P2030.2™/ .0draft Guide For The Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated With The Electric Power Infrastructure

P2030.
2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated with the Electric Power Infrastructure
Deleted: D8
1 P2030.2™/D9.0Draft Guide for the

2 Interoperability of Energy Storage
3 Systems Integrated with the Electric
4 Power Infrastructure
5 Sponsor
6
7 IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics,
8 Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage
9
10 Approved <Date Approved>
11
12 IEEE-SA Standards Board
13
14 Copyright © 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Abstract:
2 This guide applies the IEEE Standard 2030-2011 Smart Grid Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM)
3 process to energy storage, highlighting the information relevant to energy storage system interoperability
4 with the EPS. The process can be applied to energy storage system applications located on customer
5 premises, at the distribution level, and bulk storage on the transmission level.
6 This guide provides useful industry derived definitions for ESS characteristics, applications and
7 terminology. This simplifies the task of defining the systems communication and IT requirements. It also
8 results in these system requirements being communicated more clearly and consistently in the project
9 specifications.
10 This guide also presents a methodology that can be used for most common ESS projects to describe the
11 power system, communications, and IT perspectives in a simplified and standardized format based on the
12 IEEE Std. 2030-2011 definitions. This provides a clear framework in which emerging cybersecurity
13 requirements can be incorporated as appropriate. Once the power system, communications, and IT
14 perspectives are defined, a clearer picture and understanding is developed of this seemingly complex
15 system and provides a common base for all project stakeholders to understand.
16 Additionally, this guide provides the templates that can be used to develop requirements for an ESS project
17 and goes through several real world ESS project examples step-by-step.
18 Keywords: Interoperability, Smart Grid, Energy Storage Systems, Communications Technology, Power
19 Systems, IEEE Standard 2030, Information Technology, Electric Power System, Battery
20
x
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Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
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v
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Participants
2 At the time this draft guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the IEEE P2030.2
3 Working Group had the following membership:
4 Mark Siira, Chair

