Euglenid

Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida,

ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of
Euglenids
flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their Temporal range: Eocene (53.5Ma) -
cell structure is typical of that group. They are commonly found in freshwater, recent [1]
especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and
endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular. Many euglenids have
chloroplasts and produce their own food through photosynthesis, but others feed
by phagocytosis, or strictly by diffusion. This group is known to contain the
carbohydrate paramylon.

Euglenids are said to descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by
secondary endosymbiosis.[3]

Contents Euglena viridis, by Ehrenberg

Structure Scientific classification
Classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Nutrition
Osmotrophic euglenoids (unranked): Excavata
Reproduction Phylum: Euglenophyta
Gallery Pascher, 1931
References
Class: Euglenophyceae
Bibliography
Schoenichen, 1925
External links
Major groups[2]
Phototrophs (in general)
Structure Euglenales/Euglenina

Euglenids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a pellicle (periplast). Eutreptiales/Eutreptiina

Within its taxon, the pellicle is one of the euglenids' most diverse features from a Euglenamorphales/Euglenamorphina
morphological standpoint.[4] The pellicle is composed of proteinaceous strips Osmotrophs
underneath the cell membrane, supported by dorsal and ventralmicrotubules. This Rhabdomonadales/Rhabdomonadina
varies from rigid to flexible, and gives the cell its shape, often giving it distinctive Phagotrophs
striations. In many euglenids the strips can slide past one another, causing an ?Heteronematales/Heteronematina
inching motion calledmetaboly. Otherwise they move using their flagella. ?Sphenomonadales/Sphenomonadina

Classification Synonyms

The euglenids were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1884 as the flagellate order Euglenoidina Bütschli , 1884,
Euglenida, as an animal. Botanists subsequently created the algal division
Blochmann, 1886
Euglenophyta; thus they were classified as both animals and plants, as they share
characteristics with both. Conflicts of this nature are exemplary of why the Euglenoidea Lankester, 1885
kingdom Protista was adopted. However, they retained their double-placement Euglenida Stein, 1878 sensu
until the flagellates were split up, and both names are still used to refer to the
Simpson, 1997
group. Their chlorophyll are not masked with accessory pigments.
Euglenoida Cavalier-Smith,

Nutrition 1993

The classification of euglenids is still variable, as groups are being revised to

conform with their molecular phylogeny. Classifications have fallen in line with the
traditional groups based on differences in nutrition and number of flagella; these
provide a starting point for considering euglenid diversity. Different characteristics
of the euglenids' pellicles can provide insight into their modes of movement and
nutrition.[5]

As with other Euglenozoa, the primitive mode of nutrition is phagocytosis. Prey

such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported
by microtubules. These are often packed together to form two or more rods, which
function in ingestion, and in Entosiphon form an extendable siphon. Most
phagotrophic euglenids have two flagella, one leading and one trailing. The latter is
used for gliding along the substrate. In some, such as Peranema, the leading
flagellum is rigid and beats only at its tip.

Osmotrophic euglenoids
1—2. Ascoglena sp. (Euglenales);
Osmotrophic euglenids are euglenids which have under
gone osmotrophy. 3—4. Cryptoglena sp. (idem);
5—9, 14—15, 24—25, 27-29.
Due to a lack of characteristics which are useful fortaxonomical purposes, the origin Trachelomonas spp. (id.);
of osmotrophic euglenids is unclear. Though, certain morphological characteristics 10. Eutreptia sp. (Eutreptiales);
reveal a small fraction of osmotrophic euglenids are derived from phototrophic and 11, 20. Astasia spp. (Euglenales);
phagotrophic ancestors.[6] 12. Distigma sp. (Eutreptiales);
13. Menoid[i]um sp.
A prolonged absence of light or exposure to harmful chemicals may cause atrophy (Rhabdomonadales);
and absorption of the chloroplasts without otherwise harming the organism. There 16—18. Colacium sp. (Euglenales);
19, 26. Petalomonas spp.
are a number of species where a chloroplast's absence was formerly marked with
(Sphenomonadales);
separate genera such as Astasia (colourless Euglena) and Hyalophacus (colourless
21. Sphenomonas sp. (id.);
Phacus). Due to the lack of a developed cytostome, these forms feed exclusively by 22—23. Euglenopsis sp.
osmotrophic absorption. (Euglenales);
30. Peranema sp. (Heteronematales)

Reproduction
Although euglenids share several common characteristics with animals, which is why they were originally classified as so, there is no
evidence of euglenids ever usingsexual reproduction. This is one of the reasons they could no longer be classified as animals.

