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Chapter 5

Reciprocating pump

Hardik Goswami
Mechanical Engg. Department, SOT
PDPU, Gandhinagar
Introduction
If mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy by taking water inside the
cylinder in which piston is reciprocating, which exerts thrust force on the liquid is
known as reciprocating pump.

Main parts of reciprocating pump

1. A cylinder with a piston,


piston rod and crank
2. Suction pipe
3. Delivery pipe
4. Suction pipe
5. Delivery pipe
Classification of reciprocating pump

Based on contact of liquid


1. Single acting
2. Double acting

Based on number of cylinder


1.Single cylinder
2.Multi cylinder
Double acting reciprocating pump
•In case of double-acting pump, the
water is acting on both sides of the
piston as shown in figure.

•Thus, we require two suction pipes and


two delivery pipes for double-acting
pump.

•When there is a Suction stroke on one


side of the piston, there is at the same
time a delivery stroke on the other side
of the piston.

•Thus for one complete revolution of


the crank there are two delivery strokes
and water is delivered to the pipes by
the pump during these two delivery
strokes.
Discharge through double acting reciprocating pump

Discharge = water discharge + water discharge


in forward stroke in reverse stroke
= ΠD2L/4 + Π(D2 – d2) L/4
= ΠD2L/4 + ΠD2L/4 - Πd2L/4
= Π (2D2 - d2) L/4 m3/cycle
= Π (2D2 - d2) L/4 * N/60 m3/second
Q = 2ALN/60 ( NEGLECTING d2 )

WORK DONE BY DOUBLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMP

• Work done/second = weight of water delivered per second * head lifted


= ρgQ * (hs + hd)

W.D./SECOND = 2ρgALN * (hs + hd) / 60


Slip of the reciprocating pump

(1)

…(1)
Negative slip in reciprocating pump
•Imagine End of suction stroke. Liquid is moving (rushing) inside the cylinder
as piston is moving outward. When piston reaches extreme right position, water
will hammer the piston and try to move piston further in right due to inertia of
“rushing” water. As piston cannot move further as its already on its extreme
position, water will hammer delivery valve. If this water hammer has enough
force to lift delivery valve than some amount of liquid will go in delivery line
Before delivery stock commence. Due to this phenomena, delivery stock will
throw More volume of liquid than swept volume of pump.

Negative slip occurs when delivery pipe is short, suction pipe is to long and
pump is running at high speed.
Variation of velocity and acceleration in the suction and
delivery pipes due to acceleration of the piston
•When crank starts rotating, the piston moves forwards and backwards in the
cylinder. At the extreme left position and right position of the piston in the cylinder,
the velocity of the piston is zero.

•The velocity of the piston is maximum at the centre of the cylinder, This means that
at the start of a stroke (may be suction or delivery stroke), the velocity of the piston
is zero and this velocity becomes maximum at the centre of each stroke and again
becomes zero at the end of each stroke.

•Thus at the beginning of each stroke, the piston will be having an acceleration and
at the end of each stroke, the piston will be having a retardation.
•The water in the cylinder is in contact with the piston and hence the water,
flowing from the suction pipe or to the delivery pipe will have an acceleration at
the beginning of each stroke and a retardation at the end of each stroke.

•This means the velocity of flow of water in the suction and delivery pipe will
not be uniform. Hence, an accelerative or retarding head will be acting on the
water flowing through the suction or delivery pipe.

•This accelerative or retarding head will change the pressure inside the cylinder.
•Let, ω = Angular speed of the crank in rad/sec
A= Area of the cylinder
a = Area of the pipe
l = Length of the pipe
r = radius of the crank

•In the beginning, the crank is at A and the piston in the cylinder is at a position
shown by dotted lines.

•The crank is rotating with an angular velocity ‘ω’ and let in time ‘t’ seconds,
the crank turns through an angle ‘θ’ from a.

•the displacement of piston in time ‘t’ is ‘x’ as shown in figure.


Now, θ = angle turned by crank in radians in time ‘t’
= ωt

The distance x travelled by the piston is given as,


x = distance AF = AO – FO
= r – r cosθ
= r – r cos(ωt)
The velocity of the piston is obtained by differentiating the above equation w.r.t.‘t’

velocity of piston v = dx/dt = d[r – r cos(ωt)]/dt


= 0 – r[-sin(ωt)] * ω
= ωr sin ωt
•Now from continuity equation,

The volume of water flowing into cylinder per second is equal to the volume of
water flowing from the pipe per second.

velocity of * area of = velocity of * area of


water In cylinder cylinder water in pipe pipe

V * a= v * a
Where v = Velocity of water in pipe

Vs = V * A / a = (A/a) * V = (A/a) * ωr sin ωt


• The acceleration of water in pipe is obtained by differentiating above equation
with respect to ‘t’.
Acceleration of water in pipe = dv/dt = d[ (A/a) * ωr sin ωt ] = (A/a) * ω2r cos ωt

• Mass of water in pipe = ρ * [AREA OF PIPE * LENGTH OF PIPE]


