Distribution System: LT and HT Panels

The local wiring or cables between the high-voltage substations and customers is referred to as
electric power distribution.
This local wiring is of two types depending on the voltage to be carried which is different for
domestic purposes and heavy industries:
(i) Low Tension (LT) Cables: carry electricity at lower voltages.
(ii) High Tension (HT) Cables: carry electricity at higher voltages.
LT Distribution Panel: or LV (Low Voltage) panel is an electrical distribution and control
panel with fuses, disconnect switches and indicators for circuits running at a voltage which is not
dangerous to life i.e. less than 1000 volts (AC); on the low tension side of a distribution
transformer.
HT Distribution Panel: or HV (High Voltage) Panel is a electrical distribution panel consisting
of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate
electrical equipment and to provide high voltage current for operating motors and high voltage
electrical machines. It is placed on the high tension side of the Distribution transformer and can
carry voltages more than 1000 volts (AC).

LT PANEL
 HT PANEL
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between two
or more of its windings: It is typically used for AC-to-AC conversion of a single power frequency
in terms of voltage, essential for long distance transmission.
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to
the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to
the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an AC voltage to be

‘stepped up’ by making Ns greater than Np, or ‘stepped down’ by making Ns less than Np.
Transformers Based on Voltage Levels
These are the most commonly used transformer types for all the applications. Depends
upon the voltage ratios from primary to secondary windings, the transformers are
classified as step-up and step-down transformers.

Step-Up Transformer
As the name states that, the secondary voltage is stepped up with a ratio compared to
primary voltage. This can be achieved by increasing the number of windings in the
secondary than the primary windings as shown in the figure. In power plant, this
transformer is used as connecting transformer of the generator to the grid.

Step-up
Transformer
Step-Down Transformer
It used to step down the voltage level from lower to higher level at secondary side as
shown below so that it is called as a step-down transformer. The winding turns more on
the primary side than the secondary side.

Step-Down
Transformer

In distribution networks, the step-down transformer is commonly used to convert the

high grid voltage to low voltage that can be used for home appliances.

Transformer Based on the Core Medium Used

Based on the medium placed between the primary and secondary winding the
transformers are classified as Air core and Iron core

Air Core Transformer

Both the primary and secondary windings are wound on a non-magnetic strip where the
flux linkage between primary and secondary windings is through the air.

Compared to iron core the mutual inductance is less in air core, i.e. the reluctance offered
to the generated flux is high in the air medium. But the hysteresis and eddy current losses
are completely eliminated in air-core type transformer.
 Air Core Transformer

Iron Core Transformer

Both the primary and secondary windings are wound on multiple iron plate bunch which
provide a perfect linkage path to the generated flux. It offers less reluctance to the linkage
flux due to the conductive and magnetic property of the iron. These are widely used
transformers in which the efficiency is high compared to the air core type transformer.

Iron Core
Transformer

Transformers Based on Winding Arrangement

AutoTransformer
Standard transformers have primary and secondary windings placed in two different
directions, but in autotransformer windings, the primary and the secondary windings are
connected to each other in series both physically and magnetically as shown in the figure
below.
Wind Power
1. What is Wind Power?

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind
turbines to make electrical power or windmills for mechanical power.
2. Mechanism: Wind Power Plant:
In a wind power plant the most important component is the wind turbine or the wind mill that
comprises of large fan blades which are connected to the hub which is mounted on a shaft.
When the atmospheric wind blows over the fan blades they start rotating, due to which the
shaft also starts rotating; but since the speed of rotation of the shaft is very slow & not sufficient
to produce the electricity, the shaft is connected to the gear box.
The high speed output shaft is connected to the generator and it rotates inside the generator
which produces electricity ready for transmission. Amount of energy which the wind transfers to
the rotor depends upon the density of air, rotor area and the wind speed.
The type of turbines used are:
(i) Small Turbines: to produce electricity less than 10 kW (for homes).
(ii) Intermediate Turbines: to produce electricity from 10-500 kW.
(iii) Large Turbines: for producing distributive electricity larger than 500 kW
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 2011
The National Electrical Code takes into account the stipulations in several Indian Standards
dealing with the various aspects relating to electrical installation practice. Several product
standards also exist, and compliance with relevant Indian Standards is desirable. It is therefore
recommended that individual Parts/Sections of the Code should be read in conjunction with the
relevant Indian Standards. List of such Indian Standards is given at relevant Part/ Section of the
Code.
 Refuge Areas

▪ The purpose of a refuge area is to allow people on higher floors to reach a position of
safety on the upper floors itself, if the vertical means of escape are blocked or ineffective.
The occupants of the refuge area are then evacuated by fire brigade staffs through special
recovery vehicles that can reach higher heights.
▪ 2. Design Considerations for Refuge Area:
▪ a) It should be a secure place where fire should not reach and so its entry should be with a
60 min fire rated door.
 ▪ b) The periphery of the building facing the refuge area should have 230 mm brickwork or
non-combustible construction.
▪ c) A Refuge area should be provided for a building with more than 24 m height i.e. a
building with more than 7-8 floors.

▪ [3.5] Fire Escape Lifts (High Rise Buildings)

▪ Fire Lift is a recue purpose lift with a fireman switch and fire resistant doors. It works like
any other normal lift but takes up power form DC i.e. a backup mode.
▪ Requirements for Fire Lifts:
▪ a) Max number of lifts in one lift bank = 4.
▪ b) One fire lift should be provided 1200 m2 area of buildings.
▪ c) Lift lobby should have self closing smoke stop door with 30 min fire rating.
▪ d) In case the lift opens into the basement, lift well should be adequately pressurised.

CCTV relies on strategic placement of cameras, and observation of the

camera's input on monitors somewhere. Because the cameras
communicate with monitors and/or video recorders across private coaxial
cable runs or wireless communication links, they gain the designation
"closed-circuit" to indicate that access to their content is limited by design
only to those able to see it.

CCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, including:

• Maintaining perimeter security in medium- to high-secure areas and

installations.

• Observing behavior of incarcerated inmates and potentially dangerous

patients in medical facilities.

• Traffic monitoring.

• Overseeing locations that would be hazardous to a human, for example,

highly radioactive or toxic industrial environments.

• Building and grounds security.

• Obtaining a visual record of activities in situations where it is necessary

to maintain proper security or access controls (for example, in a
diamond cutting or sorting operation; in banks, casinos, or airports).
What is access control system?

Access control system provides security by giving flexible control over who is allowed to
enter your premises.

Access control system is one of the most common used system in electronic door control
using a card or a magnetic stripe which can be accessed by swiping through a reader on
the door. These access control systems are used for security purposes.

The areas or organizations which require high security use different types of access
control systems like bio metric, RFID, door controllers and card readers etc. Each access
point may be controlled individually as per the requirement of company or organizations
where high security is necessary. Network security is also important, especially in a
company which handles sensitive data.

Architetcture of Access Control System

By this card access control systems allows access to enter into the premises limiting
people to one side of the door. In some cases, physical access control systems are
integrated with electronic ones by limiting the users allowing them to utilize the
resources limited on a computer system.