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Research supported in part by the Friends of the University of Navarra Associa8on
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Biodiversity
Knowledge
Gaps
-‐-‐
absolute
• Biodiversity
exists.
• Knowledge
about
biodiversity
is
-‐-‐
achievable
gained.
Biodiversity
knowledge
Ariño,
A.H.,
et
al.,
in
prep.:
Biodiversity
Knowledge
Gaps.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
The
Biodiversity
Knowledge
Gap
Conjectures
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Ariño,
A.H.,
et
al.,
in
review:
GBIF
Best
Prac8ce
Guide
for
‘Data
Gap
Analysis
for
Biodiversity
Stakeholders’.
GBIF,
Copenhagen.
GAP
FILLING
DAK
–
Digitally
Accessible
Knowledge:
Primary
data
that
are
both
digital
and
accessible
in
standard
formats
LK
–
Locked
knowledge:
Data
that
are
known
to
exist,
but
cannot
be
accessed
because
of
some
barrier
(e.g.
paywall,
obsolete
digital
systems,
inability
to
digi8ze)
BK
–
Buried
knowledge:
Data
that
exist
but
whose
existence
is
not
known
or
cannot
be
ascertained
by
users.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
From
Conjectures
to
Hypotheses:
Tes8ng
Approaches
• Top-‐down
– Set
the
maximum
achievable
extent
– Measure
rela8ve
and
prac8cal
gaps
found
in
separate
sources
• E.g.
Hjarding
et
al.,
2014
• Bo]om-‐up
– Compile
separate
sources
independently
– Measure
the
extent
of
overlap
• E.g.
Pino
del
Carpio
et
al.,
2011,
2013,
2014
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Hjarding
A.,
Tolley
K.A.,
Burguess
N.D.,
2014:
Red
List
assessments
of
East
African
chameleons:
a
case
study
of
why
we
need
experts.
Oryx,
doi:10.1017/S0030605313001427.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
A
Word
on
“GBIF
Data”
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Ariño,
A.H.,
Chavan,
V.,
Faith,
D.P.,
2013.
Assessment
of
user
needs
of
primary
biodiversity
data:
Analysis,
Concerns,
and
Challenges.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
59-‐93.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Ariño,
A.H.,
Chavan,
V.,
Faith,
D.P.,
2013.
Assessment
of
user
needs
of
primary
biodiversity
data:
Analysis,
Concerns,
and
Challenges.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
59-‐93.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Data
availability
-‐>
data
use
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Data
use
rate
–
stabilized?
R2 = 0.992
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Test
Run:
GBIF
filling
biological
diversity
knowledge
gap
in
Biosphere
Reserves
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Reserves.
PhD
Thesis
by
Andrea
Pino
del
Carpio.
Doctoral
co-‐advisors:
Rafael
Miranda,
Arturo
H.
Ariño
Pino-‐del-‐Carpio
A.,
2013.
The
use
of
knowledge
about
biodiversity
on
the
management
of
Biosphere
The
Biosphere
Reserves
• “Sites
established
by
countries
and
recognized
under
UNESCO's
Man
and
the
Biosphere
(MAB)
Programme
to
promote
sustainable
development
based
on
local
community
efforts
and
sound
science.”
-‐-‐
Man
and
Biosphere
Programme
• 631
biosphere
reserves
in
119
countries
all
over
the
world.
• tools
to
help
countries
implement
the
results
of
the
World
Summit
on
Sustainable
Development
and,
in
par8cular,
the
Conven8on
on
Biological
Diversity
and
its
Ecosystem
Approach.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Reserves.
PhD
Thesis
by
Andrea
Pino
del
Carpio.
Doctoral
co-‐advisors:
Rafael
Miranda,
Arturo
H.
Ariño
Pino-‐del-‐Carpio
A.,
2013.
The
use
of
knowledge
about
biodiversity
on
the
management
of
Biosphere
The
Biosphere
Reserves
Area
zones
TYPICAL
ACTIVITIES
Core:
TransiIon
• Biodiversity
conserva8on
• Monitoring
• Non-‐destruc8ve
research
Buffer
Buffer:
• Coopera8ng
ac8vi8es
Core
• Ecotourism
• Research
Transi8on:
• Sustainable
development
• Sustainable
agriculture,
se]lements
• Community
services
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
General
Methods
1. Select
Biosphere
Reserves
Networks
2. Extract
informa8on
from
sources:
1. Management
Plans
and
nomina8on
proposals
(MP)
2. Scien8fic
literature
including
books,
redlists
(LIT)
3. Mu8ple
datasets
made
available
through
GBIF
3. Compile
lists
4. Review
taxonomy
5. Harmonize
taxonomies
using
expert
input
6. Tabulate
lists
7. Compute
intersec8ons
between
lists
8. Calculate
gaps
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
BIOSPHERE
RESERVE
GBIF
Coordinate
grid
georeferenced
in
MP’s
convex
datapoints
hull
Uncertainty band
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
Biosphere
Reserves
Na8onal
Parks
Protected
areas
Na8onal
Monuments
Other
categories
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
SPAIN
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
ATLANT
IC
FRAN
CE
Species richness
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
VERTEBRATES
250
200
Fish:
347
(14.5%)
150
100
50
121
Species
richness
(34.9%)
Management
Plans:
1971
225
Management
(9.4%)
(82.3%)
49
Plans:
1971
177
(7.4%)
Amphibians:
(27.7%)
231
(9.6%)
species
260
(10.9%)
GBIF:
151
Rep8les:
456
(19.9%)
1255
(33.1%)
1770
(52.4%)
species
208
(8.7%)
140
Birds:
1005
(42.0%)
(5.8%)
GBIF:
1770
729
(73.9%)
76
Literature:
(72.5%)
(3.2%)
1731
(72.3%)
Literature:
1731
species
All
Species:
2395
205
Mammals:
409
(17.1%)
(50.1%)
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
200
SPAIN
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
VERTEBRATES
100
13
50
(20%)
25
38
(59%)
Fish:
64
(11.5%)
Species
richness
GBIF:
506
(91.0%)
37
(6.7%)
32
(5.8%)
25
Amphibians:
35
(6.3%)
(71%)
7
MP:
502
(20%)
(90.3%)
11
(18%)
86
(84%)
21
All
Species:
556
(7%)
Mammals:
102
(18.4%)
6
(6%)
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Richness
(number
of
fish
species)
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
FISH
Los Tuxtlas
High
Montes Azules Sian Kaan La Encrucijada Pantanos de Centla Los Petenes
Medium
(41-‐57)
Ria
Lagarto
Alto
Golfo
de
California
Ria
Celestun
Zicuiran-‐Infiernillo
El
Ocote
Low
Very
low
(6-‐18)
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
FISH
MP:
7.8
±
4.7
LIT:
LIT:
44
(19%)
46
8.9
±
3.8
MP:
43
(13%)
(13%)
(22%)
(12%)
7.1
±
4.3
(17%)
121
(35%)
4.9
±
2.5
(12%)
34
4
±
4.4
(10%)
16
(10%)
(5%)
2.7
±
1.1
(7%)
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Pino-‐del-‐Carpio
A.,
Villarroya
A.,
Ariño
A.H.,
Puig
J.,
Miranda
R.,
2011.
Communica8on
gaps
of
knowledge
of
freshwater
fish
biodiversity:
implica8ons
for
the
management
and
conserva8on
of
Mexican
Biosphere
Reserves.
Journal
of
Fish
Biology,
79(6):
1563-‐1591.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
FISH
SNC
IUCN
SPAIN
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
VERTEBRATES
Birds
v
-‐
listed
SNC
Vulnerable
Amphibia
50
40
30
v
-‐
listed
IUCN
20
10
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Ariño,
A.H.,
Chavan,
V.,
Faith,
D.P.,
2013.
Assessment
of
user
needs
of
primary
biodiversity
data:
Analysis,
Concerns,
and
Challenges.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
59-‐93.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
MEXICO
:
BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
:
VERTEBRATES
IS
GBIF
USEFUL
FOR
CONSERVATION?
• Yes
it
is.
It
provides
a
prac8cal
source
of
informa8on
and
can
help
filling
gaps.
• GBIF
conveys
data
from
data
publishers.
Informa8on
not
shared
does
not
inform
anything.
• Knowledge
depends
on
informa8on
exis8ng
and
exposed,
whatever
the
means.
GBIF
is
one
prac8cal
means
to
expose
exis8ng
informa8on.
• Conserva8on
depends
on
knowledge.
Less
knowledge
-‐>
success
by
accident.
More
knowledge
-‐>
failure
by
accident.
• Reliability
and
fitness-‐for-‐use
of
GBIF-‐enabled
data
remains
the
main
perceived
issue
for
conserva8on
purposes.
