G71 U (1) R;
G71 P ns Q nf U (2) W F;
U (1) is the depth of cut in the X axis (Radius value)., R is the
escaping amount (Retract).
ns is the sequence number of the first block of the programmed
finished shape.
14 G71 Stock Removal in X Axis nf is the sequence number of the last block of the programmed
finished shape.
U (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in
the X axis (Diameter value).
W is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in the
Z axis.
F is the feed rate for Roughing.
G72 W (1) R;
G72 P ns Q nf U W (2) F;
W (1) is the depth of cut in the Z axis., R is the escaping amount
(Retract).
15 G72 Stock Removal in Z Axis finished shape.
nf is the sequence number of the last block of the programmed
finished shape., U is the distance and direction of the finishing
allowance in the X axis.,
W (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in
the Z axis., F is the feedrate for Roughing.
G73 U (1) W (1) R;
G73 P ns Q nf U (2) W (2) F;
U (1) is the depth of cut in the X axis (Radius value).
W (1) is the depth of cut in the Z axis.
16 G73 Pattern Repeating R is the escaping amount (Retract)
finished shape.
nf is the sequence number of the last block of the programmed
finished shape.
U (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in
the X axis (Diameter value).
W (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in
the Z axis.
F is the feedrate for Roughing.
G74 R (1);
G74 X(U) Z (W) P Q R (2) F;
X (U) is the diameter of the bore if step over is used Z (W) is
End Face Peck Drilling
17 G74 the depth of the bore.
Cycle P is the step over in the X axis measured in micron's.
Q is the pecking depth in the Z axis measured in micron's., F is
the feedrate.
G75 R (1);
G75 X (U) Z (W) P Q R (2) F;
R (1) is the peck return amount.
X (U) is the diameter of the bore if step over is used
Outer / Internal Dia.
18 G75 Z (W) is the depth of the bore.
Drilling & Grooving Cycle P is the step over in the X axis measured in micron's.
Q is the pecking depth in the Z axis measured in micron's.
R (2) is the retract move at the base of the groove.
F is the feedrate.
G76 P (A) / (B) / (C) Q (Min) R;
G76 X(U) Z(W) P (DEP) Q (1st) F;
P (A) is the number of thread finishing passes
P (B) is the chamfer amount. This is the angle at which the tool
leaves the billet, at the end of the thread cutting cycle.
P (C) is the angle of the tool tip,
P036060 = number of cuts is 03, chamfer amount of 60° and
Multiple Thread Cutting tool angle of 60°.
19 G76
Cycle Q (Min) is the minimum cutting depth (in microns).
R is the finishing allowance.
X(U) is the end position of the thread in the X axis (the core
diameter).
Z(W) is the end position of the thread in the Z axis.
P (DEP) is the depth of the thread as a radius value (in microns).
Q (1st) is the depth of the first pass as a radius value (in microns).
F is the size of the thread pitch.
G81 Z ... ... F ... ...
20 G81 Deep Hole Drilling Cycle Z is the depth of the drill in the Z axis.
F is the feedrate.
G90 X (U) ...... Z (W) ...... F ......;
Straight Line Cutting.
F ...... is the feedrate.
21 G90 G90 X (U) ...... Z (W) ...... R ...... F ......;
Taper Cutting. R ...... is the dimension defining taper angle.
F ...... is the feedrate.
G92 X (U) ...... Z (W) ...... F Lead;
22 G92 Thread Cutting Cycle
F Lead is the threading lead feedrate.
G94 X (U) ...... Z (W) ...... F ......;
23 G94 End Face Cutting.
F ......is the feedrate.
G94 X (U) ...... Z (W) ...... R ...... F ......;
Taper Face Cutting. F ...... is the feedrate.
R ...... is the size and angle of the taper.
Constant Surface Speed G96 S ......;
24 G96
Control S ...... is the surface speed (M/Min or Feet/Min)
Spindle Speed in G97 S ......;
25 G97
Rev/Minute S ...... is the spindle speed, written in the format revs per minute.
G98 F ......;
26 G98 Per Minute Feed F ...... is the feedrate, written in the format millimeters per
minute or inches per minute.
G98 F ......;
27 G99 Per Revolution Feed F ...... is the feedrate, written in the format millimeters per
revolutions or inches per revolutions.
4.4.2 Preparatory (G) Codes for Milling Machines:

S.No. CODES FUNCTION FORMAT
G00 X ... ... Y ... ... Z ... ...;
1 G00 Rapid Positioning/ Traverse X ... ... Y ... ... Z ... ... are the X , Y and Z axis co-ordinate
values.
G01 X ... ... ... Y... ... ... Z ... ... ...;
2 G01 Linear Interpolation X ... ... ... ... Y... ... ... ... Z ... ... ... ... are the X, Y and Z axis
co-ordinate values.
G02 X ... ... Y ... ... I ... ... J ... ... F... ...;
X ... ... Y ... ... defines the arc end point in the work co-ordinate
system.
from the centre point of the arc.
Circular Interpolation in
3 G02 OR
CW G02 X ... ... Y ... ... R ... ... F... ...;
system.
G03 X ... ... Y ... ... I ... ... J ... ... F... ...;
system.
Circular Interpolation in from the centre point of the arc.
4 G03 OR
CCW G03 X ... ... Y ... ... R ... ... F... ...;
system.
GØ4 X ... ... ... ... ;
5 G04 Dwell or
GØ4 P ... ... ... ... ;
The dwell value is programmed using the address letters X
(time in seconds) or P (time in 1/1000 seconds), followed by a
number indicating this dwell value.
6 G20 Inch Data Input G20
7 G21 Metric Data Input G21
G28 X ... ... Y ... ... Z ... ...;
8 G28 Reference Point Return X, Y and Z can be used to indicate an intermediate point,
through which the tool will pass, before continuing to the
reference point.
Cutter Compensation
9 G40 G40
Cancel
10 G41 Cutter Compensation Left G41
11 G42 Cutter Compensation Right G42
G43 H1
12 G43 Z Length Offset Calls offset 1 as the Z length offset.
G50 P……
13 G50 Scaling P values represent the cutter moves will be scaled by a factor of
P
14 G50 Scaling Cancel G51
G54 X50 Y50
15 G54 Datum Shift All future moves will be shifted 50mm on the x and y axis.
G54 X0 Y0
G68 I... J... R...
16 G68 Coordinate Rotation All future moves will be rotated R degrees about axis position X
& Y.
17 G69 Cancel Rotation G69
G.... X.... Y.... Z.... R.... P.... Q.... K.... F.... ;
G.... is defined as the canned cycle.
X.... Y.... is defined as the hole position, in absolute or
incremental value.
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of
the hole in incremental mode, or the position of the hole bottom
in absolute mode.
R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R
G73 -
18 Canned Cycles point level in incremental mode, or the position of the Z datum
G89 in relation to the R point level in absolute mode.
P.... is defined as the dwell time to be performed at the bottom
of the hole (see the GØ4 code for more details).
Q.... is defined as the cut-in distance value or shift value (Note -
this is always specified as an incremental value).
K.... is defined as the number of repeats, for a series of holes.
When not specified, K=1.
F.... is defined as the feedrate for machining.
19 G73 High Speed Peck Drilling G73 X.... Y.... Z.... Q.... F.... ;
20 G74 Counter Tapping G74 X.... Y.... Z.... P.... R.... F....;
21 G76 Fine Boring G76 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... P.... Q.... F....;
22 G80 Canned Cycle, Cancel G80
23 G81 Drilling - Spot Boring G81 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... F....;
24 G82 Drilling - Counter Boring G82 X.... Y.... Z.... P.... R.... F....;
25 G83 Deep Hole Peck Drilling G83 X.... Y.... Z.... Q.... R.... F....;
26 G84 Tapping G84 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... P.... F....;
27 G85 Boring G85 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... F.... ;
28 G86 Boring G86 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... F....;
29 G87 Back Boring G87 X.... Y.... Z.... P..... Q.... R.... F....:
30 G89 Boring G89 X.... Y.... Z.... P.... R.... F....;
31 G90 Absolute Zero Command G90
32 G91 Incremental Command G91
33 G94 Feed per Minute G94
34 G95 Feed per Revolution G95
35 G98 Return to Initial Level G98
36 G99 Return to R Point Level G99
G170 R… P…. Q… X…. Y… Z… I… J… K…;
G171 P… S… R… F… B… J…. ;
For G170 block,
R defines the position of the tool to start cycle ie. Ø (surface of
job).
P defines when P is zero the cycle is a roughing cycle.
Q defines the peck increment, in program number
X defines the pocket centre in X axis (0).
Y defines the pocket centre in Y axis (0).
Z defines the pocket base (Depth of Pocket) from job surface.
I define the side finish allowance (leaves a finishing allowance
G170- Circular Pocket Canned
37 of 0.5).
G171 Cycle J defines the base finish allowance (leaves a finishing
allowance of 0.1).
K defines the radius of pocket (negative value - cut in CCW
direction).
For G171 block,
P defines the cut width percentage.
S defines the roughing spindle speed (S3000).
R defines the roughing Feed in Z (75).
F defines the roughing feed XY (250).
B defines the finishing spindle speed (3500).
J defines the finishing feed (200).
G172 I… J… K… P… Q… R… X… Y… Z…;
G173 I… K… P… T… S… R… F… B…. J… Z…;
For G172 block,
I defines the pocket X length.
G172- Rectangular Pocket Canned
38 J defines the pocket Y length.
G173 Cycle K defines the radius of corner roundness.
P defines that roughing cycle.
Q defines the pocket Z increment R defines the Absolute Z 'R'
point.
X defines the pocket corner X (Absolute position relative to the
X datum position).
Y defines the pocket corner Y (Absolute position relative to the
Y datum position).
Z defines the absolute Z base of pocket (a depth of cut).
For G173 block,
I define the pocket side finish on the finishing pass.
K defines the pocket base finish on the finishing pass.
P defines the cut width percentage (% of tool dia.).
T defines the pocket tool (tool 1).
S defines the spindle speed for roughing.
R defines the roughing feed for Z.
F defines the roughing feed X and Y.
B defines the finishing spindle speed.
J defines the finishing feed.
Z defines the safety Z (above 'R' point).
4.5 MISCELLANEOUS (M) CODES:

