FIE- School of Engineering 1

Taylor’s University

Practical 8

Name : Phang Yi Khai

Student ID : 0318295

Group Members : 1. Naviin A/L Munusamy

2. Tiong Shin En
3. Nigel Yeoh Eu-Haan

Foundation of Engineering
School of Engineering
Taylor’s University
Malaysia

Date of Experiment:17th October 2014

Report due date: 29th October 2014
Report submission date: 29th October
2014
Checked by:

Item/marks
Format/10
Abstract and Introduction/10
Figures and Diagrams/15
Materials and Method/10
Results Discussions/45
References/10
Total
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Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Experimental Design ................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Materials ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 5

3.0 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 5

5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 6

References ....................................................................................................................................... 6
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ABSTRACT

In the experiment, the relationship between the induced current and the frequency of
oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil was investigated. In the introduction, Faraday's and
Lenz's Laws were briefly explained. This experiment was conducted in six cases. The methods
briefly describes the way to conduct the experiment where as the procedure explained the
methods in details including the set up of the apparatus. Based on the results, the faster the
movement of the magnetic bar in the solenoid, the more the deflection of the galvanometer.
Discussions were done to provided more understanding to the induced current and the frequency
of oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil. The laws associated with the experiment was
discussed as well. Finally, the conclusion to this experiment is the induced current and the
frequency of oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil is directly proportional.
Recommendations to achieve more accurate results in the experiment were also suggested.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Faraday's Law of induction is commonly known as the basic law of electromagnetism

that is able to predict the electromagnetic induction, the interaction between a magnetic field and
an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). Transformers, inductors, types of
electrical motors, generators and solenoids use Faraday's Law as its fundamental. Faraday's
experiment has shown that the EMF induced from electromagnetic induction only depends on
several factors. Hence, Faraday's Law states that [1] [2] [3] [4]

𝛥𝐵𝐴 𝛥𝛷
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑁 =𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡

Where:

N = is the number of turns of the coil B = external magnetic field

A = area of coil Φ = BA = magnetic flux

t = Frequency of oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil [1] [2] [3] [4]

Later on, Heinrich Lenz said that an electromotive force (EMF) always gives rise to
current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in magnetic flux. Faraday was aware
of the direction but Lenz stated it. Thus, Lenz Law states that: [1] [2] [3] [5]

𝛥𝛷
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = − 𝑁
𝛥𝑡

Indication of direction by Lenz

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Figure 1 Directions In Electromagnetic Induction as Regarded Lenz Law

2.0 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Figure 2 Lenz Law

Figure 2 Set Up of Apparatus

2.1 Materials

 One solenoid
 One magnetic bar
 One galvanometer
 Mobile device for video capture
 Two connecting wires.

2.2 Methods

The apparatus was set up as shown in Figure 2 based on the description given in the
procedure. The experiments were conducted with the North pole of the magnet faced at the
solenoid. Next, the experiments were repeated with the South pole of the magnet faced at the
solenoid. The experiments were conducted in three speed of magnet moving in to the solenoid,
stationary, slow and quick.
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2.3 Procedure

1. The solenoid was connected to the galvanometer using two connecting wires. It is placed
and fixed horizontally on the bench top.

2. The magnetic bar was prepared with the north pole facing one end of the solenoid and
ready with the mobile device for video capture.

3. The magnetic bar was placed near the solenoid and left stationary. The deflection on the
galvanometer was observed and the force acting on the magnetic bar was felt. The
experiment was named as Case 1.

4. Step 2 and 3 were repeated with 2 other cases, Case 2 and Case 3.

Case 2: The magnetic bar was pushed slowly into the solenoid and pulled back with the
same speed.

Case 3: The magnetic bar was pushed quickly into the solenoid and pulled back with the
same speed.

5. Next, the south pole of the magnetic bar was faced to the same end of the solenoid as did
in step 2. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated and labelled as Case 4 to Case 6 consequently.

Case 4: The magnetic bar was paced near the solenoid and left stationary.

Case 5: The magnetic bar was pushed slowly into the solenoid and pulled back with the
same speed.

Case 6: The magnetic bar was pushed quickly into the solenoid and pulled back with the
same speed.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 Results Obtained from the Video

Pole of magnet facing Movement of Deflection on galvanometer Extend of
Case solenoid Magnet (left/right deflection (V)
1 North Stationary - -
2 North Slow Right 8.0
3 North Fast Right 13.0
4 South Stationary - -
5 South Slow Left 8.0
6 South Fast Left 13.0
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Induced currents are temporary currents that run through a circuit complete after being
generated due to the change in magnetic field. A magnetic field that changes will induce an EMF
in the coil that causes the flow of current. [6] [7] [8]

Based on Case 1 to 3, the relationship of the speed of the movement in the solenoid and
the deflection on the galvanometer can be said as the faster the movement in the solenoid, the
more the deflection on the galvanometer. The law that is associated with the observation is
Faraday's Law. Faraday's Law states that one of the factor that influences the EMF is the rate of
change of magnetic flux. [1] [2] [3] [4]

During the attempt to push the magnetic bar into the solenoid, a force that is preventing
the movement of the magnetic bar was felt. The law that is associated is Lenz Law. Lenz Law
states that an electromotive force (EMF) always gives rise to current whose magnetic field
opposes the original change in magnetic flux. [1] [2] [3] [5]

The recorded video of the experiment has been uploaded on to YouTube. The link to the
video would be http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_0eB14J36g&feature=youtu.be. The
magnetic bar used in the experiment holds the North pole on the red side of the bar where as the
blue side of the bar indicates the South pole.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this experiment, the relationship between the induced current in a coil and the
frequency of oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil was investigated. Based on the results
and discussion, the relationship can be explained by Faraday's and Lenz's Law. Faraday's Law
states that the EMF which is the induced current is directly proportional to the frequency of
oscillation of a bar magnet inside the coil. Besides that, Lenz's Law states that the EMF and the
original change in magnetic flux runs in opposite directions. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

A video was used to record the observations of the experiment. This is because the
deflection of the galvanometer is too fast for the human eye to see the readings accurately.
Hence, a video recording method was used to read to the readings of the galvanometer. To
obtain a more accurate set of results, the speed of movement of the magnetic bar in and out of
the solenoid must be the same. On top of that, the polarity of the magnetic bar must be identified
accurately to prevent errors in the experiment. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
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REFERENCES

[1] "Faraday'sLaw of Induction and Lenz' Law," 2014. [Online]. Available:

https://www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/boundless-physics-textbook/induction-ac-
circuits-and-electrical-technologies-22/magnetic-flux-induction-and-faraday-s-law-
161/faraday-s-law-of-induction-and-lenz-law-569-6693/. [Accessed 28 October 2014].

[2] "Faraday's
Law," SparkNotes LLC, 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter16section2.rhtml. [Accessed
28 October 2014].

[3] "Faraday'sLaw," Hyperphysics, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html. [Accessed 28 October 2014].

[4] G. D. C., "Faraday's Law," in Physics Principle with Applications, 1998, pp. 623-624.

[5] R.
Schmitt, "Changing Magnetic Fields and Lenz's Law," in Electromagnetics Explained,
United States of America, Elsevier Publications, 2002, pp. 75-76.

[6] "Magnetic and Electric Fields," Alphalab INC., 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.trifield.com/content/about-electromagnetism/. [Accessed 28 October 2014].

[7] "Magnetic Interactions," 2014. [Online]. Available:

http://physics.fullerton.edu/files/Labs/226/226L_-_9_Magnetic_Interactions_E2.pdf.
[Accessed 28 October 2014].

[8] D.J. Wagner, "Introduction to Magnetism and Induced Currents," 2001. [Online]. Available:
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationStorage/faraday/magnetism_a.html.
[Accessed 28 October 2014].