For euglenids to reproduce, asexual reproduction takes place in the form of binary fission, and the cells replicate and divide during
mitosis and cytokinesis. This process occurs in a very distinct order. First, the basal bodies and flagella replicate, then the cytostome
and microtubules (the feeding apparatus), and finally the nucleus and remaining cytoskeleton. Once this occurs, the organism begins
to cleave at the basal bodies, and this cleavage line moves towards the center of the organism until two separate euglenids are
evident.[7] Because of the way that this reproduction takes place and the axis of separation, this is called longitudinal cell division or
longitudinal binary fission.[8]

Gallery
Euglena sp. (Euglenales) Phacus sp. (Euglenales) Trachelomonas sp. Euglenoid cultures in
(Euglenales) Petri dishes

Cell diagram Astasia sp. (Euglenales) Euglena, Astasia and Euglena, Phacus and
Phacus spp. Lepocinclis spp.
(Euglenales) (Euglenales)

Anisonema,
Petalomonas,
Notosolenus,
Scytomonas and
Tropidoscyphus spp.
(Sphenomonadales);
Heteronema, Dinema
and Entosiphon spp.
(Heteronematales)

References
1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8.
2. Leedale, G. F. (1967), Euglenoid Flagellates. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 242 p., [1] (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?hl=&id=86PwAAAAMAAJ).
3. Keeling PJ (2009). "Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis". J. Eukaryot.
Microbiol. 56 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x)
.
PMID 19335769 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19335769).
 4. Leander, Brian S.; Farmer, Mark A. (2001-03-01)."Comparative Morphology of the Euglenid Pellicle. II. Diversity of
Strip Substructure" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00304.x/abstract)
. Journal of
Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (2): 202–217. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00304.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7
408.2001.tb00304.x). ISSN 1550-7408 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1550-7408).
5. Leander, Brian Scott (May 2001)."Evolutionary morphology of the euglenid pellicle"(http://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/h
andle/10724/20165). University Of Georgia Theses and Dissertations
.
6. Busse, Ingo; Preisfeld, Angelika (14 April 2018)."Systematics of primary osmotrophic euglenids: a molecular
approach to the phylogeny of Distigma and Astasia (Euglenozoa)"(http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journa
l/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.02295-0). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 53 (2): 617–624.
doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02295-0 (https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02295-0). Retrieved 14 April 2018 – via Microbiology Society
Journals.
7. "Euglenida" (http://tolweb.org/Euglenida/97461). tolweb.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
8. "Reproduction" (http://euglenabiology.weebly.com/reproduction.html). Euglena. Retrieved 2017-03-31.

Bibliography
Ciugulea, I. & Triemer, R. E. (2010) A Color Atlas of Photosynthetic Euglenoids. Michigan State University Press,
East Lansing, MI, 204 p.,[2].
Leander, B. S., Triemer, R. E., & Farmer, M. A. (2001). Character evolution in heterotroph
ic euglenids. European
Journal of Protistology, 37(3), 337-356, [3].
Leander, B.S., Lax, G., Karnkowska, A., Simpson, A.G.B. (2017). Euglenida. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B.,
Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1
Leedale, G. F. (1978). Phylogenetic criteria ineuglenoid flagellates. BioSystems 10: 183–187, [4].
Wołowski, K & Hindák, F. (2005). Atlas of Euglenophytes. Cracow: VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy
of Sciences, 136 p., [5].

External links
The Euglenoid Project
Tree of Life: Euglenida

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