Miscellaneous functions, called M codes, are used by the CNC to command on/off signals to the machine
functions. i.e., MØ3 - spindle forward (CW), MØ5 - spindle stop, etc.....
The functions allocated to lower M code numbers are constant in most CNC controls, although the higher
M code number functions can vary from one make of controller to the next.
4.5.1 Miscellaneous (M) Codes for Turning Centres

1 M00 Program stop M00
2 M01 Optional stop M01
3 M02 End of program M02
4 M03 Spindle forward (clockwise) M03
Spindle reverse (counter
5 M04 M04
clockwise)
6 M05 Spindle Stop M05
M06 T……;
7 M06 Automatic tool change T……., instructing it to move to the stated tool number.
8 M08 Coolant on M08
9 M09 Coolant off M09
10 M10 Chuck open M10
11 M11 Chuck close M11
12 M13 Spindle forward and coolant on M13
13 M14 Spindle reverse and coolant on M14
14 M25 Tailstock quill extend M25
15 M26 Tailstock quill retract M26
16 M30 Program stop and reset M30
17 M38 Door open M38
18 M39 Door close M39
19 M40 Parts catcher extend M40
20 M41 Parts catcher retract M41

M98 P…..;
21 M98 Sub program call P_ _ _ _ , control will return to the program line with the
same number as stated
22 M99 Sub program end and return M99
4.5.2 Miscellaneous (M) Codes for Milling Machines:

1 M00 Program stop M00
2 M01 Optional stop M01
3 M02 Program Reset M02
4 M03 Spindle forward (clockwise) M03
5 M04 Spindle reverse (counter clockwise) M04
6 M05 Spindle Stop M05
M06 T……;
7 M06 Automatic tool change T……., instructing it to move to the stated tool number.
8 M08 Coolant on M08
9 M09 Coolant off M09
10 M10 Vice/Work Clamp Open M10
11 M11 Vice/Work Clamp Close M11
12 M13 Spindle forward and coolant on M13
13 M14 Spindle reverse and coolant on M14
14 M19 Spindle Orientation M19
15 M20 ATC Arm In M20
16 M21 ATC Arm Out M21
17 M22 ATC Arm Down M22
18 M23 ATC Arm Up M23
19 M24 ATC Drawbar Unclamp M24
20 M25 ATC Drawbar Clamp M25
21 M27 Reset Carousel to Pocket One M27
22 M30 Program Reset and Rewind M30
23 M32 Carousel CW M32
24 M33 Carousel CCW M33
25 M38 Door open M38
26 M39 Door close M39
27 M70 Mirror in X On M70
28 M71 Mirror in Y On M71
29 M80 Mirror in X Off M80
30 M81 Mirror in Y Off M81
M98 P…..;
31 M98 Sub program call P_ _ _ _ , control will return to the program line with the
same number as stated
32 M99 Sub program end and return M99
CAM EXERCISES
Ex. No.:9 TURNING AND FACING
Write a CNC Part Program to manufacture the following object using standard G and M codes.
Also check the tool path simulation using CNC LATHE software.
Ex. No.:9
TURNING AND FACING
Date:
Aim: To develop CNC Part Program to manufacture the given object using standard G and M
codes and the tool path simulation using CNC LATHE software
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 CNC Turning Centre
 Mild Steel shaft
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z75;
G21 G98 G90 G40;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S2000;
G00 Z2. X25;
G90 Z-70 X25;
X24;
X23;
X22;
X21;
X20.5
X20;
G94 Z-1.5 X0;
Z-1.7;
Z-2;
G00 X25 Z1;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result:
Thus the CNC Part program was developed for given object and the tool path simulation
using CNC LATHE software and manufactured.
Ex. No.:10 STEP TURNING
Ex. No.:10
STEP TURNING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z75;
G21 G98 G40;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S1200;
G00 X25 Z1;
N100 G90 Z-70 X25;
X24;
X23;
X22.5;
X22;
N200 G90 Z-20 X22;
X20;
X18;
X16;
X14;
X12;
X11;
X10.5;
X10;
M03 S500;
G70 P100 Q200 F25;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result:
Ex. No.:11 MULTIPLE TURNING
Ex. No.:11
MULTPLE TURNING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z70;
G21 G98 G40;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S1200;
G00 X25 Z1;
G71 U0.5 R1;
G71 P100 Q200 U0.1 W0.1 F45;
N100 G01 X10; Z0;
G01 X14 Z-5;
G01 X14 Z-10;
G02 X17 Z-13 R3;
G03 X20 Z-16 R3;
G01 X20 Z-22;
N200 G01 X25 Z-27;
M03 S500;
G70 P100 Q200 F25;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result:
Ex. No.:12 CONTOUR TURNING
Ex. No.:12
CONTOUR TURNING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z75;
G21 G98 G40;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S1200;
G00 X25 Z1;
G90 X25 Z-70;
X24;
X23;
X22.5;
G71 U0.5 R3;
G71 P100 Q200 U0.1 W0.1 F45;
N100 G01 X0 Z0;
G03 X10 Z-5 R5;
G01 X10 Z-15;
G01 X15 Z-20;
G01 X15 Z-28;
G01 X22 Z-28;
G01 X22 Z-70;
G00 X23 Z0;
N200 G01 X22 Z-70;
M03 S500;
G70 P100 Q200 F25;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result:
Ex. No.:13 GROOVING
Ex. No.:13
GROOVING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
BILLET X25 Z70; G00 X25 Z-7;
G21 G98 G40; G01 X22 Z-7;
G28 U0 W0; G01 Z-9;
G50 S2000; G00 X25 Z-7;
M06 T01; G01 X20 Z-7;
M03 S2000; G01 Z-9;
G00 Z2. X25; G00 X25 Z-7;
G90 Z-72 X25; G01 X18 Z-7;
X24; G01 Z-9;
X23; G00 X25 Z-7;
X22.5; G01 X16 Z-7;
X22; G01 Z-9;
G94 Z-1.5 X0; G00 X26 Z-9;
Z-1.7;Z-2; M05;
G00 X25 Z1; G28 U0 W0;
G28 U0 W0; M30;
M06 T02
Result:
Ex. No.:14 TAPER TURNING
Ex. No.:14
TAPER TURNING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X32 Z70; X22.5;
G21 G98 G40; X22;
M06 T01; G00 X32 Z-15;
G28 U0 W0; G90 X32 Z-35 R-5;
G00 X32 Z2; Z-30;
G90 Z-15 X32; Z-35;
X31; M05;
X30; G00 X20 Z0;
X29; G01 X21 Z-1;
X28; G00 X20 Z0;
X27; G01 X22 Z-2;
X26; G00 X22 Z0
X25; G28 U0 W0;
X24; M05;
X23; M30;
Result:
Ex. No.:15 THREAD CUTTING
Ex. No.:15
THREAD CUTTING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z75; Z-35;
G21 G98 G40; Z-40;
M06 T01; M05;
G28 U0 W0; G28 U0 W0;
G00 X32 Z2; M06 T02;
G90 Z-20 X32; G00 X23 Z-20;
X31; G90 X22 Z-15;
X30; X20;
X29; X19;
X28; X18.5;
X27; X18;
X26; G00 X22 Z-15
X25; G28 U0 W0;
X24; M06 T03;
X23; G00 X22 Z2;
X22.5; G76 P106060 Q1.5 R2;
X22; G76 X19.052 Z-15 F2;
G00 X32 Z-20; G00 X36 Z10;
G90 X32 Z-40 R-5; M05;
Z-30; M30;
Result:
Ex. No.:16 CONTOUR MILLING
Also check the tool path simulation using CNC MILLING software.
Ex. No.:16
CONTOUR MILLING
Date:
codes and the tool path simulation using CNC MILLING software
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 CNC Milling Centre
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET SIZE 100X100X10
G21 G90 G40
G28 Z0.
M06 T1
M03 S2500
G00 X25. Y30.
G00 Z2.000
G01 Z-2.
G02 X25. Y70. R20. F10.
G01 X25. Y75.
G01 X35. Y75.
G02 X65. Y75. R15. F10.
G01 X75. Y75.
G01 X75. Y70.
G02 X75. Y30. R 20. F10.
G01 X75. Y25.
G01 X65. Y25.
G02 X35. Y25. R 15. F10.
G01 X25. Y25.
G01 X25. Y30.
G00 Z2.
G28 X0. Y0. Z0.
M05.
M30.
Result:
using CNC MILLING software and manufactured.
Ex. No.:17 MIRRORING
Ex. No.:17
MIRRORING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
[BILLET SIZE 100X100X10 M81
G21 G90 G00 X0. Y0. Z2.
G28 Z0. G28 X0. Y0. Z0.
M06 T1 M05
M03 S2500 M30
G00 X0. Y0. Z2. :1001
M98 P1001 M03 S2500
M70 G90
M98 P1001 G98 G00 X0. Y0.
M80 G00 X15. Y15.
M71 G01 Z-5.
M98 P1001 G01 X35. Y15.
M81 G01 X15. Y35.
M70 G01 X15. Y15.
M71 G00 Z0.
M98 P1001 M05
M80 M99
Result:
Ex. No.:18 CIRCULAR POCKETING
Ex. No.:18
CIRCULAR POCKETING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
G21 G90 G80
G91 G28 Z0.
M06 T01
M03 S2500
G00 X0. Y0. Z2.
G170 R0. P0 Q-2 X50. Y50. Z-6. I0. J0. K-20.
G171 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200
G00 Z2. G40
M05
M30
Result:
Ex. No.:19 RECTANGULAR POCKETING
Ex. No.:19
RENTANGULAR POCKETING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
G21 G90 G80
G28 Z0.
M06 T01
M03 S2500
G00 X0. Y0. Z2.
G172 R0. P0 Q-1 X25. Y30. Z-6. I40. J30. K-24.
G173 P75 S3000 R75 F250 B3500 J200
G00 Z2.
M05
M30
Result:
Ex. No.:20 DRILLING
Ex. No.:20
DRIILING
Date:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
 Micro meter
 Vernier
PROGRAM:
G21 G90 G94
G00 X0. Y0. Z0.
M06 T01
M03 S5000
G00 X 10. Y10.Z2.
G73 X10. Y10. Z-6. F25. Q1 K 5.
G80
G00 X50. Y50. Z10.
M05
G28 X0. Y0. Z0.
M03 S3000
M06 T05
G00 X0. Y0. Z2.
M03 S5000
G00 X 10. Y10.Z2.
G73 X10. Y10. Z-2. F25. Q1 K 5.
G00 X0. Y0. Z2.
M05
M30
Result:

Readme

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Readme

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

GRT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME6611 CAD / CAM LABORATORY

RECORD NOTE BOOK

Name of the Student : .

Year/Semester : Third Year / Sixth Semester .

Branch : Mechanical Engineering .

academic year 2017-2018.

Staff–In–Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on ____________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

S.No Date Experiment Page no Signature

Synthesis Geometric Modelling

Design Review &

Presentation Automated Drafting

Figure 1 Role of Computer Aided Design

Wire Frame Entities

Figure 2The default Pro/E Wildfire screen.

Figure 4 A description of the CREO screen.

2.4.1. Prepare for sketching

Figure 5 The Sketched Features toolbar.

Figure 6 Extrusion dialog window.

Figure 7 Sketch view set-up window.

Figure 8 Control buttons for sketch views.

Figure 9 The sketch plane with grid on.

Figure 10 The sketch and datum toolbar.

Figure 11 Groups in the top tool chest.

2.5 Creating a 2-D Engineering Drawing

Figure 12 Creating a new drawing window.

Figure 13 Drawing set-up window.

2.6 Other Useful Features

1. Unprotected type flange coupling.

Figure 17 Point-to-point (positioning) NC system

Figure 19 Contouring (continuous path) NC system for two-dimensional operations

4.4.2 Preparatory (G) Codes for Milling Machines:

4.5 MISCELLANEOUS (M) CODES:

S.No. CODES FUNCTION FORMAT

20 M41 Parts catcher retract M41

4.5.2 Miscellaneous (M) Codes for Milling Machines:

S.No. CODES FUNCTION FORMAT

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen