K

Kuliah
Kuliah-
li h-4

Fluida Komplesi
((2 SKS))

Dosen : Ir
Ir. Andry Halim,
Halim MM
Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta
 Objective/Sasaran
Objective/ Sasaran

z Memahami konsep-konsep fluida yang

digunakan untuk Komplesi sumur dan kerja
ulang sumur
z Memahami jenis
jenis-jenis
jenis fluida penyelesaian sumur
z Memahami penerapannya di dunia Perminyakan
 Daftar Pustaka

z Allen S.O. and Robert A.P. ”Production Operation”, Vol. I Oil and
Gas Consultant International Inc.
z Glenn Thibodeaux / Scott Herman,”Unocal
Unocal Completions Training “,
2004
z Peter E. Clark,”Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over”.
z Pertamina Hulu,” Teknik Produksi”, Jakarta, 2003
z H.K. Van Poolen,”Well Completion and Stimulations Program”.
z Peter E. Clark,”Well
, Completions
p : Stimulation and Work Over”.
z Jonathan Billary,”Well Completions Design”, PetroleumElsevier,
2009
z Semua buku p perihal Komplesi
p dan ujij Sumur
z Semua Jurnal tentang Komplesi dan uji Sumur
Completion
p Fluids
Completion Fluids: Description & Scope

Description:
This section of the completions training course covers
topics related to completion fluids and their applications.
Important properties of clear completion brines and oil-
b
basedd fluids
fl id are discussed,
di d as wellll as issues
i related
l t d to
t
formation damage control and safety and the environment.

Scope:
Participants will become familiar with the compositions,
characteristics and uses of a variety of completion fluid
systems.
 Completion Fluids: Objectives

At the end of this section, you should have a

reasonable understanding g of:

• The composition, properties and uses of completion fluids

• Recommended practices concerning the application of
completion fluids
• Methods of calculating completion fluid densities under
various
i conditions
diti
• Special considerations when using completion fluids in
deepwater
p applications
pp
• How to work more effectively with vendors in the selection
and utilization of completion fluids
 Completion Fluids: Agenda

During the next few hours, we will cover the following:

• Fluid Types and Selection Criteria ..…………………. 35 minutes

• Crystallization Point and Other Brine Properties …. 45 minutes
• Wellbore Displacement ………..………………..……... 35 minutes
• Fluid Filtration ……….………………………………….. 40 minutes
• Fluid Loss Control …….………………………………… 35 minutes
• Formation Damage & Acidizing ………..…………….. 35 minutes
• Safety
S f and
d Environmental
E i l Concerns
C ………………... 15
1 minutes
i
• Total ……………………………………………………….. 4 hours
 Completion Fluids: Practices

We will describe preferred practices for:

• Completion fluid selection

• Well preparation and displacement with spacers and
completion fluids
• Methods of filtration and maintenance of fluid quality
• Effective control of completion fluid leak-off
• Formation damage control when completing wells and
initiating production
 Completion Fluids: Key Learnings

We will describe key learnings and best practices for selecting and
usingg completion
p fluids. Improvements
p will be made in your:
y

• Awareness of the strengths and limitations of various

completion fluids
• Knowledge of the important characteristics of completion
fluids under a variety of well conditions
• Ability to select completion fluids in a cost-effective manner
• Knowledge of methods to improve the properties of heavy,
clear brines
• Knowledge of several practical aspects of handling and
modifying completion fluids
 Completion Fluids: Problems

We will work through problems to ensure that you understand

the fundamentals of this technology area, including:

• Evaluation of factors affecting fluid density

• Calculation of fluid properties required for well control
• Determination of filtration requirements for removing
potentially damaging particulates
Fluid Types and Selection Criteria
 Completion Fluids & Their Functions

A completion fluid is any fluid pumped downhole

to conduct post-drilling well operations.