5 Thomas Basso, Vice Chair
6 Charles Vartanian, Secretary
7 Sara Biyabani, Information & Communications Task Force Chair
8 Wayne Stec, Technology & Systems Task Force Chair
9 Mariana Hentea, Security Task Force Chair
10
11
12 Adekunle Adeleye 29 O De Franca Lima 46 Doug Staker
13 David Bassett 30 Jianwei Liu 47 Wayne Stec
14 Pierre-Yves Bertholet 31 David Lovelady 48 William Steeley
15 Trone Bishop 32 Andrew Miller 49 Michael Stelts
16 Sara Biyabani 33 David Nichols 50 Tzen Woo Tham
17 Daniel Borneo 34 Robert O'Hagan 51 Kostas Tolios
18 Subir Das 35 Yoshihiro Ohba 52 Osamu Tomobe
19 Liang Xi Downey 36 Toshiya Okabe 53 Ernest Wagner
20 Alan Esenther 37 James Reilly 54 Masaki Yamada Deleted: Bob Saint¶
21 Rhys Foster 38 Richard Rivas 55 Timothy Zgonena
22 Thomas Fox 39 David Rose 56
23 Erik Hansen 40 Pablo Rosenfeld 57
24 Mariana Hentea 41 Robert Saint 58 Deleted: Bob
25 Hiroshi Irie 42 Chester Sandberg 59
26 Stoli Jager 43 David Schoenwald 60
27 David Kaplan 44 Michael Snyder 61
28 Frederic Kracke 45 James Sprecher
62
63
64 The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
65 voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
66
67 (to be supplied by IEEE)
68
69 Balloter1 72 Balloter4 75 Balloter7
78
79 At the time this standard was completed the sponsor, Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells,
80 Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage had the following membership:
81
82
83 Richard DeBlasio, Chair
84 Thomas Basso, Vice Chair & Secretary
85
86
87 David Bassett 92 Frank Goodman 97 Peter McNutt
88 Paul Bishop 93 Kelvin Hecht 98 Tom Prevost
89 John Bzura 94 Gerald Johnson 99 Charles Rogers
90 James Daley 95 Joseph Koepfinger* 100 Robert Saint
91 Douglas Dawson 96 Benjamin Kroposki 101 Timothy Zgonena
102
103 *Member Emeritus
vi
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Introduction
2 This introduction is not part of P2030.2/D8.0, Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems
3 Integrated with the Electric Power Infrastructure.
4 IEEE Std P2030.2 is part of the IEEE Std 2030 series of standards. The IEEE Std 2030 series of standards
5 was created to provide guidelines in understanding and defining Smart Grid interoperability of the electric
6 power system with end-use applications and loads. To achieve this, integration of energy technology and
7 information and communications technologies is necessary to achieve seamless operation for electric
8 generation, delivery, and end-use benefits to permit two-way power flow with communication and control.
9 The standard series is also intended to build a knowledge base across relevant topics including
10 interconnections, intra-facing frameworks, strategies, and design definitions. This expanded knowledge
11 base is needed as a key element in grid architectural designs and operation to promote a more reliable and
12 flexible electric power system.
13 IEEE STD P2030.2 was specifically developed to address the interoperability of energy storage systems
14 with electric power infrastructure. Implementing the IEEE Std 2030 SGIRM approach, IEEE P2030.2
15 provides a framework for identifying and organizing the key information that is required to help assure that
16 any given energy storage system can connect and be interoperable with the electric power system to which
17 it is connected. P2030.2 provides guidance in understanding and defining technical characteristics of
18 energy storage systems, and how discrete or hybrid systems may be integrated with and used compatibly as
19 part of the electric power infrastructure. Further, the standard fills the need for guidance relevant to a
20 knowledge base addressing terminology, functional performance, evaluation criteria, operations, testing,
21 and the application of engineering principles for energy storage systems integrated with the electric power
22 infrastructure.
23
v
This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Contents
2 1. Overview 1
3 1.1. Scope 1
4 1.2. Purpose 1
5 1.3. Why and how to use this guide 1
6 1.4. SGIRM & the three IAP Perspective 2
7 2. Normative References 3
8 3. Definitions and acronyms 4

9 3.1. Definitions 4
10 3.2. Acronyms 6
11 4. Energy Storage Systems 6

12 4.1. Energy Storage Technologies 7
13 4.2. Energy Storage Systems’ Major Components 8
14 4.3. Energy Storage System (ESS) Characteristics 9
15 4.3.1. ESS Unique Characteristics 10
16 4.3.2. ESS Fixed Characteristics 10
17 4.3.3. ESS Interconnection Characteristics 14
18 4.4. Energy Storage Applications 15
19 4.4.1. Applications Description 17
20 5. Power systems interoperability, the PS-IAP 19

21 5.1. Introduction 19
22 5.2. Unique Aspects of Energy Storage Systems and the Smart Grid 26
23 5.3. Technology Aspects 26
24 5.4. Energy Storage Systems Integration 27
25 6. Communications technology interoperability, the CT-IAP 30

27 6.2. Physical layer 32
28 6.3. Communications Interfaces 32
29 6.4. Sources of Data Exchange 32
30 6.5. Regulatory Requirements 33
31 6.6. Technology aspects 34
32 6.7. Examples of Networks 36
33 7. Information technology interoperability, the IT-IAP 39

35 7.2. Information Data Flows 41
36 7.3. Standards and Protocols 42
37 8. Security and Privacy 43

