An Industrial Internship Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of B.TECH in

Civil Engineering

by

SINGAPANDI S 14BCL0308

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 December-2016

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Industrial Internship report”
submitted by me to School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology
University, Vellore in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering) is a record of bonafide Industrial Internship – CLE399
work carried out by me. I further declare that the work reported in this Industrial
Internship report has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in
full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or
university.

Place: Vellore Signature of the Candidate

Date: 27-01-2017 SINGAPANDI S

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 School of Civil & Chemical Engineering [SCALE]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industrial Internship report entitled “INDUSTRIAL

INTERNSHIP” submitted by SINGAPANDI (14BCL0308) to School of Civil & Chemical
Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of B.Tech (Civil Engineering) is a record of
bonafide Industrial Internship – CLE399 work carried out by him/her in
S.Rajagopal & Co (Builders and construction). The Industrial Internship
project fulfills the requirements as per the regulations of this Institute and in my opinion
meets the necessary standards for submission. The contents of this report have not been
submitted and will not be submitted either in part or in full, for the award of any other
degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or university.

S.Rajagopal M.E
S.Rajagopal & Co, Vellore.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The internship opportunity I had with S.Rajagopal & Co (Builders and

construction) was a great chance for learning and professional development. I would like
to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to S.Rajagopal M.E Founder of
S.Rajagopal & Co (Builders and construction) who in spite of being extraordinarily
busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and
allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization and extending during the
training.

I extend my gratitude to VIT University for giving me this opportunity. I

also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents and
member of my family, who has always supported me morally as well as economically. At last
but not least gratitude goes to all of my friends who directly or indirectly helped me to
complete this project report.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION 06

2 WHAT WE DID THERE 06

3 TOOLS 12

4 SANITORY WORK 15

5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 16

6 CONCLUSION 19

1. INTRODUCTION

To over the decade of india developing the new advanced

materials in construction field. Now a days they only depends upon the feasible
project. They used the low cost material with high strength properties and they makes
economic project.

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 In vellore we heard about few private constructions .we went
to the s rajagopal construction & pvt ltd. Because they used fly ash bricks for their
construction works. we didn’t heard about the fab bricks ,so we got the permission
from the construction office .

In market fly ash had low value and good strength so they
produced the fly ash bricks by own and established some tests and mix design.

Technical assistance, guidance and advice during the planning,

design and construction are always available to consumers to produce the best possible
result in a project.

WHAT WE DID THERE

FOUNDATION WORKS
Shallow Foundation:- Shallow foundations, often called footings, are
usually embedded about a meter or so into soil. One common type of shallow foundation is
the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil
through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced
mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the
building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker
for heavier structures.

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Fig. Grade beam details.

Shallow foundation was processed for the construction by using Rcc of 1:1.5:3 ration on the
foundation. As thee fig shows p.c.c of 1:4:8 was used for 6” and sand filling for 6” was

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 done .Grade M 53 cement was used. Reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars and ties of
8mm were used for the Grade beams used in construction

CONSTRUCTION OF PLINTH LEVEL BEAM

In architecture, a plinth is the base or platform upon which a
column, pedestal, statue, monument or structure rests. Gottfried Simper’s The Four
Elements of Architecture (1851) posited that the plinth, the hearth, the roof, and the
wall make up all of architectural theory. The plinth usually rests directly on the ground,
or "sty lobate". According to Semper, the plinth exists to negotiate between a structure
and the ground. Simper’s theory has been influential in the development of
architecture.

In simple words, plinth or plinth level is the floor level of the ground
floor. The plinth needs to be strong, but need not be made up of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) all the time. However, irrespective of the specific contexts, RCC plinths
are increasingly being cast in most constructions today. In RCC frame structure, plinth
acts as a tie, as a beam at ground level itself. More recently, after few disasters we have
faced, RCC plinth beams are being recommended for their earthquake-resistant
properties.

Plinth of 23 cmx 75 cm dimension was used for more betterment as

there was rise of the ground level for future requirements. Gravel with 40 mm aggregates was
used for rising of the floor

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 A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the
beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to
these loads is called a bending moment.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering

structural elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames,
machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures
that are designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.

Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a

structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure
above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression
member. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed
to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns"
because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams
or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column"

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 refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural
purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.

For the construction of columns reinforcements are to be

extended from the footings. To extend the reinforcements shoe for column is done as shown in
the figure. The diameter of reinforcement for the columns are 16 mm bars (6 nos.) for columns
around the edges, 12 mm diameter bars (6 nos.) for the two columns at the center. Concrete
of ratio 1:4:8 was used with cement grade M53. As the quick settling cement are used
nowadays, settling of concrete requires 24 hours of settling.