Primary Functions
• Effective control of reservoir pressure while
performing well work
• Prevention of permanent formation damage
d i completion
during l i and d workover
k operations
i
 The Completion Fluids Family

• Completion Fluids – for initial well completion

• Drill-in Fluids – for drilling and completing fluid-
sensitive ppayy intervals
• Packer Fluids – for filling annular volume above a
production packer
• Workover Fluids – for remedial operations
• FLC Pills – for controlling completion or workover
fluid loss to the formation
Completion Fluid Types (& Examples)

• Clear Brines
KCl, NaBr, CaCl2, CaCl2/CaBr2
ZnBr2/CaCl2/CaBr2

• Solids-Laden Fluids
Sized CaCO3 in NaCl
Organosoluble Resin in KCl

• Brine-in-Oil Emulsions
CaCl2 Brine in Diesel

• Weighted “All-Oil” Fluids

High
g Density
y Organics
g in Diesel
Important Completion Fluid Characteristics

• Easily
y weighted
g or diluted for well control
• Non-damaging to the reservoir and wellbore
• Stable at surface and downhole conditions
• Easily viscosified for solids transport
• Safe to handle and environmentally friendly
• Readily
y available,, economical and potentially
p y
recyclable
Physical and Chemical Properties
of Completion & Workover Fluids

• Density
• Viscosity
• Thermal Stability
• Chemical Composition
• Corrosiveness
• Additive Compatibility
• Formation Compatibility
• Solids Transport Capability
• Environmental Compatibility
Uses of Clear Brine Completion Fluids

• Drilling
• Perforating
• Well
W ll Killing
Killi
• Wellbore Washing
• Fishing
• Gravel Packing
• Packer Fluids
 Clear Brine Completion Fluids
Brine Type Common Density Range (ppg) Fluid Cost ($USD/bbl)
NaCl (sodium chloride) 8.4 – 10.0 3.00 – 9.00

KCl (potassium chloride) 8.4 – 9.7 3.00 – 31.00

NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) 8.4 – 8.9 10.00 – 19.00

NaBr (sodium bromide) 10.0 – 12.7 67.00 – 180.00

NaCl/NaBr 10.0 – 12.5 10.00 – 170.00

NaHCO2 (sodium formate) 9.0 – 11.1 35.00 – 165.00

KHCO2 (potassium formate) 10.8 – 13.3 335.00 – 356.00

NaHCO2 / KHCO2 8.4 – 13.1 157.00 – 338.00

CsHCO2 (cesium formate) 13.0 – 19.2 Obtain Quote

CaCl2 (calcium chloride) 9.0 – 11.8 4.00 – 25.00

CaBr2 (Calcium bromide) 12.0 – 14.2 30.00 – 191.00

CaCl2 / CaBr2 11.7 – 15.1 22.00 – 160.00

ZnBr2 (zinc bromide) 19.2 – 21.0 538.00 – 671.00

ZnBr2 / CaBr2 14.2 – 19.2 30.00 - 538.00

ZnBr2 / CaBr2 / CaCl2 14.2 – 19.2 30.00 – 538.00

 Periodic Table of the Elements

•
•

• Alkali metal carbonates and sulfates are soluble

• Alkaline earth metal carbonates are insoluble; calcium sulfate has limited solubility
 Brine Density Ranges

Ammonium Chloride
Potassium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Formate
Calcium Chloride
Sodium Bromide
Potassium Formate
Calcium Bromide
Cesium Formate
Zinc Bromide

8.4 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.4
Maximum Density (ppg)
 Maximum Solubility of Salt in Water (RT)

Salt Sol Maximum Specific lbs/bbl

wt% Densityy Gravity
y Salt Water
(ppg)
Sodium Chloride 26 10.0 1.200 109 311

Potassium Chloride 24 97
9.7 1 164
1.164 98 309

Sodium Bromide 46 12.7 1.525 245 288

Calcium Chloride 40 11.8 1.417 198 298

Calcium Bromide 57 15.3 1.837 366 277

Zinc Bromide 78 21.0 2.521 688 194

Sodium Formate 50 11.1 1.333 231 235

Potassium Formate 78 13.3 1.597 434 125

 Practical Aspects of Common Brines

Brine/Salt Properties & Precautions

Sodium and • Dry salts of NaCl

NaCl, KCl
KCl, and NaBr will remain dry under normal
Potassium conditions
Based • Dissolving dry KCl or KBr in water affords noticeable cooling
(endothermic)
• Water will evaporate from chloride and bromide brines
brines, leaving
crystalline salts behind

Calcium and • Anhydrous chloride and bromide salts are hygroscopic (will
Zinc Based absorb water from air))
• Dissolving bromide and chloride salts in water gives off heat
(exothermic)
• Salts will not crystallize from solution under normal conditions
• Solutions will absorb moisture from the air
• Brines are slippery and cannot be “wiped” up; spills must be
flushed with water
• pH elevation may cause precipitation reactions
y as severe irritation can occur
• Avoid contact with skin or eyes
 Completion Brines and pH

Typical completion brine pH values:

• KCl, NaBr, CaCl2 (pH = 6 to 8)

• ZnBr2 (19.2 ppg, pH = 1 to 1.5)
• ZnBr2/CaBr2 (17.2 ppg, pH = 3.5)
• Formates (NaHCO2, KHCO2), pH >9.5

• pH is a measure of the chemical activity of the H+ in solution.

