Arthur Conan Doyle

“Conan Doyle” redirects here. For the professional the British Library and the Library of Congress treat
athlete, see Conan Doyle (rugby union). “Doyle” alone as his surname.[11]
Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, has writ-
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (22 May ten, “Conan was Arthur’s middle name. Shortly after he
1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish writer and physician, graduated from high school he began using Conan as a
most noted for his fictional stories about the detective sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply
Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered mile- 'Doyle'.”[12] When knighted he was gazetted as Doyle, not
stones in the field of crime fiction. under the compound Conan Doyle.[13] Nevertheless, the
He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of a actual use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the
second character he invented, Professor Challenger, and fact that Doyle’s second wife was[14]
known as “Jean Conan
[1]
for popularising the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He Doyle” rather than “Jean Doyle”.
was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy
and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-
fiction and historical novels.
1.3 Medical career

1 Life and career

1.1 Early life

Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859

at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh.[2][3] His father, Charles
Altamont Doyle, was born in England of Irish Catholic
descent, and his mother, Mary (née Foley), was Irish
Catholic. His parents married in 1855.[4] In 1864 the
family dispersed due to Charles’s growing alcoholism and
the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh.
In 1867, the family came together again and lived in
squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.[5]
Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to the Jesuit
preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst, at the age
of nine (1868–70). He then went on to Stonyhurst Col-
lege until 1875. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated at
the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria.[5]
By the time he left, he had rejected religion and be-
come an agnostic,[6] though he would eventually become
a spiritualist mystic.[7]
Doyle’s father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal,
Dumfries, after many years of psychiatric illness.[8][9]
Portrait of Doyle by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893

1.2 Name From 1876 to 1881 he studied medicine at the

Although Doyle is often referred to as “Conan Doyle”, his
baptism entry in the register of St Mary’s Cathedral, Ed-
inburgh, gives “Arthur Ignatius Conan” as his Christian
names, and simply “Doyle” as his surname. It also names
Michael Conan as his godfather.[10] The cataloguers of
University of Edinburgh Medical School, including peri-
ods working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns,
Shropshire.[15] While studying, Doyle began writing
short stories. His earliest extant fiction, “The Haunted
Grange of Goresthorpe”, was unsuccessfully submitted
to Blackwood’s Magazine.[5] His first published piece,