But
lack
of
knowledge
can
only
be
alleviated
by
sharing
data.
• Cross-‐checking
sources
enables
correc8on
and
cura8on.
Reliance
on
single
sources
is
dangerous.
• The
only
“thing”
that
can
subs8tute
an
expert
is
another
expert.
But
experts
have
to
rely
on
informa8on
sources
too.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Works
covered
or
cited
• PINO-‐DEL-‐CARPIO
A.,
2013.
The
use
of
knowledge
about
biodiversity
on
the
management
of
Biosphere
Reserves.
PhD
Thesis
by
Andrea
Pino
del
Carpio.
Doctoral
co-‐advisors:
Rafael
Miranda,
Arturo
H.
Ariño
• PINO-‐DEL-‐CARPIO
A.,
ARIÑO
A.H.,
MIRANDA
R.,
2014.
Data
exchange
gaps
in
knowledge
of
biodiversity:
implica8ons
for
the
management
of
Biosphere
Reserves.
Biodiversity
&
Conserva8on,
DOI:
10.1007/s10531-‐014-‐0718-‐2.
• PINO-‐DEL-‐CARPIO
A.,
VILLARROYA
A.,
ARIÑO
A.H.,
PUIG
J.,
MIRANDA
R.,
2014.
The
biodiversity
data
knowledge
gap:
Assessing
informa8on
loss
in
the
management
of
Biosphere
Reserves.
Biological
Conserva8on,
173:
74-‐79.
doi:
10.1016/j.biocon.
2013.11.020
• FAITH,
D.P.,
COLLEN,
B.,
ARIÑO,
A.H.,
KOLEFF,
P.,
GUINOTTE,
J.,
KERR,
J.,
CHAVAN,
V.,
2013.
Bridging
the
biodiversity
data
gaps:
Recommenda8ons
to
meet
users’
data
needs.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
41-‐58.
• ARIÑO,
A.H.,
CHAVAN,
V.,
FAITH,
D.P.,
2013.
Assessment
of
user
needs
of
primary
biodiversity
data:
Analysis,
Concerns,
and
Challenges.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
59-‐93.
• GAIJI,
S.,
CHAVAN,
V.,
ARIÑO,
A.H.,
OTEGUI,
J.,
HOBERN
D.,
SOOD
R.,
ROBLES,
E.,
2013.
Content
assessment
of
the
primary
biodiversity
data
published
through
GBIF
network:
Status,
Challenges
and
Poten8als.
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8:
94-‐172
• ARIÑO,
A.H.,
OTEGUI,
J.,
VILLARROYA,
A.,
PÉREZ
DE
ZABALZA,
A.I.,
2012.
Primary
biodiversity
data
records
in
the
Pyrenees.
Environmental
Engineering
and
Management
Journal,
11(6):
1059-‐1075.
• OTEGUI,
J.,
VILLARROYA,
A.,
ARIÑO,
A.H.,
2012.
Protected
areas
in
the
Spanish
Pyrenees:
A
meaningful
way
to
preserve
biodiversity?
Environmental
Engineering
and
Management
Journal,
11(6):
1133-‐1140.
• PINO-‐DEL-‐CARPIO
A.,
VILLARROYA
A.,
ARIÑO
A.H.,
PUIG
J.,
MIRANDA
R.,
2011.
Communica8on
gaps
of
knowledge
of
freshwater
fish
biodiversity:
implica8ons
for
the
management
and
conserva8on
of
Mexican
Biosphere
Reserves.
Journal
of
Fish
Biology,
79(6):
1563-‐1591.
• ARIÑO,
A.H.,
CHI-‐JEN
KO,
B.,
2014.
Free-‐Text
Answers
to
the
CNA-‐TG
Survey.
Annex
to
ARIÑO
ET
AL.,
2013,
Biodiversity
Informa8cs,
8(2):
59-‐93,
dataset
available:
h]ps://www.researchgate.net/publica8on/264346556_Free-‐text_answers_to_GBIFS_CNA-‐TG_Survey?ev=prf_pub
• Hjarding
A.,
Tolley
K.A.,
Burguess
N.D.,
2014:
Red
List
assessments
of
East
African
chameleons:
a
case
study
of
why
we
need
experts.
Oryx,
doi:10.1017/S0030605313001427.
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014
Thank
You
ARTURO H. ARIÑO ET AL.: FILLING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE GAPS. GBIF GB21, DELHI, 17-IX-2014