• p
pH = -log
g [H
[ +] or [[H+] = 10-pH (p
(pH ranges
g from 0 to 14))
• Due to the ionic strength of high-density completion brines, pH
measurements provide only an indication of the acidity (or
basicity)
y) of the fluid.
 Brine Availability

• Stock fluids manufactured as clear liquids

- 11.6
11 6 ppg (SG = 1.39)
1 39) [38%] CaCl2
- 12.5 ppg (SG = 1.50) [45%] NaBr
- 14.2 ppg (SG = 1.70) [52%] CaBr2
- 13.1 ppg (SG = 1.57)) [78%]
% KHCO
CO2
- 19.2 ppg (SG =2.30) [53%/23%] ZnBr2 / CaBr2

• Dry
y stock salts
- NaCl, NaBr, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, NaHCO2, KHCO2

• Fluids prepared from dry salts

- 3-8% NaCl
- 3-8% KCl
- 3-8% NH4Cl
Important Clear Brine Properties
• Density
• pH
• True crystallization temperature (TCT)
• Pressure crystallization temperature (PCT)
• Eutectic point (lowest crystallization temp)
• Brine / formation water compatibility
• Brine / crude oil emulsion potential
• Brine / formation mineral compatibility
• Chemical compatibility
• Availability
• Costs
 Completion Brine Selection Guide

• Assure Compatibility with Formation Brine

- A
Avoid
id seawater
t in
i formations
f ti with
ith high
hi h Ca
C 2+, Sr
S 2+ or Ba
B 2+ levels
l l
- Avoid Ca2+ in formations with high HCO3- or SO42- levels
- Conduct fluid-fluid compatibility testing in the laboratory

• Assure Compatibility with Formation Minerals

- Protective brines for sandstones typically include
- ≥ 1% CaCl2; ≥ 2% KCl; ≥ 3% NH4Cl
- Unocal’s “go-to” fluid remains 6% KCl (8.65 ppg)
- Maintain salinities ≥ that of the formation brine
- High clay formations generally require higher salinities
- Review formation mineralogy (XRD, SEM & Thin Section Data)
- Conduct core flow studies for sensitive formations
Completion Type Log for UIC’s Attaka Field
Completion Type Log for UIC’s Santan Field
Completion Type Log for UTL’s Surat Field
 Compatibility Flow Chart – MI Swaco

Formation FLC Pills v. Brine v. Control

Spacers v. Mud Crude v. Brine Brine Lines

Formation Water FP/GP Gel v. FLC Pills v. Hydraulic Fluid

Spacers v. Brine Formation
v Brine
v. Brine v Brine
v.
Fluids

Displacem Perforation FP/GP Remove Run

ent Tools Tubing
Spacers
Space s v. Ce
Cement
e t Brine
e v. Mud
ud & Formation v. FLC
C Pills
s v. Inhibitor
b to v.
Mud Filtrate Pre-Pack Acid Formation Tubulars

Brine v. Mud
Brine v. Formation v. FLC Pills v. Brine v.
Formation Clays FP/GP Gel Sand Control Tubulars
Hardware
Brine v. Charge Brine v. Insulating Fluid
Fluids Elastomers v. Tubulars
 Advantages of Formate Brines
O
M+ - CH M+ = Na+, K+, Cs+
O

• Practical alternative to intermediate-density divalent brines

• More compatible with formation waters than divalent systems
• Highest densities among all monovalent brines (up to 13.3 ppg for
potassium formate; 19.2 ppg for cesium formate)
• When viscosified with XC polymer, transition temperatures are
retained (i.e., viscosities are maintained at higher temperatures)
• Crystallization temperatures are typically very low
• Above 8.7 ppg, bacterial growth is inhibited; upon dilution,
formates biodegrade
 Completion Brine Additives
• Biocides – to control bacteria, especially sulfate-reducing bacteria
• pH
p Buffers – to maintain optimum
p pH
p range
g for specific
p fluid
system
• Sulfide Scavengers – to minimize time effects of sulfide
components
• Oxygen Scavengers – to retard oxidation
• Corrosion Inhibitors – to protect pipe from chlorides
• Surfactants – to prevent secondary emulsions, improve well
recovery after workover, minimize fluid retention, etc.
• Scale Inhibitors – to inhibit precipitation of scales following use of
the completion fluid
• Polymeric Clay Stabilizers – to further protect against clay
disturbances
 Oil Based Fluids - Advantages

