FACULTY OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

RC20203 WEED SCIENCE

Semester 2 Session 2017/2018

HOW TO MAKE HERBARIUM

GROUP 2

No. Metric No. Name Signature

1 BR16110099 AINATUL MARDHIAH BINTI HASANUDDIN

2 BR16160160 CATHY TENING RECHARD

3 BR16160164 FAISAL HAFIZ BIN MUDA

4 BR16110116 KWAN WING CHEN

5 BR16160163 MOHD ISKANDAR BIN JALAWAN

MUHAMMAD ILYAS DANIAL BIN MOHD IKRAR

6 BR16110045
MUNJEET

7 BR16110139 NOOR HANANI BINTI HARMAIN

8 BR16110138 NUR DIYANA BINTI MOHD FAUZI

9 BR16110093 PHOOI CHOOI LIN

10 BR16110085 SANJEEV A/L M.P RAMARAO

11 BR16110117 TAN QIU RONG

 Table of contents

Contents Pages

1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Family
2.2 Family
2.3 Family
2.4 Family
2.5 Family
2.6 Family
2.7 Family
2.8 Family
2.9 Family
2.10 Family
2.11 Family
3.0 Study site
4.0 Methodology
5.0 Results and discussion
5.1 Family
5.2 Family
5.3 Family
5.4 Family
5.5 Family
5.6 Family
5.7 Family
5.8 Family
5.9 Family
5.10 Family
5.11 Family
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Family
2.2 Family
2.3 Family Euphorbiaceae

Figure 2.3.1: Euphorbia hirta L. herbarium from (CADI, 2018).

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Superphylum: Spermatophyta

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Rosidae

Order: Euphorbiales

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Genus: Euphorbia

Species: Euphorbia hirta (CADI, 2018)

Euphorbiaceae is the third largest genus of flowering dicot plants (Ernst, et al.,
2015). Family Euphorbiaceae is classifying in the order Malpighiales. Typically,
Euphorbiaceae are monecious herds, shrubs, trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-
like. Typically, it will produce milky sap. Basically, the leaves are alternate but maybe
opposite or whorled. Furthermore, they are maybe simple, compound, or highly
reduced. They have unisexual flowers and usually actinomorphic (Carr, 2018). This
family found mainly in tropical area. According to (Crepaldi, Albuquerque, & U.P.
Sales, 2016), fifty percent of the collected Euphorbiaceae were consider useful. For
example, Manihot esculenta (cassava) considered the highest importance with a
higher utilization rate in the community ponds. Besides, the medicinal use category
in the most representative for the species of this family. The Euphorbiaceae also
cited for other uses such as timber, food and mystical purposes. Species of
Euphorbiaceae are among the most frequently used by rural communities in Brazilian
semiarid regions. There are seven species to cure skin disease such as itchiness and
scabies; five species can use as antiseptic; four species for diarrhea; three species
for inflammation; two species for bone fraction and one species for arthritis (Kumar
& Chaturvedi, 2011).

2.4 Family
2.5 Family
2.6 Family
2.7 Family
2.8 Family
2.9 Family
2.10 Family
2.11 Family
3.0 Study site
4.0 Methodology
5.0 Results and discussion
5.1 Family
5.2 Family
5.3 Family Euphorbiaceae - lEuphorbia hirta L.
 Figure 5.3.1: The herbarium collected by Phooi Chooi Lin in oil palm field FSA.

Euphorbia hirta L. is from family Euphorbiaceae and grouped in dicot. Euphorbiaceae

is the third largest genus of flowering plants (Ernst, et al., 2015). It is an annual herd
or known as ford (USDA, 2018). It is a native of tropical America, now widespread at
low altitudes throughout the tropics and subtropics. It prefers sunny to lightly shaded
dry conditions, and is an early colonizer of bare ground. E. hirta is a weed of
cultivated fields, perennial crops, grasslands, roadsides, gardens, lawns, fallow lands,
ditch banks and waste places (CADI, 2018). It have densely hairy, little-branched
and can reached to 15-50 cm tall. The seed very small, oblong, reddish-brown,
initially smooth, later slightly transversely wrinkled (CADI, 2018). Euphorbia hirta L.
is the most-cited medicinal uses around the world were treatments for digestive
system disorders, skin ailments and, especially in the Southern hemisphere,
infections (Ernst, et al., 2015).

The extraction of Euphorbia hirta L. is noncytotoxic and antibacterial such as

the growth of the Escherichia coli. It is also able to against malarial, amoebic, and
inflammatory activity. Its power able to increase the development of mammary
glands and induct the secretion before puberty which showed in guinea pigs. On the
over hand, Euphorbia hirta L. will reduce the sperm motility at 50 mg/kg. Moreover,
it can antiasthmatic activity by relaxing on the bronchial tube (Kumar, Malhotra, &
Kumar, 2010).

The seed of Euphorbia hirta L. is very small, oblong (0.57-0.70 mm long,

0.065 mg/seed), and reddish-brown. It is native to tropical America and now widely
spread in tropical and subtropical area. Initially the seed is smooth, later slightly
transversely wrinkled (CADI, 2018). Due to the reason of tiny and light weight seed,
the seed able to dispersal by wind. Hence, it can widely grow in oil palm field and
even other places. Besides, the flowers are monoecious which the individual flowers
are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant
(Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2018). It can be pollinated by insects.
Thus, the seed production is wide.

Euphorbia hirta L. is affected our main crop in Malaysia such as oil palm, rice
and cocoa. It will become the alternative host for the nematode and arthropod pest.
Those pests will cause diseases to the crop. However, the natural enemy is
Haplothrips euphorbiae (CADI, 2018). Hence, the growers can rear this herbivore to
get rid this weed. For the chemical control, Euphorbia hirta L. is sensitive to 2, 4-D
and metolachlor (CADI, 2018).

5.4 Family
5.5 Family
5.6 Family
5.7 Family
5.8 Family
5.9 Family
5.10 Family
5.11 Family
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
CADI. (2018). Euphorbia hirta (garden spurge). Retrieved Feb 28, 2018, from CADI:
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/21355

Carr, D. G. (2018). Euphorbiaceae. Retrieved March 3, 2018, from Botany Hawaii:

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/euphorbi.htm

Crepaldi, C. G., Albuquerque, J. L., & U.P. Sales, M. (2016, January). Richness and
ethnobotany of the family Euphorbiaceae in a tropical semiarid landscape of
Northeastern Brazil. South African Journal of Botany, 102, 157-165.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.06.010

Ernst, M., Grace, O. M., Saslis-Lagoudakis, C. H., Nilsson, N., Simonsen, H. T., &
Rønsted, N. (2015, Dec 24). Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L.
(Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 176, 90-101.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.025

Kumar, G. P., & Chaturvedi, A. (2011, January 21). Ethnobotanical Observations of

Euphorbiaceae Species from Vidarbha region, Maharashtra, India.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2010(6), 674-80. Retrieved March 3, 2018, from
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2010/iss6/4/

Kumar, S., Malhotra, R., & Kumar, D. (2010). Euphorbia hirta: Its chemistry,
traditional and medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities. Pharmacogn
Rev., 4(7), 58-61. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.65327

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. (2018). Chamaesyce hirta. Retrieved March

17, 2018, from Panama:
http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/biodiversity/species/24152/

USDA. (2018). Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. Retrieved Feb 28, 2018, from USDA
Natural Resources Conservation Service:
https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CHHI3