The beam reinforcement was carried out using 12 mm diameter bars with 8 mm ties and
concrete ratio of 1:4:8.

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Fig . Grease is applied on the inside surface of Formwork so that concrete and formwork
do not stick together while demoulding.

CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS AND PLASTERING

The standard bricks (200mmx100mmx100 mm) were used for the
construction of walls by double wall stretcher arrangement below the ground floor
level. English method was used for the construction walls on the visible areas.
Cement ratio of 1:3 was used for the arrangement of the floor.

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 Fig, English bond method of bricks arrangement.
Plaster is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings. Plaster
starts as a dry powder similar to mortar or cement and like those materials it is mixed
with water to form a paste which liberates heat and then hardens. Unlike mortar and
cement, plaster remains quite soft after setting, and can be easily manipulated with
metal tools or even sandpaper. These characteristics make plaster suitable for a
finishing, rather than a load-bearing material. The term plaster can refer to gypsum
plaster (also known as plaster of Paris), lime plaster, or cement plaster. For Brick
Masonry walls plastering is done by cement plaster. For 4.5 inch wall (Single
Brick Wall) cementsand ratio is taken as 1:4.Such walls are constructed
where wall is used only as a partition wall. For 9 inch wall (Two Brick wall)
cement-sand ratio is 1:7 and are constructed where walls have to act as load
bearing walls

CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB
A roof slab/intermediate floor slab is constructed to span between
supports such as beams and columns. It is structurally designed to safely carry the ‘dead
load’ of its own weight (including finishing layers above it) and any additional ‘live load’
imposed by human activity. The most common technique for constructing the roof/
floor in India is by casting a Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) slab. Reinforced Cement
Concrete, as it is practiced today, has been in use since 1867. RCC slab is a monolithic
element which consists of cement concrete which encases within itself a matrix of steel
rods called ‘reinforcement’ as here reinforcement of 12 mm bars with 6 mm ties are
used. It uses the unique property of concrete to quickly harden into a rigid mass after
being laid in different forms and thicknesses. However, concrete, which is most efficient
in resisting compressive loads, is very poor in resisting tension which develops when it
bends. So, the performance of concrete is further enhanced by placing reinforcement
rods in the concrete which allows the concrete to resist the bending which would result
in a thin RCC slab spanning between two supports. RCC scan either be cast-in-situ by
pouring concrete on shuttering or it can be pre-cast where smaller sized slab
components are first made and then transported and installed at the site to create the

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floor/roof. The biggest advantage of RCC slab is that the basic raw materials needed for
its construction – cement, sand, steel and aggregates – and skilled masons for casting
the slab are easily available everywhere. However, because RCC has become such a
commonly practiced technology, basic quality control guidelines for a good quality and
durable RCC slab are often ignored in practice, especially in rural areas, where it has not
been traditionally practiced.
In our sites, all the slabs were laid at a height of 3.2 meters with
concrete of 1:4:8:2ratio of cement, sand, aggregate and water. Time delay from where
the mixing is done to the point of pouring concrete should be kept at a minimum to
ensure good workability of concrete.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

MIXER-A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer)
is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel,
and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a evolving drum to mix
the components.

Fig. Mixer used for concrete mixing on site preparation.

Time delay from where the mixing is done to the point of pouring concrete should be
kept at a minimum to ensure good workability of concrete.

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TOOLS
Trowel: For surfacing the plastering and mixing of cement
mixture.
Sprit Levelling: construction of column in exact vertical and
leveling of the floors.

Sand paper: polishing of the surface before plastering and

removal of any dusts on the surface.
Paint roller: to make the painting job much faster and even on
the surface.
Pencil and sketch: marking of the location for better
understanding by every worker and the engineer.

CURING OF CONCRETE
In all but the least critical applications, care must be taken to
properly cure concrete, to achieve best strength and hardness. This happens after the
concrete has been placed. Cement requires a moist, controlled environment to gain
strength and harden fully. The cement paste hardens over time, initially setting and
becoming rigid though very weak and gaining in strength in the weeks following. In
around 4 weeks, typically over 90% of the final strength is reached, though
strengthening may continue for decades. The conversion of calcium hydroxide in the
concrete into calcium carbonate from absorption of CO2 over several decades further
strengthen the concrete and make it more resilient to damage. However, this reaction,