Oil External Emulsions and “All-Oil” Fluids

• Inhibitive to shales and clays

• Excellent lubricity
• Low corrosion rates for oil external emulsions
• Wide range of densities possible
• Compatible
C tibl with
ith many oil-producing
il d i formations
f ti
 Oil Based Fluids - Limitations
• Disposal. Oil based fluids present significant disposal
challenges; toxic halogenated densifiers in “all-oil” fluids
further complicate after-use handling.
• Halogenated Organics. Halogenated densifiers in “all-oil”
fluids yield toxic and corrosive decomposition products at
high temperatures; halogens can also poison refinery
catalysts.
• S
Surfactants
f t t and d Emulsions.
E l i E l ifi
Emulsifiers in
i brine-in-oil
bi i il
emulsions may afford wettability changes and emulsification of
formation water; emulsions may block pore throats.
• Low Baseline Density. Oil based fluids require significant
amounts of weighting agent to build density from a baseline
density
y of 6.5 ppg
ppg.
 Packer Fluids
Packer fluids represent a special class of
completion fluids designed to provide:
• Weight and pressure on production packers and
seals
• Pressure support for the production tubing
• Pressure support for the casing -- to offset formation
forces
• Thermal conduction or insulation for the production
tubing flowing fluids
• IInhibition
hibiti against
i t corrosion
i and d potential
t ti l acidic
idi gas
seepage from production hardware
• Ease of re-entry and hardware recovery in workover
operations
Baro
id
 Additional Packer Fluid Issues

• In addition to providing the necessary properties cited

previously, packer fluids should be simple to formulate
and economical.
• Fluid characteristics must be maintained over a wide
temperature range (e.g., deepwater applications) and for
a prolonged period of time.
• Must accommodate a range of additives without showing
signs of incompatibility.
• Must be minimally damaging if lost to the formation
during a workover operation.
 Packer Fluid Components

Packer Fluid System Typical Additives / Adjustments

Water Based Mud z Increase pH to 9.5 - 11.5

(Not Recommended) z Sulfide inhibitor
z Biocide
z Oxygen scavenger

Fresh Water / Salt Water z Sulfide inhibitor

(including gelled fluids) z Biocide
z Oxygen scavenger

Oil z Corrosion inhibitor

(including gelled fluids) z Biocide
Oil Based Mud z Surfactant stabilizer
(Not Recommended) z Biocide

Heavy Brine (CaCl2, CaBr2, ZnBr2, z Corrosion inhibitor

or combinations thereof) z Oxygen Scavenger
Baro
id
Crystallization Point &
Other Brine Properties
 Crystallization Point

The Crystallization
y Point is the temperature
p at
which crystals begin to fall out of solution, given
sufficient time and proper nucleating * conditions.

* Nucleation is the process by which insoluble

matter provides a physical platform upon which
crystals can form. Dust, silty particles, and
suspended fines are potential nucleating agents.
 TCT v. PCT

TCT = True Crystallization Temperature

PCT = Pressure Crystallization Temperature

Effects of Crystallization

• Brine density
y changes
g
• Flow line restrictions can develop
• May cause difficulties in re-establishing desired density
• Physical properties will change (viscosity, etc.)
 Idealized Crystallization Point Curve

FCTA – First-Crystal-to-Appear
y pp upon
p
cooling of completion fluid
TCT – True Crystallization Temperature
LCTD – Last-Crystal-to-Disappear
upon re-heating fluid
erature

Cool Heat
Tempe

TCT LCTD

FCTA

Time
Ocean Temperature - Depth Profile

(www.windows.ucar.edu)
 Clear Brines – The Eutectic Point
The Eutectic Point is the
lowest freezing point of a solution.

• The addition of fresh water to a brine whose density is above

the Eutectic Point lowers the density and lowers the TCT.
• The addition of fresh water to a brine whose density is below
the Eutectic Point lowers the density and elevates the TCT.