1
2 1 LIFE AND CAREER

“The Mystery of Sasassa Valley”, a story set in South

Africa, was printed in Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal on
6 September 1879.[5][16] On 20 September 1879, he pub-
lished his first academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poison”
in the British Medical Journal.[5][17][18]
Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler
Hope of Peterhead in 1880[19] and, after his graduation
from university in 1881 as M.B., C.M., as a ship’s surgeon
on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African
coast.[5] He completed his M.D. degree (an advanced de-
gree in England beyond the usual medical degrees) on the
subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885.[20]
In 1882 he joined former classmate George Turnavine
Budd as his partner at a medical practice in Plymouth,
but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon
left to set up an independent practice.[5][21] Arriving
in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 (£900
today[22] ) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1
Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea.[23] The practice was
initially not very successful. While waiting for patients,
Doyle again began writing fiction.
In 1890 Doyle studied ophthalmology in Vienna, and
moved to London, first living in Montague Place and
Portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget, 1904
then in South Norwood. He set up a practice as an
ophthalmologist at No. 2 Upper Wimpole St, London
W1.[24] (A Westminster Council plaque in place over the
front door can be seen today.) A sequel to A Study in Scarlet was commissioned and
The Sign of the Four appeared in Lippincott’s Magazine
in February 1890, under agreement with the Ward Lock
company. Doyle felt grievously exploited by Ward Lock
1.4 Literary career as an author new to the publishing world and he left
them.[5] Short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were
1.4.1 Sherlock Holmes published in the Strand Magazine. Doyle first began to
write for the 'Strand' from his home at 2 Upper Wimpole
Doyle struggled to find a publisher for his work. His Street, now marked by a memorial plaque.[29]
first work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson,
Doyle’s attitude towards his most famous creation was
A Study in Scarlet, was taken by Ward Lock & Co on 20 [26]
November 1886, giving Doyle £25 for all rights to the ambivalent. In November 1891 he wrote to his mother:
“I think of slaying Holmes ... and winding him up for
story. The piece appeared later that year in the Beeton’s
Christmas Annual and received good reviews in The Scots- good and all. He takes my mind from better things.”
His mother responded, “You won't! You can't! You
man and the Glasgow Herald.[5] Holmes was partially [30]
modelled on his former university teacher Joseph Bell. mustn't!". In an attempt to deflect publishers’ demands
for more Holmes stories, he raised his price to a level in-
Doyle wrote to him, “It is most certainly to you that I owe
Sherlock Holmes ... round the centre of deduction and in- tended to discourage them, but found[26] they were willing
ference and observation which I have heard you inculcate to pay even the large sums he asked. As a result, he
I have tried to build up a man.” [25]
Dr. (John) Watson became one of the best-paid authors of his time.
owes his surname, but not any other obvious character- In December 1893, to dedicate more of his time to his
istic, to a Portsmouth medical colleague of Doyle’s, Dr historical novels, Doyle had Holmes and Professor Mori-
James Watson.[26] arty plunge to their deaths together down the Reichenbach
Robert Louis Stevenson was able, even in faraway Samoa, Falls in the story "The Final Problem". Public outcry,
to recognise the strong similarity between Joseph Bell however, led him to feature Holmes in 1901 in the novel
and Sherlock Holmes: “My compliments on your very The Hound of the Baskervilles.
ingenious and very interesting adventures of Sherlock In 1903, Doyle published his first Holmes short story
Holmes. ... can this be my old friend Joe Bell?"[27] Other in ten years, The Adventure of the Empty House, in
authors sometimes suggest additional influences—for in- which it was explained that only Moriarty had fallen; but
stance, the famous Edgar Allan Poe character C. Auguste since Holmes had other dangerous enemies—especially
Dupin.[28] Colonel Sebastian Moran—he had arranged to also be
1.5 Sporting career 3

work.[26] He also authored nine other novels, and later

in his career (1912-1929) five stories, two of novella
length, featuring the irascible scientist Professor Chal-
lenger. The Challenger stories include what is probably
his best-known work after the Holmes oeuvre, The Lost
World. He was a prolific author of short stories, includ-
ing two collections set in Napoleonic times featuring the
French character Brigadier Gerard.
Doyle’s stage works include Waterloo, the reminiscences
of an English veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, the charac-
ter of Gregory Brewster being written for Henry Irving;
The House of Temperley, the plot of which reflects his
abiding interest of boxing; The Speckled Band, after the
short story of that name; and the 1893 collaboration with
J.M. Barrie on the libretto of Jane Annie.[33]

1.5 Sporting career

While living in Southsea, Doyle played football as a

goalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Club,
an amateur side, under the pseudonym A. C. Smith.[34]
(This club, disbanded in 1896, has no connection with
the present-day Portsmouth F.C., which was founded in
Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birth- 1898.) Doyle was a keen cricketer, and between 1899 and
place of Doyle which was demolished c.1970 1907 he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone
Cricket Club (MCC). He also played for the amateur
cricket team the Allahakbarries alongside authors J. M.
perceived as dead. Holmes was ultimately featured in a Barrie and A. A. Milne.[35]
total of 56 short stories - the last published in 1927 - and
His highest score, in 1902 against London County, was
four novels by Doyle, and has since appeared in many
43. He was an occasional bowler who took just one first-
novels and stories by other authors.
class wicket (although one of high pedigree—it was W.
Jane Stanford compares some of Moriarty’s characteris- G. Grace).[36] Also a keen golfer, Doyle was elected cap-
tics to those of the Fenian John O'Connor Power. 'The tain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for
Final Problem' was published the year the Second Home 1910. (He had moved to Little Windlesham house in
Rule Bill passed through the House of Commons. 'The Crowborough with his second wife, Jean Leckie, living
Valley of Fear' was serialised in 1914, the year Home there with his family from 1907 until his death in July
Rule, the Government of Ireland Act (18 September) was 1930.[37] )
placed on the Statute Book.[31]