39 8.2. Background 43
40 8.3. Security Issues 44
41 8.4. Threats and Vulnerabilities 44
42 8.5. Security Engineering Principles 45
43 8.6. Interoperability Principles 45
44 8.7. Security Aspects of NIST DER Architecture 47
45 8.8. Security Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations 49
46 8.9. Distributed Energy Resources 49
47 8.10. Demand Response Security 50
vi
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 8.11. Testing 51
Deleted: 1. Overview 1¶
2 8.12. Security Mechanisms 51 1.1. Scope 1¶
3 8.13. Privacy 52 1.2. Purpose 1¶
1.3. Why and how to use this guide 1¶
4 9. Example ESS Applications 52 1.4. SGIRM & the three IAP Perspective 2¶
5 9.1. ESS for Frequency Regulation, transmission level connection 54 2. Normative References 3¶
3. Definitions and acronyms 3¶
6 9.2. Voltage Regulation 60
3.1. Definitions 3¶
7 9.3. Renewable Integration 65 3.2. Acronyms 5¶
8 9.4. Multiple Services, Substation Sited 69 4. Energy Storage Systems 6¶
9 9.5. Distributed Energy Storage Systems 73 4.1. Energy Storage Technologies 6¶
10 9.6. ESS for MicroGrid 78 4.2. Energy Storage Systems’ Major
Components 8¶
4.3. Energy Storage System (ESS)
11 10. System Level Design, Testing and Deployment 93 Characteristics 9¶
12 10.1. Introduction 93 4.3.1. ESS Unique Characteristics 9¶
13 10.2. Communications Technology Advances 94 4.3.2. ESS Fixed Characteristics 10¶
14 10.3. Safety issues 94 4.3.3. ESS Interconnection Characteristics 13¶
15 10.4. Technology aspects 94 4.4. Energy Storage Applications 15¶
4.4.1. Applications Description 17¶
16 10.5. Market aspects 94 5. Power systems interoperability, the PS-IAP 19¶
17 10.6. Future Implications of ESS 96 5.1. Introduction 19¶
18 10.7. Regulatory aspects 96 5.2. Unique Aspects of Energy Storage Systems
19 10.8. System Level Testing 96 and the Smart Grid 24¶
20 10.9. Types of Testing 97 5.3. Technology Aspects 24¶
5.4. Energy Storage Systems Integration 25¶
21 10.10. Integration of ESS with EPS – Protection 99 6. Communications technology interoperability, the
22 10.11. Power System Simulations and Interoperability 100 CT-IAP 28¶
23 10.12. Asset Management 103 6.1. Introduction 28¶
6.2. Physical layer 30¶
24 Annex A (Informative) Bibliography 106 6.3. Communications Interfaces 30¶
6.4. Sources of Data Exchange 30¶
6.5. Regulatory Requirements 31¶
25 Annex B (Informative) Glossary 111 6.6. Technology aspects 32¶
6.7. Examples of Networks 34¶
26 Annex C (Informative) Sample SGIRM Application Tables 113 7. Information technology interoperability, the IT-
IAP 37¶
7.1. Introduction 37¶
27 Annex D (Informative) Protection Types, Interconnection Technology and System Location Requirements 116 1) Command and control (intermittent and/or
periodic) 37¶
28 Annex E (Informative) Power Systems Simulation 118 2) Monitor data (periodic) 37¶
29 3) Alerts & Alarms (intermittent). 37¶
1) Operational/Functional 37¶
2) Management of assets and infrastructure 37¶
3) Regulatory 37¶
4) Pricing and Markets 37¶
5) Security. 37¶
1) Application 38¶
2) Presentation 38¶
3) Session 38¶
4) Transport 38¶
5) Network 38¶
6) Data Link 38¶
7) Physical. 38¶
1) Service: what a layer does 38¶
2) Interface: how to access the service 39¶
3) Protocol: how is the service implemented in
terms of the rules and formats that govern the
communication between two peers. 39¶
7.2. Information Interfaces 39¶
7.3. Standards and Protocols 40¶
8. Security and Privacy 41¶
8.1. Introduction 41¶
8.2. Background 41¶
8.3. Security Issues 42¶
8.4. Threats and Vulnerabilities 42¶ ...
vii
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy

2 Storage Systems Integrated with the Electric
3 Power Infrastructure
4 IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental
5 protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards
6 documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and
7 interference protection practices and all applicable laws and regulations.
8 This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.
9 These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may
10 be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers
11 Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at
12 http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.
13 1. Overview
14 1.1. Scope
15 This document provides guidelines for discrete and hybrid energy storage systems that are integrated with the electric power
16 infrastructure, including end-use applications and loads. This guide builds upon IEEE Standard 2030-2011 Guide for Smart
17 Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS),
18 and End-Use Applications, and Loads.
19 1.2. Purpose
20 The purpose is to provide guidance in understanding and defining technical characteristics of energy storage systems, and
21 how discrete or hybrid systems may be integrated with and used compatibly as part of the electric power infrastructure.
22 Further, the standard fills the need for guidance relevant to a knowledge base addressing terminology, functional
23 performance, evaluation criteria, operations, testing, and the application of engineering principles for energy storage systems
24 integrated with the electric power infrastructure.
25 1.3. Why and how to use this guide
26 This guide provides useful industry derived definitions for Energy Storage Systems (ESS) characteristics, applications and
27 terminology. This simplifies the task of defining the systems communication and IT requirements. It also results in these
28 system requirements being communicated more clearly and consistently in project specifications and IT requirements. It also
29 results in these system requirements being communicated more clearly and consistently in project specifications.
1
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 This guide also presents a methodology that can be used for most common ESS projects to describe the power system,
2 communications, and IT perspectives in a simplified and standardized format based on the IEEE Std. 2030-2011 definitions.
3 This provides a clear framework in which emerging cybersecurity requirements can be incorporated as appropriate. Once the
4 power system, communications, and IT perspectives are defined, a clearer picture and understanding is developed of this
5 seemingly complex system and provides a common base for all project stakeholders to understand.
6 Additionally, this guide provides the templates that can be used to develop requirements for an ESS project and goes through
7 several real world ESS project examples step-by-step.
8 This guide is useful for any stakeholder involved in an ESS project regardless of technology, size and point of grid
9 interconnection. Over time this work will drive modularity in the ESS System
10 How to Use this Guide
11 This guide can be used at the start of an ESS project to a) ensure the project components described follow an industry
12 standardized terminology and b) help define the power system, communications, and IT perspectives. To derive the most
13 benefit from the framework, the following steps are suggested:
14 Review the ESS characteristics and applications to better define your ESS project.
15 Review the PS-IAP, CT-IAP and IT-IAP SGIRM diagrams and descriptions for ESS.
16 Read through the real world ESS projects that are described in accordance to this guide.
17 Break down the ESS project in question by completing the template forms provided in this guide.
18 Use the blank template forms to document your analysis
19 This complete documentation will serve to benefit most projects in the clarity it presents and the visibility of the choices the
20 system designers have made.
21 1.4. SGIRM & the three IAP Perspective
22 This guide applies the IEEE Std 2030-2011 SGIRM process to energy storage, highlighting the information relevant to
23 energy storage system interoperability with the EPS. The process can be applied to energy storage system applications
24 located on customer premises, at the distribution level, and bulk storage on the transmission level.
25 The Smart Grid Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM) defined in IEEE Std 2030-2011 organizes all the functions and
26 interconnections of a Smart Grid in terms of three separate Interoperability Architecture Perspectives (IAP). The three IAPs Deleted: perspectives that together
27 primarily relate to logical, functional considerations of power systems, communications interfaces, and information Deleted:
28 technology data flows for smart grid interoperability. A summary of the three perspectives follows:
Formatted: Font color: Auto
29 Power systems IAP (PS-IAP): The emphasis of the power system perspective is the production, delivery, and
30 consumption of electric energy including apparatus, applications, and operational concepts. This perspective defines
Formatted: IEEEStds Unordered List, Space
31 seven domains common to all three perspectives: bulk generation, transmission, distribution, service providers, After: 0 pt
32 markets, control/operations, and customers.