Eutectic Point

Density
TCT Curves for Various Brines

Potassium
chloride
Sodium
chloride

Calcium
chloride

Density
Crystallization Temperature Curve

PCT Region
Pressure Increases
Hydrate Region Crystallization
Pressure Decreases Temperature
Crystallization
Temperature

Ice and Brine Salt and Brine

Density
 Effects of Pressure on TCT

• In High Pressure, Low Temperature (HPLT) conditions

(e.g., deepwater), higher pressure can elevate TCT.
• Based on SPE 58729 (Freeman, et. al.), PCT (Pressure
Crystallization Temperature) can be estimated*
estimated as:

PCT = 1
1.2
2 x TCT + 11 (at 10
10,000
000 psi)

* Relationship applies to a variety of calcium chloride,

calcium bromide
bromide, and zinc bromide brines
brines.
 Clear Brines and Gas Hydrates
What are Gas Hydrates?

• Gas hydrates are solid assemblages of cage

complexes composed of water molecules surrounding
small hydrocarbon molecules or other light gases.
They
y typically
yp y form when liquid
q water coexists with
natural gas under high pressures and low
temperatures (HPLT).
• Gas hydrate formation is a special concern for deep
water operations (HPLT).
(HPLT) Hydrate “ice”
ice assemblages
may completely block fluid flow.
• Variations in P, T, salinity, free water content and gas
composition present operational challenges g for
controlling and removing gas hydrates.
• Take care to prevent gas hydrate formation in the first http://geology.usgs.g
place (work with flow assurance specialists and the ov/.../
completion fluid vendor).
vendor) joint projects/methan
joint_projects/methan
e.htm
Hydrate Inhibition with CaCl2 at 40° F

Hydrate Region

9%
MEG

30%
MEG

Hydrate Free Region

Gas Hydrate Curves (CaCl2/CaBr2)

0.725

10.4 ppg CaCl2

12.0 ppg CaBr2

Hydrate Region

Hydrate Free Region

 Brine Density
Brine density varies with temperature and pressure:
• As temperature increases, density decreases
• As
A pressure iincreases, d
density
it increases
i

Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Water Depth = 7,100’
Mudline Temp = 38 deg F
MD = 14,000’
SBHP = 6,550 psi
BHT = 128 deg F
Completion Fluid
200 psi Ubal = 9.24 ppg
 The True Density of a Clear Brine

Depends on:
• Temperature Expansion Factor
• Pressure Compression Factor

Results in:
• Compensated Column Density @ TVD
Considerations for Deep Water Wells

• Riser Compensated Column Density

(inverse function of temperature gradient –
surface to mud line)
• Sub-Sea Compensated Column Density
(mud line to TVD)

Fluid Cooling Down

Mud Line

Fluid Heating Up
Steps to Calculate the Average Fluid Density

1. Calculate the average well temperature.

2. Calculate the average temperature increase over
the API standard measurement temperature.
3. Calculate the density loss due to temperature.
4. Calculate the average
g hydrostatic
y pressure.
p
5. Calculate the density gain due to pressure.
6 Calculate the average wellbore density
6. density.
 Example Problem:

A 12.0 ppg NaBr brine (70o F) is to be

used as a completion fluid for a well
with
ith perforations
f ti att 9
9,992-10,008
992 10 008 ft
ft. Th
The
BHT is 230o F. What will be the average
wellbore density of the NaBr brine at the
perforations?
 Solution to Example

The following steps are necessary to calculate

the average wellbore density:
1. Calculate the average well temperature (AT).
2 C
2. Calculate
l l t the
th average temperature
t t increase
i over
the API standard measurement temperature (ATI).
3 Calculate the density loss due to temperature (DL).
3. (DL)
4. Calculate the average hydrostatic pressure (AH).
5. Calculate the density gain due to pressure (DG).
6. Calculate the average wellbore density (AD).
 Solution to Example – Step #1

1. Calculate the average well temperature (AT):

AT = (BHT + ST)/2

BHT = Bottom Hole Temperature, o F

ST = Surface Temperature
p of Fluid,, o F

AT = (230 + 70)/2 = 150° F

 Solution to Example – Step #2

2 Calculate the average temperature increase over the

2.
API standard measurement temperature (ATI):

ATI = AT – 70° F

ATI = 150
150° F - 70° F = 80° F
 Solution to Example – Step #3
3. Calculate the density loss due to temperature (DL):
DL = ATI x Cft

ATI = Average temperature increase over the API standard, ° F

Cft = Temperature correction factor,
factor ppg/ ° F

Table 1
Temperature Correction Factors (ppg/o F)