1.6 Marriages and family

1.4.2 Other works
In 1885 Doyle married Mary Louise (sometimes called
Doyle’s first novels were The Mystery of Cloomber, not “Louisa”) Hawkins, the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins,
published until 1888, and the unfinished Narrative of of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and sister of one of
John Smith, published only in 2011.[32] He amassed a Doyle’s patients. She suffered from tuberculosis and died
portfolio of short stories including “The Captain of the on 4 July 1906.[38] The following year he married Jean
Pole-Star” and "J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement", both Elizabeth Leckie, whom he had first met and fallen in love
inspired by Doyle’s time at sea, the latter of which pop- with in 1897. He had maintained a platonic relationship
ularised the mystery of the Mary Celeste and added fic- with Jean while his first wife was still alive, out of loyalty
tional details such as the perfect condition of the ship to her.[39] Jean died in London on 27 June 1940.[40]
(which had actually taken on water by the time it was dis-
Doyle fathered five children. He had two with his first
covered) and its boats remaining on board (the one boatwife: Mary Louise (28 January 1889 – 12 June 1976) and
was in fact missing) that have come to dominate popularArthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (15 Novem-
accounts of the incident.[1][5] ber 1892 – 28 October 1918). He also had three with his
Between 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historical second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (17 March 1909 – 9
novels, which he and many critics regarded as his best March 1955), second husband of Georgian Princess Nina
4 1 LIFE AND CAREER

Mdivani; Adrian Malcolm (19 November 1910 – 3 June 1.8 Correcting injustice
1970); and Jean Lena Annette (21 December 1912 – 18
November 1997).[41]

1.7 Political campaigning

Doyle’s house in South Norwood, London

Following the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the

20th century and the condemnation from some quarters
over the United Kingdom’s role, Doyle wrote a short work
titled The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct,
which justified the UK’s role in the Boer War and was
widely translated. Doyle had served as a volunteer doctor
in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between
March and June 1900.[42] Doyle believed that this publi-
cation was responsible for his being knighted as a Knight
Bachelor by King Edward VII in 1902[13] and for his ap-
pointment as a Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey.[43] Also in
1900 he wrote a book, The Great Boer War.
He twice stood for Parliament as a Liberal Unionist—in
1900 in Edinburgh Central and in 1906 in the Hawick
Burghs—but although he received a respectable vote, he
was not elected.[44] In May 1903 he was appointed a
Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of Saint
John of Jerusalem.[45] Doyle statue in Crowborough, East Sussex

Doyle was a supporter of the campaign for the reform of

the Congo Free State, led by the journalist E. D. Morel
and diplomat Roger Casement. During 1909 he wrote
The Crime of the Congo, a long pamphlet in which he
denounced the horrors of that colony. He became ac-
quainted with Morel and Casement, and it is possible that,
together with Bertram Fletcher Robinson, they inspired
several characters in the 1912 novel The Lost World.[46]
Doyle broke with both Morel and Casement when Morel
became one of the leaders of the pacifist movement dur-
ing the First World War. When Casement was found
guilty of treason against the Crown during the Easter Ris-
ing, Doyle tried unsuccessfully to save him from facing
the death penalty, arguing that Casement had been driven
mad and could not be held responsible for his actions.[47]
Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice and per-
sonally investigated two closed cases, which led to two
men being exonerated of the crimes of which they were
accused. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-
British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji who had
allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated ani-
mals in Great Wyrley. Police were set on Edalji’s con-
viction, even though the mutilations continued after their
suspect was jailed.[48]
It was partially as a result of this case that the Court of
Criminal Appeal was established in 1907. Apart from
helping George Edalji, his work helped establish a way to
correct other miscarriages of justice. The story of Doyle
and Edalji was dramatised in an episode of the 1972 BBC
1.9 Spiritualism, Freemasonry 5

television series, “The Edwardians”. In Nicholas Meyer’s

pastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes manages
to help clear the name of a shy Parsi Indian character
wronged by the English justice system. Edalji was of
Parsi heritage on his father’s side. The story was fiction-
alised in Julian Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur & George,
which was adapted into a three-part drama by ITV in
2015.
The second case, that of Oscar Slater, a Yekke and
gambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-
year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908, excited Doyle’s cu-
riosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution case
and a general sense that Slater was not guilty. He ended
up paying most of the costs for Slater’s successful appeal
in 1928.[49]