33 Communications technology IAP (CT-IAP): The emphasis of the communications technology perspective is
34 communication connectivity among systems, devices, and applications in the context of the Smart Grid. The
35 perspective includes communication networks, media, performance, and protocols.
2
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Information technology IAP (IT-IAP): The emphasis of the information technology perspective is the control of
2 processes and data management flow. The perspective includes technologies that store, process, manage, and control
3 the secure information data flow.
4 The IAPs of the SGIRM are comprised of domains, entities, interfaces, and data flows.
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", Tab stops:
5 Domains common to all of the SGIRM IAPs are as follows:
0.31", List tab + Not at 0.44"
6 Bulk generation. The generators of electricity in bulk quantities. May also store energy for later distribution.
7 Transmission. The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances.
8 Distribution. The distributers of electricity to and from customers.
9 Service providers. The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities.
10 Markets. The operators and participants in electricity markets.
11 Control/operations. The management of the movement of electricty.
12 Customers. The end users of electricity.
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", Tab stops:
13 Entities (devices, communication networks, computer systems, software programs, etc.) are generally located inside a
0.31", List tab + Not at 0.44"
14 domain and are connected to each other through one or more interfaces. Each perspective has entities that more closely
15 map to its technology. However, each entity can map to an appropriate entity or entities in another perspective.
Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Font color: Auto
16 Interfaces are logical connections from one entity to another that support one or more data flows implemented with one
Formatted: IEEEStds Unordered List, Indent:
17 or more data links. Left: 0.31", Tab stops: 0.31", List tab
18 Data flows are used instead of interfaces in the IT-IAP. These data flows are application-level communications from Formatted: Font color: Auto
19 entities that provide data to entities that consume data. Formatted: IEEEStds Unordered List, Indent:
Left: 0.31"
20 In this Standard Guide IEEE 2030.2, the SGIRM is applied to Electrical Storage Systems by defining the PS-IAP, CT-IAP Deleted: comprise the Smart Grid: PS-IAP, CT-
IAP and IT-IAP. The PS-IAP, Power Systems
21 and IT-IAP for specific applications and use cases of electrical storage systems. Interoperability Architecture Perspective defines the
Smart Grid in terms of power elements and their
22 interoperability. The CT-IAP, Communications
Technology Interoperability Architecture
Perspective defines the Smart Grid in terms of
communications elements and networks. The IT-
23 2. Normative References IAP, Information Technology Interoperability
Architecture Perspective describes the Smart Grid
24 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and in terms of information flows, entities, and
25 used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, protocols used to exchange that information.¶
26 only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
27 amendments or corrigenda) applies.
28 IEEE Std. 2030-2011, IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology
29 Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads, (September 10, 2011).
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1 3. Definitions and acronyms
2 3.1. Definitions
3 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online [B1]
4 should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 1
5 This information includes definitions that are critical to understanding interoperability of ESS connected to the electric power
6 systems. A glossary has been included in Annex B to provide some other commonly used terms.
7 Cycle (Charge/Discharge cycle):

8 An ESS discharge followed by a complete recharge - A deep (or full) cycle is described as the removal and replacement of
9 80% or more of the ESS's design capacity.
10 Cycle life:
11 The number of charge-discharge cycles after which electricity storage becomes inoperable or unusable for a given application
12 Demand:
13 The electrical load at the receiving terminals averaged over a specified interval of time - Demand is expressed in kilowatts,
14 kilovoltamperes, kilovars, amperes, or other suitable units
15 Discharge:
16 The process of extracting stored energy from the ESS
17 Dispatch:
18 The process of varying the output from a distributed energy resource on a moment-to-moment basis to meet changing supply
19 requirements
20 End-Use Application:
21 A process that administers or controls the consumption or production of electricity at a device (equipment or system) or
22 facility
23 Energy Balancing:
24 Periodic balancing of energy supply and demand between two or more entities - For example, during one 15 minute period
25 entity 1 needs more energy than its scheduled resources can provide. So entity 1 receives the necessary energy from entity 2.
26 During the next 15 minute period entity 1 supplies an amount of energy to entity 2 equal to the extra energy used (from entity
27 2) during the previous 15 minute period.
28 Energy capacity (available from ESS):