Brine Type Factor

NaCl or KCl 0.0024

DL = ATI x Cft
CaCl2 0.0027

NaBr or NaBr/NaCl 0 0033

0.0033
DL = (80° F x 0.0033) = 0.264 ppg
CaBr2 or CaBr2 / CaCl2 0.0033

ZnBr2/ CaBr2/ CaBr2 (<17.5ppg) 0.0036

ZnBr2/ CaBr2/ CaBr2 (>17.5ppg)

(>17 5ppg) 0 0048
0.0048
 Solution to Example – Step #4

4. Calculate the average hydrostatic pressure (AH):

AH = (SD – DL) x 0.052 x TVD

SD = Surface density at 70° F, ppg

DL = Density Loss due to Temperature, ppg
0.052 = Constant = 12 in/ft x 7.48 gal/ft3x1 ft3/1728 in3, in gal/in2-ft
TVD = Well depth to mid-perf, ft

AH = (12.0 – 0.264) x 0.052 x 10,000 = 6,102 psi

 Solution to Example – Step #5
5. Calculate the density gain due to Pressure (DG):

DG = AH x Cfp
AH = Average hydrostatic pressure, psi
Cfp = Pressure
C essu e co
correction
ect o factor,
acto , ppg/ps
ppg/psi

Table 2
Pressure Correction Factors

Brine Type Factor

NaCl or KCl 0.000019 DG = AH x Cfp = (6,102 x 0.000021)

CaCl2 0.000017

NaBr or NaBr/NaCl 0 000021

0.000021 DG = 0.128 ppg
CaBr2 or CaBr2 / CaCl2 0.000022

ZnBr2/ CaBr2/ CaBr2 (<17.5ppg) 0.000022

ZnBr2/ CaBr2/ CaBr2 (>17.5ppg) 0.000031

 Solution to Example – Step #6

6. Calculate the average wellbore density (AD):

AD = SD – DL + DG

AD = (12.0 – 0.264 + 0.128) = 11.864 ppg

So, the NaBr brine with a surface density (SD) of 12.0

ppg would have an average wellbore density of 11.864
ppg at 10,000 ft (BHT = 230o F)
 JENIS FLUIDA C/WO

z Solids--Free Brine Systems (Clear Fluid)

Solids

z Solids--Laden Fluids
Solids
• Drilling
D illi Fluids
Fl id
• Lease Water or Seawater
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z Brine= larutan garam terlarut (konsentrasi rendah

maupun tinggi)
z High density brines merupakan fluida C/WO yang
paling aman (tidak mengakibatkan banyak
kerusakan formasi)
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

Single--salt brines
Single
z Terdapat dua jenis brines: monovalent dan divalent
z Typical single salt brines:
- Monovalent : NaCl, KCl, NaBr
- Divalent : CaCl2, CaBr2
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z Walaupun ZnCl2 dan ZnBr2 keduanya secara teknis

dapat digunakan untuk membuat high- high-density single
salt brine akan tetapi tidak praktis dan tidak
ekonomis
z ZnCl2 dikenal sangat korosif sedangkan ZnBr2 sulit
ditangani karena sangat hygroscopic.
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z NaCl dan KCl brines biasanya dibuat dengan

melarutkan
l tk kristal
k i t l garam kering
k i dengan
d air
i karena
k
densitas maximum yang dapat dicapai relatif rendah;
bila dijual dalam bentuk larutan biaya angkutan
menjadi
j di mahal
h l karena
k adanya
d tambahan
b h berat
b air.
i
z NaBr biasanya dibuat dari garam kering atau tersedia
dari supplier dalam bentuk larutan pekat dengan
densitas sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z Jika diperlukan, concentrated NaBr diencerkan di

lokasi dengan manambah air untuk menurunkan
densitas. Pengenceran pada umumnya dilakukan
hanya hingga densitas sekitar 10 ppg.
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z CaCl2 dan CaBr2 brines tersedia dalam bentuk

larutan. Pembuatan brines di lapangan dari garam
kering sangat jarang dilakukan karena:
- bubuk CaCl2 dan CaBr2 merupakan
irritant bagi kulit,
kulit
- pelarutan bersifat eksotermik dan
temperatur air pelarut naik hingga di
atas titik didih air sehingga
pembuatan brine dari kristal garam
dianggap hazardous operation
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z Garam kering CaCl2 dan CaBr2 biasanya digunakan

hanya untuk mengatur harga densitas (density
adjustment).
adjustment)
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