1.9 Spiritualism, Freemasonry

Doyle with his family in New York City, 1922

monia, which he contracted during his convalescence af-

ter being seriously wounded during the 1916 Battle of
the Somme. Brigadier-General Innes Doyle died, also
from pneumonia, in February 1919. Sir Arthur be-
One of the five photographs of Frances Griffiths with the alleged came involved with Spiritualism to the extent that he
fairies, taken by Elsie Wright in July 1917 wrote a novella on the subject, The Land of Mist, fea-
turing the character Professor Challenger. The Com-
Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects. In ing of the Fairies (1922)[53] appears to show that Conan
1887 he joined the Society for Psychical Research and Doyle was convinced of the veracity of the five Cottingley
was also initiated as a Freemason (26 January 1887) at the Fairies photographs (which decades later were exposed as
Phoenix Lodge No 257 in Southsea. He resigned from the a hoax). He reproduced them in the book, together with
Lodge in 1889, but returned to it in 1902, only to resign theories about the nature and existence of fairies and spir-
again in 1911.[50] its.
Following the death of his wife Louisa in 1906, the death In 1920, Doyle debated the notable sceptic Joseph Mc-
of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World Cabe on the claims of Spiritualism at Queen’s Hall in
War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers- London. McCabe later published his evidence against
in-law (one of whom was E. W. Hornung, creator of the Doyle and Spiritualism in a booklet entitled Is Spiri-
literary character Raffles) and his two nephews shortly af- tualism Based on Fraud? which claimed Doyle had
ter the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace been duped into believing Spiritualism by mediumship
supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of trickery.[54]
existence beyond the grave. In particular, according to
Doyle was friends for a time with Harry Houdini, the
some,[51] he favoured Christian Spiritualism and encour-
American magician who himself became a prominent
aged the Spiritualists’ National Union to accept an eighth
opponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s fol-
precept – that of following the teachings and example of
lowing the death of his beloved mother. Although Hou-
Jesus of Nazareth. He was a member of the renowned dini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery
supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.[52] (and consistently exposed them as frauds), Doyle became
On 28 October 1918, Kingsley Doyle died from pneu- convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural
6 1 LIFE AND CAREER

powers—a view expressed in Doyle’s The Edge of the Un-

known. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Doyle
that his feats were simply illusions, leading to a bitter pub-
lic falling out between the two.[55] A specific incident is
recounted in memoirs by Houdini’s friend Bernard M.L.
Ernst, in which Houdini performed an impressive trick at
his home in the presence of Conan Doyle. Houdini as-
sured Conan Doyle the trick was pure illusion and that
he was attempting to prove a point about Doyle not “en-
dorsing phenomena” simply because he had no explana-
tion. According to Ernst, Conan Doyle refused to believe
it was a trick.[56]
In 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Price accused the
spirit photographer William Hope of fraud. Doyle de-
fended Hope, but further evidence of trickery was ob-
tained from other researchers.[57] Doyle threatened to
have Price evicted from the National Laboratory of Psy-
chical Research and claimed if he persisted to write
“sewage” about spiritualists, he would meet the same
fate as Harry Houdini.[58] Price wrote “Arthur Conan
Doyle and his friends abused me for years for exposing
Hope.”[59] Because of the exposure of Hope and other
fraudulent spiritualists, Doyle in the 1920s led a mass res-
ignation of eighty-four members of the Society for Psy- Doyle in 1930, the year of his death, with his son Adrian
chical Research, as they believed the Society was opposed
to spiritualism.[60]
Doyle and spiritualist William Thomas Stead were duped
into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psy-
chic powers. Both Doyle and Stead claimed the Zancigs
performed telepathy. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig
confessed that that their mind reading act was a trick and
published the secret code and all the details of the trick
method they had used under the title of Our Secrets!! in a
London newspaper.[61] In his book The History of Spiritu-
alism (1926), Doyle praised the psychic phenomena and
spirit materializations produced by Eusapia Palladino and
Mina Crandon, who were both exposed as frauds.[62] In
1927, Doyle spoke in a filmed interview about Sherlock
Holmes and spiritualism.[63]
Richard Milner, an American historian of science, has
presented a case that Doyle may have been the perpetrator
of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counter-
feit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over
40 years. Milner says that Doyle had a motive—namely,
revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one
of his favourite psychics—and that The Lost World con-
tains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in
the hoax.[64][65] Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked is
the Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout his
writings, Doyle left open clues that related to hidden and
suppressed aspects of his mentality.[66]
Doyle’s grave at Minstead, England