= ρ * [a * l] = ρal

• Force required to = mass of * acceleration of


accelerate the water in pipe water in pipe water in pipe

= ρal * (A/a) * ω2r cos ωt

• Pressure = force required to accelerate the water / area of pipe


= [ρal * (A/a) * ω2r cos ωt] / a

• Pressure head ( ha ) due to acceleration= (l/g) * (A/a) * ω2r cos ωt

• The pressure head due to acceleration in the suction and delivery pipe is obtained
from above equation by using subscripts ‘s’ and ‘d’,
has = (ls/g) * (A/as) * ω2r cos ωt
had = (ld/g) * (A/ad) * ω2r cos ωt
Ex1
The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150mm and its
stroke is 300mm.The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a height of
25m.The delivery pipe is 22 m long and 100 mm in diameter . Find the theoretical
discharge and theoretical power required to drive pump.
If the actual discharge is 4.2 lit/s, find out % slip. Also determine the acceleration
head in discharge pipe at the beginning and middle of the stroke.
Indicator Diagram
• The indicator diagram for a
reciprocating pump is defined as the
graph between the pressure head in the
cylinder and the distance travelled by
piston from inner dead centre for one
complete revolution of the crank.
• As the maximum distance travelled by
the piston is equal to the stroke length
and hence the indicator diagram is a
graph between pressure head and
stroke length of the piston for one
complete revolution.
• The pressure head is taken as ordinate
and stroke length as abscissa.
Effect of Acceleration in suction pipe and delivery pipe on indicator
diagram
Ex:2
A single acting reciprocating pump has piston diameter 12.5cm and stroke length
30cm. The centre of the pump is 4 m above the water level in the sump. The diameter
and length of suction pipe are 7.5cm and 7m respectively. The separation occurs if the
absolute pressure head in the cylinder during suction stroke falls below 2.5m head of
water. Calculate the maximum speed at which the pump can run without separation.
Take atmospheric head=10.3m of water
Effect of variation of velocity on friction in the suction and
delivery pipes

4 flv 2
hf  Head loss due to friction in pipe
2 gd

4 fls A Head loss due to friction in suction pipe


h fs   ( wr sin  ) 2
2 gd s a

4 fld A
h fd   ( wr sin  ) 2 Head loss due to friction in delivery pipe
2 gd d a

The variation of hf with θ is parabolic


Effect of friction in suction pipe and delivery pipe on indicator
diagram
Uniform velocity of the piston S.H.M of the piston

Pipe friction

ls A
has    ( 2  r  cos  )
g a

4 fls A
h fs   ( wr sin  ) 2
2 gd s a
Effect of friction and acceleration in suction pipe and delivery pipe
on indicator diagram
Maximum speed of reciprocation pump

Maximum speed of a reciprocating pump is determined from fact that the


pressure in the cylinder during suction and delivery stroke, should not fall below
the vapor pressure of the liquid, flowing through suction and delivery pipe .
The pressure at which separation will take place know as separation head and
it is denoted by hsep
Ex:3
A single acting reciprocating pump has stroke length of 15 cm. The suction pipe is 7
m long and the ratio of the suction diameter to the plunger is 3/4. The water level in
the sump is 4.5m below the axis of the pump cylinder, and the pipe connecting the
sump and pump cylinder is 7.5cm in diameter. If the crank running at 75 rpm.
Determine the pressure head on the piston :
1.In the beginning of suction stroke
2.End of the suction stroke
3. Middle of the suction stroke
Take coefficient of the friction is 0.01
Mean discharge and Actual discharge

•Mean velocity
A r
Vm  Q / a 

•Actual velocity at any instant

V = V * A / a = (A/a) * V = (A/a) * ωr sin ωt


•Actual discharge at any instant

Qi  V  a
Air vessels
Air vessels are a closed container, in which the half
part is filled with water & upper half part is filled
with compressed air. These air vessels installed
very near to the suction valve & delivery valve

Purposes of air vessels

1. To obtain liquid at uniform discharge.


2. Due to air vessel frictional head and
acceleration head decreases and the work
overcoming friction resistance in suction
and delivery pipe considerably decreases
which results in good amount of work.
3. Reciprocating pump can run at high speed
without flow separation.
Delivery Head against which pump has to work

1.Delivery head(hd)
2.Pressure head due to acceleration in the delivery pipe of length
ld ' A
had    ( 2  r  cos  )
g a
3.Loss of head due to friction in the delivery pipe for length ld’
4  f  ld ' A
h fd '   (    r  sin  ) 2
2 g *d a
4. Loss of head due to friction in the delivery pipe for length ld
4  f  ld  Vm 2
h fd 
2 g *d

5.Velocity head

Vm 2

2g
Suction Head against which pump has to work

1.Suction head(hs)
2.Pressure head due to acceleration in the suction pipe of length ls’
ls ' A
has    ( 2  r  cos  )
g a
3.Loss of head due to friction in the suction pipe for length ls’
4 f  ls ' A
h fs '   (   r sin  ) 2
2g  d a
4. Loss of head due to friction in the suction pipe for length ls
4 f  ls  Vm 2
h fs 
2 gd

5.Velocity head

Vm 2

2g
Work saved by fitting air vessels for single acting pump

1. Work against friction without air vessels

Area of parabola=2/3* height*stroke

4 f l A
height  h fs   (  r )2
2 gd a

2 4 f l A
W1   (  (  r )2 )  L
3 2 gd a
2.Work against friction with air vessels

Area of rectangle =stroke * height

4 f  ls  Vm 2
Height  h fs 
2 gd

4 f  l  Vm 2
W2  L 
2 gd

Work saved by using air vessels


Double acting reciprocating pump
Discharge of liquid into and from the vessel

Single acting

θ= 18°34’and 161°26’ no flow of water into or from the vessel

Double acting

θ= 39°32’and 140°28’ no flow of water into or from the vessel


Ex-5
Comparison between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump
Classifications of pump

Note: for information only

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