Multiple salt brines:

z Dibuat dari garam monovalent, garam divalent atau
campuran dari keduanya
z Formulasi yang umum digunakan adalah CaCl2/CaBr2,
CaBr2/ZnBr2, dan CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2
z Multiple salt brines dari garam mono-valent secara
teknis dapat dilakukan
dilakukan, akan tetapi jarang digunakan
karena tidak ekonomis
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

z Keuntungan multiple salt brines: dapat

dif
diformulasikan
l ik untuk
t k memenuhi hi persyaratan
t density
d it
dan temperatur kristalisasi.
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

Pengujian kualitas brines

z Yang umum dilakukan adalah pengujian kekeruhan
relatif atau sering disebut nephelometric turbidity.
z Diukur dengan nephelometer (alat yang mengukur
i t
intensitas
it cahaya
h yang dibelokkan
dib l kk 90o oleh
l h adanya
d
padatan dalam suatu larutan). Makin besar intensitas
yang dibelokkan berarti fluida makin keruh.
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

Pengujian kualitas brines (lanjutan)

z Intensitas cahaya yang dibelokkan diukur sebagai
voltage dalam suatu photocell dan diberi satuan yang
disebut nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU).
z Spesifikasi kejernihan single-salt brines berkisar antara
3 – 10 NTU
z Nephelometry juga digunakan untuk menentukan
efektifitas wellbore clean up dan filtrasi fluida
 Formate Brines
z Mulai diperkenalkan di awal 90-an dalam upaya
mencari high-density brines yang environmentally
friendly.
z Jenis dan SG maximumnya:
NaCOOH (SG 1,33), KCOOH (SG 1,60) dan CeCOOH
(SG 2,37).
z Dapat digunakan dalam bentuk solids-free brine
maupun low-solids C/WO fluid.
 Formate Brines
Kelebihan formate brines:
z Non-hazardous dan biodegradable
g
z Dapat melindungi viscosifyer dan polymer dari degradasi
termal hingga 150oC.
z Korosivitas lebih rendah dibandingkan alkali metal halides
(klorida dan bromida).
z Kompatibel dengan formation waters yang mengandung
ion sulfat maupun carbonate (mengurangi kemungkinan
presipitasi).
 Formate Brines
z Kelebihan formate dari segi teknis dan HSE sangat
terasa pada aplikasi sumur dalam yang memerlukan
densitas tinggi. Saat ini untuk kasus yang demikian
digunakan C/WO fluid yang mengandung ZnBr2. Namun
pemakaian ZnBr2 tidak disukai karena ZnBr2 bersifat
korosif dan toxic. Untuk mengatasi hal ini dapat
digunakan caesium formate (SG 2,3) yang non-
hazardous sebagai pengganti ZnBr2
 Solids--Free Brine Systems
Solids

Sifat--sifat brines
Sifat
z Densitas
z Kristalisasi
z Viskositas
 Densitas Brines

Densitas Standard Brines

ZnBr2
CaBr2/ZnBr2
C Cl2/C B 2
CaCl2/CaBr2
CaBr2
NaBr
KBr
CaCl2
NaCl
KCl

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Density, ppg
DENSITAS SINGLE-
SINGLE-SALT BRINES

Densitas, ppg
• Larutan KCl 8.4 - 9.7
• Larutan NaCl 8.4 - 9.8
• Larutan KBr 8.4 - 11.5
• Larutan CaCl2 8 4 - 11.6
8.4 11 6
• Larutan NaBr 8.4 - 12.4
• Larutan CaBr2 14.2 - 15.5
• Larutan ZnBr2 15.0 - 21.5
 DENSITAS MULTIPLE-
MULTIPLE-SALT BRINES

Densitas, ppg
Densitas,
• KCl/KBr 9.8 - 11.5
• NaCl/CaCl2 10.1 - 11.1
• NaCl/NaBr 10.1 - 12.5
• CaCl2/CaBr2 11.7 - 15.1
• CaCl2/ZnBr2/CaBr2 15.1 - 19.2
• NaBr/ZnBr
/ 2 12.5 - 20.5
• CaBr2/ZnBr2/NaBr 12.5 - 22.5
 Efek T dan P Pada Densitas

ensitas
100F
00

De
100F
Volum

14,7 10.000
psi psi
60F
14,7 60F
psi 10.000
psi
 Perhitungan Densitas

⎡ n ⎤
ρ = ρ m − ⎢ ∑ ( ∆ ρ i ) / n − 1⎥
⎣ i =1 ⎦
∆ ρ i = ( B )( g p )( ∆ D ) − ( A )( g T )( ∆ D )