1.10 Death
on 7 July 1930. He died of a heart attack at the age of
Doyle was found clutching his chest in the hall of Windle- 71. His last words were directed toward his wife: “You
sham Manor, his house in Crowborough, East Sussex, are wonderful.”[67] At the time of his death, there was

some controversy concerning his burial place, as he was
avowedly not a Christian, considering himself a Spiritu-
alist. He was first buried on 11 July 1930 in Windlesham
rose garden.
He was later reinterred together with his wife in Minstead
churchyard in the New Forest, Hampshire.[5] Carved
wooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of his
wife are held privately and are inaccessible to the public.
That inscription reads, “Blade straight/Steel true/Arthur
Conan Doyle/Born May 22nd 1859/Passed on 7th July
1930.”
The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard
reads, in part: “Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan
Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician, and man of letters”.[68]
Undershaw, the home near Hindhead, Haslemere, which
Doyle had built and lived in between October 1897 and
September 1907,[69] was a hotel and restaurant from 1924
until 2004. It was then bought by a developer and stood
empty while conservationists and Doyle fans fought to
preserve it.[38] In 2012 the High Court ruled the redevel-
opment permission be quashed because proper procedure
had not been followed.[70]
A statue honours Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crow- [10] Stashower says that the compound version of his surname
borough, where he lived for 23 years.[71] There is a statue originated from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distin-
of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, close
to the house where Doyle was born.[72]
2 Bibliography
Main article: Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography
3 See also
• Physician writer
• William Gillette, a personal friend who performed
the most famous stage version of Sherlock Holmes
• List of notable Freemasons
4 References
[1] Macdonald Hastings, Mary Celeste, (1971); ISBN 0-7181-
1024-2
[2] “Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detec-
tive Sherlock Holmes”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Re-
trieved 30 December 2009.
[3] “Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Biography”. sherlockholmeson-
line.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011.
Retrieved 13 January 2011.
7
[4] The details of the births of Arthur and his siblings are un-
clear. Some sources say there were nine children, some
say ten. It seems three died in childhood. See Owen Dud-
ley Edwards', “Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan (1859–
1930)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford
University Press, 2004; Encyclopædia Britannica; Arthur
Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters, Wordsworth Editions,
2007 p. viii; ISBN 978-1-84022-570-9
[5] Owen Dudley Edwards, “Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Co-
nan (1859–1930)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biog-
raphy, Oxford University Press, 2004
[6] Golgotha Pres (2011). The Life and Times of Arthur Co-
nan Doyle. BookCaps Study Guides. ISBN 978-1-62107-
027-6. In time, he would reject the Catholic religion and
become an agnostic.
[7] Pascal, Janet B. (2000). Arthur Conan Doyle: Beyond
Baker Street. Oxford University Press, p. 139
[8] Lellenberg, Jon; Daniel Stashower; Charles Foley (2007).
Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. HarperPress. pp.
8–9. ISBN 978-0-00-724759-2.
[9] Stashower, pp. 20–21.
guished journalist, from whom Arthur and his elder sis-
ter, Annette, received the compound surname of “Conan
Doyle” (Stashower 20–21). The same source points out
that in 1885 he was describing himself on the brass name-
plate outside his house, and on his doctoral thesis, as “A.
Conan Doyle” (Stashower 70). However, the 1901 census
indicates that Conan Doyle’s surname was “Doyle”, lead-
ing some sources to assert that the form “Conan Doyle”
was used as a surname only in his later years.
[11] Christopher Redmond, Sherlock Holmes Handbook (Dun-
durn, 2nd edition 2009), p. 97
[12] Steven Doyle & David A. Crowder, Sherlock Holmes for
Dummies (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), p.
51
[13] The London Gazette: no. 27494. p. 7165. 11 November
1902. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
