Ferrolino, Errol Bryanne A.

1. What is meant by transformer action? Under what conditions will it take

place? Under what conditions will it not take place?
-Transformer action is the action that creates the emf. It takes place in any
DC system of coupled circuits when a switch is opened or closed, but it’s
more important practical application is in connection with the operation of
a-c apparatus such as transformers and induction motors. This fact implies
that the coils have a magnetic circuit that is common to both.
2. Explain why transformer action can take place in a d-c circuit.
-If this flux created by a varying current though one coil changes, the
mutual flux will change under this condition there will be created an
induced voltage in the second coil. The secondary induced voltage results
because the flux changed through the coil, although this flux change is
occasioned in the first placed by the current change in the first or primary
coil.
3. If alternating current is impressed on one coil, what will be the frequency
of the induced voltage in another coil with which it is coupled
-The frequency of the induced voltage in the second coil is exactly the same
as the frequency of the induced voltage of the primary
4. Define a static transformer
-Static transformer is a device the most common utilizes the principle of
transformer action
5. Why are transformers more efficient than rotation electric machines?
-Transformers are more efficient than the rotating electric machines
because the losses in transformers are low, consisting only of copper and
iron losses , the efficiency is extremely high compared with the rotating
electrical machines.
6. Distinguish between core-type and shell-type transformers.
-Core type transformers are the coils surrounding a considerable part of the
magnetic part. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around the
core sides, with low-voltage coil leads at the top and the high voltage leads
at the bottom while a shell type transformer is the magnetic circuit
 surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. All the primary and
secondary coils are assembled, after which the entire coil assembly is
dipped in an insulating varnish and baked. The properly cut laminations are
then pushed through the coil opening and are buttoned to pieces
surrounding the coil.
7. To what circuit is the primary of a transformer connected? The secondary
connected?
-The primary of a transformer is connected to the primary source of supply
while on the other hand, the secondary is the coil in which the voltage of
mutual induction is induce and which feeds energy to the load.
8. Describe how the core and windings of transformers are assembled
-Rigid bracing is always important in transformer assemblies. The
laminations and coils will vibrate with the current changes and thus cause
objectionable noise.
9. What advantages are claimed for the transformer that is constructed by
winding steel strips spirally through the openings and around the coils?
-One of the advantages are: a more rigid core; smaller size for a smaller kVA
rating; reduction in strains in the iron, normally set up by clamps; lower
iron losses at higher flux densities and reduction in the cost of
manufacture.
10.Why are transformer windings divided into several coils?

- A transformer generally consists of one or more coils (winding) of conducting wire,

wound on a former (bobbin) that surrounds the centre limb (sometimes all limbs) of a
circuit of magnetic material (core). The winding wires are insulated and the core is
made from thin sheet steel plates known as laminations (this reduces 'eddy current'
losses). The assembly is held together by metal cheeks known as clamps, these clamps
are held in place by long screws that are insulated from the rest of the structure (again
to limit eddy currents). The winding wires are either made off to terminals mounted on
the clamps or the wire may leave the coil by flying leads.

11.What is meant by leakage flu?

 - Any flux that does not do in the transformer action where it exists when flux (mutual
flux) couples both primary and secondary.

12.Why are the first few turns of high-voltage transformer coils especially
well insulated?

- The first few turns (the ended turns) are the ones that are subjected to voltages high
enough to break down the insulation. It is for the reason that the end turns are more
widely separated and more strongly insulated than are the other turns.
13.Why do transformers hum. How can this hum be minimized?

- The laminations and coils will vibrate with the current changes and this cause hum or
noise. Transformers are generally placed inside tightly fitted sheet-metal cases
developed so that it serves both to insulate the windings and through circulation to
keep the windings reasonably cool

14.What purposes are served by placing transformers in oil-filled tanks?

- Oil filled transformer fluid promotes longevity in more power driven transformers;
and with larger applications, dependability is a priority. Oil filled transformer fluids
usually a very refined mineral oil that is stable at higher temperatures, and in bigger
applications can prevent equipment breakdown or overheating

15.What properties should good transformer oil possess?

- Oil (usually high quality mineral oils) cools the transformer. Oil filled transformer fluids
also provide insulation between internal parts of the transformer. Because the oil stays
stable when large machinery and equipment operate large applications for long
periods of time; there is less chance of production shutting down due to overheating in
equipment. Oil filled tanks in the transformer may have radiators, which circulate the
oil keeping internal temperatures around 55degrees Celsius.