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called carbonation, lowers the pH of the cement pore solution and can cause the
reinforcement bars to corrode.
Hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is
critical. Abnormally fast drying and shrinkage due to factors such as evaporation from
wind during placement may lead to increased tensile stresses at a time when it has not
yet gained sufficient strength, resulting in greater shrinkage cracking. The early
strength of the concrete can be increased if it is kept damp during the curing process.
Minimizing stress prior to curing minimizes cracking. High-early-strength concrete is
designed to hydrate faster, often by increased use of cement that increases shrinkage
and cracking. The strength of concrete changes (increases) for up to three years. It
depends on cross-section dimension of elements and conditions of structure
exploitation.
During this period concrete must be kept under controlled temperature and humid
atmosphere. In practice, this is achieved by spraying or ponding the concrete
surface with water, thereby protecting the concrete mass from ill effects of
ambient conditions. The pictures to the right show two of many ways to achieve this,
ponding – submerging setting concrete in water and wrapping in plastic to contain the
water in the mix. Additional common curing methods include wet burlap and/or plastic
sheeting covering the fresh concrete, or by spraying on a water-impermeable
temporary curing to achieve this, ponding – submerging setting concrete in water and
wrapping in plastic to contain the water in the mix. membrane. Properly curing concrete
leads to increased strength and lower permeability and avoids cracking where the
surface dries out prematurely. Care must also be taken to avoid freezing or overheating
due to the exothermic setting of cement. Improper curing can cause scaling, reduced
strength, poor abrasion resistance and cracking.

FLOORING
Floors are the horizontal element of the building. Factors to be
considered before deciding the type of flooring -Initial cost

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 -Appearance
-Durability
-Damp-resistance
-Sound insulation
-Thermal insulation
-Hardness
-Fire resistance
In all the three sites of our construction Marble flooring was done. If marble has any
surface cracks, then it may react with cement and turn greyish over a period of Time.
Thus, what we saw is that before placing marble a polymeric sheet was attached to the
marble surface, so that it retains its glow over the period of time.

7.10 WORKERS AND SALARY

Workers required for a day in an average is plotted in the table.

PROFESSION NUMBER COST (Rs.)

Head mason 1 750.00
Mason 1 450.00
Men coolie 4 400.00
Women coolie 4 350.00
The table excludes the carpentry works and painting jobs as the estimated time for the
construction is to be three months. On an average of rupees 75,000.00 was used for
the workers expenditure, if the duration of working hours is from 10;00 am to 5:00 pm
with an interval of an hour between 1:00pm - 2:00 pm.

SANITARY WORKS
Sanitary works are an important part of any construction as they
involve the laying of pipelines for proper drainage from toilets, bathrooms, kitchen, etc.
Design of Septic Tank:-Septic tanks/traps are placed at regular intervals inside the
building to ensure regular checks in case of any blockages. The main sewer pipe is
directly connected to the sewer line of the locality. The base of septic tank is kept

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 sloping and consists of two chambers. Top is covered with iron plate which acts as a
main hole. The septic tank has the capacity to holds 12000 liters.

8. NON TECHNICAL SKILLS

Oral and written communication

Team Work Business Savvy

Organization and management skills

Problem Solving
Oral and written communication
Making a speech or presentation before a large group of people and peers which
improved my Oral Communication Skills.
∑ Participated in oral presentations in classes
∑ Join the debate team
∑ Volunteer to work on a crisis hotline
∑ Volunteer to work in on campus activities that
∑ require public speaking
∑ Chair a meeting or discussion group
∑ The ability to read and understand information presented in a variety of forms
such as diagrams, charts, or text.

 Team Work
∑ Working in a team allows to connect our work to the work of the team and the team to the
overall mission of the organization we work for.

∑ Attended sensitivity training sessions to understand and get along with people of
other races, religions and ethnic or cultural background.

∑ Organizing events, trips (at a university or with friends in vacations)

Business Savvy

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 ∑ Understood how the business operates, and being able to follow or produce
cross-functional process documentation puts in the winner’s circle.

∑ Developed an interest in current affairs, business, or finance

∑ Enroll in business related courses
∑ Read publications and other technical works related to the business

Organization and management skills

∑ Plan, design or carry out a short term project or task from start to finish with well
defines objectives and outcomes

∑ Prioritize work to meet deadlines

 Problem Solving
∑ Using technical skills to solve a problem and/or make effective decisions on the basis of
the information have been given.

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Conclusion

The visit to the S.Rajagopal & Co (Builders and construction) gave us an

insight as to how computer peripherals and servers are assembled on large scale. On the
whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new knowledge, skills. I
achieved several of my learning goals, however for some the conditions did not permit. I got
insight into professional practice. I learned the different facets of working within a different
people. I experienced that financing, as in many organizations, is an important factor for the
progress of projects.

Construction of the residential building for the purpose of real

estate and the basic requirements expected by the buyer are learned during the
internship. The various grade of cement, standard sizes available in bulk which are
expected to be used more frequently for reinforcement and mixtures of cement used
for various purposes were understood. Environment around the site and availability of
the basic needs decides the price and probability of acceptance by the buyer. The
problems faced during on preparation of concrete mix, cement mixture are learned and
resolved during the course of Internship.

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