[14] Cutis, vols. 53–54 (1994), p. 312: “A large stone
cross stands over a simple half-oval white stone, inscribed:
“Steel True, Blade Straight, Arthur Conan Doyle, Knight,
Patriot, Physician & Man of Letters, 22 May 1859 – 7 July
1930, And His Beloved, His Wife, Jean Conan Doyle ...”
[15] Brown, Yoland (1988). Ruyton XI Towns, Unusual Name,
Unusual History. Brewin Books. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-
947731-41-5.
[16] Stashower, Daniel (2000). Teller of Tales: The Life of
Arthur Conan Doyle. Penguin Books. pp. 30–31. ISBN
0-8050-5074-4.
[17] Doyle, Arthur Conan (20 September 1879). “Arthur Co-
nan Doyle takes it to the limit (1879)". British Medical
Journal. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 Febru-
ary 2014. (subscription required)
8 4
[18] Doyle, Arthur Conan (20 September 1879). “Letters,
Notes, and Answers to Correspondents”. British Medical
Journal. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 Febru-
ary 2014. (subscription required)
[19] Conan Doyle, Arthur (Author), Lellenberg, Jon (Editor),
Stashower, Daniel (Editor) (2012). Dangerous Work: Di-
ary of an Arctic Adventure. University Of Chicago Press;
ISBN 0-226-00905-X; ISBN 978-0-226-00905-6.
[20] Available at the Edinburgh Research Archive.
[21] Stashower, pp. 52–59.
[22] UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from
Gregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earnings
and Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
[23] Stashower, pp. 55, 58–59.
[24] Stashower, p. 118.
[25] Independent, 7 August 2006.
[26] Carr, John Dickson (1947). The Life of Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle.
[27] Letter from R L Stevenson to Doyle 5 April 1893 The
Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson Volume 2/Chapter XII.
[28] Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York:
Checkmark Books, 2001. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-8160-
4161-X.
[29] City of Westminster green plaques; accessed 22 March
2014.
[30] Panek, LeRoy Lad (1987). An Introduction to the Detec-
tive Story. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Uni-
versity Popular Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-87972-377-7. Re-
trieved 4 January 2012.
[31] Stanford Jane, That Irishman: The Life and Times of John
O'Connor Power, pp. 30, 124–127, History Press Ireland,
May 2011; ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1
[32] Saunders, Emma (6 June 2011). “First Conan Doyle novel
to be published”. BBC. Archived from the original on 7
June 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
[33] "Jane Annie — J.M. Barrie and Doyle’s Libretto Rather
Puzzles London”, The New York Times, 28 May 1893, p.
13
[34] Juson, Dave; Bull, David (2001). Full-Time at The Dell.
Hagiology Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 0-9534474-2-1.
[35] “What is the connection between Peter Pan, Sherlock
Holmes, Winnie the Pooh and the noble sport of cricket?.
BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2014
[36] “London County v Marylebone Cricket Club at Crystal
Palace Park, 23–25 Aug 1900”. Static.cricinfo.com. Re-
trieved 2 March 2010.
[37] Arthur Conan Doyle. “Memories and Adventures”, p.
222. Oxford University Press, 2012; ISBN 1441719288.
[38] Leeman, Sue, “Sherlock Holmes fans hope to save Doyle’s
house from developers”, Associated Press, 28 July 2006.
REFERENCES
[39] Janet B. Pascal (2000). “Arthur Conan Doyle:Beyond
Baker Street: Beyond Baker Street”. p. 95. Oxford Uni-
versity Press; ISBN 0195122623.
[40] The London Gazette: no. 35171. p. 2977. 23 May 1941.
Retrieved 2 June 2014.
[41] “Obituary: Air Commandant Dame Jean Conan Doyle”.
The Independent; retrieved 6 November 2012
[42] Miller, Russell. The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle.
New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211–217;
ISBN 0-312-37897-1.
[43] The London Gazette: no. 27453. p. 4444. 11 July 1902.
Retrieved 28 May 2013.
[44] “Arthur Conan Doyle: 19 things you didn't know”. The
Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2014
[45] The London Gazette: no. 27550. p. 2921. 8 May 1903.
Retrieved 2 June 2014.
[46] Spiring, Paul. “B. Fletcher Robinson & 'The Lost World'".
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[47] Rajiva Wijesinha (2013). “Twentieth Century Classics:
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Harry. Famous Trials 1. Penguin Books. p. 108.