ρ = average wellbore density,ppg

ρm =surface fluid density, ppg
∆ρi =incremental density change
n = number of intervals
 Perhitungan Densitas
∆ρi = (B)(g p )(∆D) − ( A)(gT )(∆D)

A = thermal expansion coefficient, ppg/oF

B = pressure compressibility coeff., ppg/psi
∆D =(Di-1- Di) =length of interval, ft
gp =0,052
0,052 (ρi-1i 1- ρi)
)= pressure gradient, psi/ft
gT =(Tbh-Tsurf )/D=temperature gradient, oF/ft
D=total vertical depth (TVD), ft

A dan B diperoleh
p dari tabel
 Expansibility dan Compressibility

A B
Brine ppg
ppg/100F ppg/1000 psi
NaCl 9.42 0.24 0.019
CaCl2 11 45
11.45 0 27
0.27 0 017
0.017
NaBr 12.48 0.33 0.021
CaBr2 14 3
14.3 0 33
0.33 0 022
0.022
ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 16.01 0.36 0.022
ZnBr2/CaBr2 19 27
19.27 0 48
0.48 0 031
0.031
A: from 76 to 198 F at 12000 psi
B: from 2000 to 12000 psi at 198 F
 Perhitungan Densitas

Aproksimasi dilakukan berdasarkan harga

midpoint,
id i t misalnya
i l pada
d 10.000
10 000 ft dapat
d t
digunakan densitas rata-rata yang dihitung
b d
berdasarkan
k P dan
d T pada d 5.000
5 000 ft.
ft
Mengingat
g g efek P tidak begitu
g besar maka
seringkali koreksi dilakukan hanya untuk
efek temperatur.
p
 Perhitungan Densitas

• Dasar perhitungan: P hidrostatik

• Operasi dilakukan dengan overbalance:

Headfluida > Preservoir (setelah koreksi ρ
terhadap T dan P).
• Biasanya overbalance 200 psi untuk
reservoir minyak dan 300 psi untuk
reservoir gas
gas.
 Perhitungan Densitas
z Tentukan P hidrostatik berikut overbalance-nya,
misalnya
y Pp psi pada
p kedalaman D ft.
z Tentukan density, ppg = P/(0.052 D)

z Tentukan temperatur rata-rata sumur:

T (Tdasar sumur+T
T= Tpermukaan)/2
z Koreksi densitas brines berdasarkan temperatur rata-rata
tersebut
z Konversikan densitas tersebut ke kondisi 60oF (brines
biasanya dijual berdasarkan standar temperatur = 60oF)
 Contoh

• Sebagai contoh,
kalau perlu 10
ppg dengan
d sistim
i ti
CaCl2 pada 130oF,
cari di grafik Gb. 4
dan ikut garis
miring untuk
mendapatkan
densitas pada
60oF didapat
p 10.2
ppg.
Gb.4.Densitas vs.T
Untuk Sistim CaCl2
Gb. 5. Densitas vs. T untuk Sistim CaBr2
Gb.6. Densitas vs. T sistim CaCl2/CaBr2
Gb. 7. Densitas vs. T Sistim CaCl2/Zn/CaBr2
 Pembuatan C/WO Brines di Lapangan

Dilakukan dengan cara:

z Mencampurkan serbuk garam dengan air
z Mencampurkan larutan garam dengan air
(menurunkan densitas
densitas))
z Mencampurkan serbuk garam dengan larutan garam
lain
z Mencampurkan suatu larutan garam dengan larutan
garam lain
Pembuatan Lar.
Lar. NaBr dari Serbuk NaBr + Air
Pembuatan Lar.
Lar. CaCl2/CaBr2 dari Serbuk CaCl2 dan CaBr2 + Air
Pembuatan Lar.
Lar. NaBr dari NaBr 12,5 ppg + Air
Pembuatan Lar.
Lar. ZnBr2/CaBr2 dari Lar.
Lar. ZnBr2 19,2 ppg dan Lar.
Lar. CaBr2 14,2 ppg
Pembuatan Lar.
Lar. CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 dari Serbuk CaCl2 dengan Lar.
Lar.
CaBr2 14,2 ppg dan Lar.
Lar. ZnBr2/CaBr2 19,2 ppg

19.2 ppg 14.2 ppg 97%

ZnBr2/CaBr2 CaBr2 CaCl2 krist
QUESTIONS ?
 4

1. Sebutkan jenis –jenis fluida komplesi

2. Apa keuntungan dan kerugian fluida komplesi
tsb