16.Last several common insulating materials for transformers.

- Several common insulating materials for transformers are: paper, pressboard, cloth,
mica, asbestos and impregnating compounds
17.Why are the tanks of some large transformers corrugated?

- In larger size, tanks are corrugated or finned or have external tubes and in very large
units the tanks must be supplied with external radiators through which the oil
circulates by natural convection, owing to differences in temperature in the liquid. This
method can be employed for units of any size or voltage rating, although large-capacity
units become rather expensive and bulky. The common liquid employed is insulating
oil.

18.What is meant by oil sludging? How is it caused?

-The decomposition of oil with continued use. It is caused principally by
exposure to oxygen during heating and results in the formation of heavy
deposits of dark, heavy matter that will eventually clog the cooling ducts in
the transformer.
19.Describe how transformer coils are constructed.

- Transformers are constructed with different types of metal enclosing structures to

meet the requirements of different conditions of installation. One type of enclosure is
designed for mounting on poles, either directly or with hanger irons, for use in
overhead distribution work. Another type of enclosure, called the platform type is
suitable for installations in which the transformer stands upon its own base.

20.What current flows in the primary of a transformer when the secondary is

open-circuited? What function has this current?

- If the secondary circuit is open, no current can flow in it, but if it is closed, a certain
current, proportional to the impedance of the secondary circuit, will flow. This current,
because of the direction of the emf generated in the secondary, will be in such a
direction that the magnetic flux produced in the core by it will oppose the flux due to
the primary winding. It will therefore decrease the effective or resultant flux in the core
by a small amount which will decrease the counter-emf of the primary winding and
permit more current to flow into the primary winding
21.Upon what factors does the induced voltage in the primary of a
transformer depend? In the secondary?

- Since the primary and secondary windings are on the same core, the magnetic flux
generated by the magnetizing or exciting current flowing in the primary winding also
cuts the turns of the secondary winding and generates an emf in them. This emf will
be, in accordance with a well-known law, opposite in direction to that impressed on
the primary

22.What relation exists between primary and secondary voltages and turns?

- The voltage of both primary and secondary will change with the value of the current
of the system. Such transformers are used for instrument transformers and in some
series street-lighting installations. The currents in the primary and the secondary
windings will be, very closely, inversely proportional to the ratio of the primary and
secondary voltages because, if the small losses of transformation are disregarded, the
power put into a transformer will equal the power delivered by it

23.What is meant by the ratio of transformation? How can this be

determined experimentally?

- The voltage ratio of a constant-voltage transformer, the ratio of primary to secondary

voltage, depends primarily upon the ratio of the primary to the secondary turns. The
voltage ratio will vary slightly with the amount and power factor of the load. For
general work the voltage ratio can be taken as equal to the turn ratio of the windings.

24.What relation exists between the primary and secondary currents and
turns?

- The turns ratio Np:Ns are both proportional to the inversely current ratio Is:Ip.

25.What relation exists between the primary and secondary voltages and
currents?

- It will result to Power of both primary and secondary are the same
26.Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers.

- A step-up transformer is a constant-voltage transformer so connected that the

delivered voltage is greater than the supplied voltage while a step-down transformer is
one so connected that the delivered voltage is less than that supplied; the actual
transformer may be the same in one case as in the other, the terms step-up and step-
down relating merely to the application of the apparatus.

27.What are some transformers constructed with the primary and secondary
windings divided into two halves

- It is necessary merely to select any two points on the continuous winding such that
one-half of the total number of turns is included between them

28.When a winding is divided into two halves, why are the center leads
crossed before they are brought out?

- If an ordinary two-coil transformer had been used, the circuits would have been,
while the required constructive material would have been approximate

29.Distinguish between power and distribution transformers

-When a transformer is used for distribution service, that is, when the
secondary is connected directly to the “customer” load it is called a
distribution transformer. Transformers for such service are distinguished
from so-called power transformers, which are employed in high-voltage
transmission systems by public service companies.
30.Why are distribution transformers tapped?

- Distribution transformers generally are liquid immersed, self-cooled. Power and

distribution transformers are normally of the standard type with the windings
insulated from each other, although those with autotransformer construction can be
obtained for special applications in which the voltage ratio is small. Power transformers
are always of the platform type. Distribution transformers are made with tanks for pole
and platform mounting and with tanks of the subway and vault types