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[54] Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud?
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[62] William Kalush, Larry Ratso Sloman. (2006). The Secret
Life of Houdini: The Making of America’s First Superhero.
Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7432-7208-7
[63] 1927 Conan Doyle interview
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[65] ""Piltdown Man: British archaeology’s greatest hoax” The
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[66] Samuel Rosenberg. (1974). Naked is the Best Disguise:
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[67] Stashower, p. 439.
[68] Johnson, Roy (1992). “Studying Fiction: A Guide and
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[69] Duncan, Alistair (2011). An Entirely New Country: Arthur
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held”. BBC News. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 12
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[71] “Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930), author database), li-
brarything.com; retrieved 17 March 2012.”. Retrieved 5
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[72] “Sherlock Holmes statue reinstated in Edinburgh after
tram works”, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 6 November 2012.
5 Further reading
• Martin Booth. (2000). The Doctor and the Detec-
tive: A Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Mino-
taur Books. ISBN 0-312-24251-4
• John Dickson Carr. (2003 edition, originally pub-
lished in 1949). The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Carroll and Graf Publishers.
• Arthur Conan Doyle, Joseph McCabe. (1920).
Debate on Spiritualism: Between Arthur Conan
Doyle and Joseph McCabe. The Appeal’s Pocket Se-
ries.
9
• Bernard M. L. Ernst, Hereward Carrington. (1932).
Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Strange
Friendship. Albert and Charles Boni, Inc.
• Kelvin Jones. (1989). Conan Doyle and the Spirits:
The Spiritualist Career of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Aquarian Press.
• Jon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, Charles Foley.
(2007). Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters.
HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-724759-2
• Andrew Lycett. (2008). The Man Who Created
Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-7523-3
• Russell Miller. (2008). The Adventures of Arthur
Conan Doyle: A Biography. Thomas Dunne Books.
• Pierre Nordon. (1967). Conan Doyle: A Biography.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Ronald Pearsall. (1977). Conan Doyle: A Biograph-
ical Solution. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
• Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The
Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan
Doyle. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-
896-0
• Daniel Stashower. (2000). Teller of Tales: The Life
of Arthur Conan Doyle. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-
8050-5074-4
6 External links
• Arthur Conan Doyle Online Exhibition
• Conan Doyle in Birmingham
• The Arthur Conan Doyle Society
• Archival material relating to Arthur Conan Doyle
listed at the UK National Archives
• Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg
Australia
• Works by or about Arthur Conan Doyle at Internet
Archive
• Works by Arthur Conan Doyle at LibriVox (public
domain audiobooks)
• Online works available from the University of Ade-
laide Library
• Works of Arthur Conan Doyle available as freely
downloadable eBooks at University of Virginia
EText Center
10 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Arthur Conan Doyle at the Internet Speculative Fic-

tion Database
• Arthur Conan Doyle is available for free download
at the Internet Archive
• C. Frederick Kittle’s Collection of Doyleana at the
Newberry Library
• DOYLE, Sir Arthur Conan, Knt.— Cr. 1902, The
county families of the United Kingdom or Royal
manual of the titled and untitled aristocracy of Eng-
land, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, (Volume ed.59,
yr.1919) (page 109 of 415) by Edward Walford
 11

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text
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evekamp, Magnus Manske, Tbc, Kpjas, Derek Ross, Eloquence, Mav, Koyaanis Qatsi, Sjc, Eclecticology, XJaM, Toby Bartels, Absecon 59,
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