Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Elementary Antennas
Alberto Toccafondi
Coordinate systems
ntation of radiation (or reception) properties
coordinates
s
ost common)
• Consists of two identical conductive elements (metal wires, rods,..) which are
usually symmetrical.
∆𝑙 ≪ 𝜆
Elementary Electric Dipole
• In its famous experiment Heinrich Rudolf Hertz used two conductive sphere
and a very small wire (Hertizan dipole)
Elementary Electric Dipole
z
𝑟′ = 𝑧 + 𝑧̂ 𝐼 𝑧′ = 𝐼0𝑓 𝑧 + 𝑧̂
⇢ l 0 l
0 1 if 2 < z < 2 ,
f (z ) =
+ Iz 0 otherwise
Δl Δl λ
-
x y
Elementary Electric Dipole
p z
k = ! ✏µ = k is real
Eφ
Er
Eθ
y
1 1 𝑒 >?@/ 𝐻/ = 𝐻D =0
𝐸/ = 2𝜁𝐼2 Δ𝑙 cos 𝜃 +
𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 < 4𝜋r
1 𝑒 >?@/
1 1 𝑒 >?@/ 𝐻H = 𝑗𝑘𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃 1 +
𝐸D = 𝑗𝑘𝜁𝐼2 Δ𝑙 sin 𝜃 1 + + 𝑗𝑘𝑟 4𝜋r
𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 < 4𝜋r
𝐸H =0
𝜇
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜖µ 𝜁= Ω
𝜖
where C is a constant.dThus,
# the electric d
$ field lines are given 2implicitly by: 2
ln Q(u)sin θ = 0 ⇒ Q(u)sin θ = C ⇒ Q(u)sin θ = C
2 ln Q(u) sin 2θ = 0
1 1 1 1 L
0 0 0 0
mitt
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
−0.5 −0.5 −0.5 −0.5
W
0 0 0 0
−1 −1 −1 −1 and
−0.5 −0.5
−0.5
−1.5 −1.5
−0.5
−1.5 −1.5 TE o
W
−1−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5−1−1.5
−1 0 0.5 −0.5
−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5
−1 0 0.5 1 1.5 Fig. 1
and
−1.5 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 TE o
Fig. 14.5.1 Electric field lines
Fig. of oscillating
14.5.1 dipole
Electric field at successive
lines of time
oscillating instants.
dipole at successive time instants.
−1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 −1.5
0 0.5 −0.5
−1 1 1.5
0 0.5 1 −1.51.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Fig.
Ideally, one should solve for r in
Ideally, terms
one of θsolve
should for r this
. Because θ. Because
is notofpossible
in terms in closed
this isform, T
not possible in closed
Elementary Electric Dipole
z
Eφ
Er
Eθ
𝑃 = S 𝑆 𝑟 T 𝑛V 𝑑𝑠 = S[𝑆/ 𝑟̂ + 𝑆D 𝜃[ ] T 𝑟̂ 𝑑𝑠 = S 𝑆/ 𝑑𝑠
Y Y Y
Elementary Electric Dipole z
Eφ
Er
Eθ
x
Ø Constant every for every r
Ø Power that leaves the dipole and is carried by electromagnetic field away from the dipole
𝐸D ⊥ 𝐻H 𝐸D 1 𝐸D <
=𝜁 𝑆/g = 𝑟̂
𝐻H 2 𝜁
Elementary Electric Dipole z
Eφ
Er
Eθ
Ø Components that decay more than 1/r are associated with reactive power
Elementary Magnetic Dipole
z
Hφ
Hr
Hθ
I zm "1 1 % e− jβ r
H r = 2 Δl cosθ $ + 2' Er = Eθ = 0
ζ # r j β r & 4π r
" # 1 & e − jβ r
β m 1 1 % e− jβ r Eφ = − j β I zm Δl sin θ %1+ (
Hθ = j I z Δl sin θ $1+ + 2
' $ j β r ' 4π r
ζ $# j β r ( j β r ) '& 4π r
Hφ = 0
β = ω εµ