29 The energy available for transfer to the grid, usually expressed in kWh
30 Energy capacity (available to store in ESS):

1
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.
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1 The energy available for transfer to the ESS, usually expressed in kWh
2 Energy Storage System (ESS):

3 “Commercially available technology that is capable of absorbing energy, storing it for a period of time, and thereafter
4 dispatching the energy in response to an external control input according to some predefined control function.” Deleted: …
5 Interoperability:
6 The capability of two or more networks, systems, devices, applications, or components to externally exchange and readily
7 use information securely Deleted: and effectively
8 Islanding:
9 Distributed energy resources (DER) island systems are parts of electric power systems (EPS) that have DER and load, have
10 the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the EPS, include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and
11 are intentional and planned.
12 Net metering:
13 Energy use involving measurement of energy used and energy fed into the utility grid by a customer with generation capacity
14 – in other words, each unit of energy fed into the grid directly offsets use and cost incurred for one unit of energy purchased
15 from the grid.
16 Power available from ESS:

17 The power available for transfer to the grid, usually expressed in kW
18 Power available to store in ESS:

19 The power available for transfer to the ESS, usually expressed in kW
20 Ramp rate:
21 The rate of change in instantaneous output from a power source - Typically ramp rate is expressed in units of MW/Sec..
22 Round trip efficiency:

23 The amount of energy that an ESS can deliver relative to the amount of energy injected into the system during the
24 immediately preceding charge - This is also referred to as efficiency.
25 State of charge:
26 The degree to which an ESS is charged relative to the maximum possible amount of energy that can be stored by the system,
27 typically expressed as a percentage
28 Use case:
29 A use case is an established methodology for defining interactions in systems analysis and determining functional
30 requirements.. A Use Case is one way to define specific deployment of an ESS for one or more applications and/or one or
31 more benefits
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1 3.2. Acronyms
2 AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure
3 BES Battery Energy Storage
4 CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage
5 CT-IAP Communications Technology Interoperability Architecture Perspective
6 DER Distributed Energy Resource
7 DESS Distributed Energy Storage Systems
8 DOD Depth of Discharge
9 DR Demand Response
10 EPS Electric Power System
11 ESS Energy Storage System
12 FAN Field Area Network
13 GWAC GridWise Architecture Council
14 IP Internet Protocol
15 IT-IAP Information Technology Interoperability Architecture Perspective
16 LA Lead Acid
17 LAN Local Area Network
18 NAN Neighborhood Area Network
19 PCC Point of Common Coupling
20 PS-IAP Power Systems Interoperability Architecture Perspective
21 PV PhotoVoltaic
22 SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
23 SGIRM Smart grid interoperability reference model
24 SOC State of Charge
25 WAN Wide Area Network
26 4. Energy Storage Systems

27 As renewables take a bigger share of generation capacity and where electrical systems cannot keep up with the increasing
28 demand, energy storage systems could provide services and improvements to power grid systems, so “storage may one day
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1 be ubiquitous in our power systems” [B2]. It is believed that energy storage “will be a key asset in the evolving smart grid”
2 [B3].
3
4 As more ESS options become available and nations around the globe continue to enrich their portfolios of renewable energy,
5 the use of energy storage is increasing. For example, increased deployment of energy storage devices in the distribution grid
6 could make this process more effective and could improve system performance [B4]. Mainly, energy storage mediates
7 between variable sources and variable loads; works by moving energy through time [B5]. Energy storage systems are highly
8 versatile and can meet the needs of various users including renewable energy generators, grid equipment, and end users.
9 4.1. Energy Storage Technologies
10 The following are the most common energy storage technologies that provide benefits and added value to power grid
11 services:
12 Battery energy storage (BES), which includes lithium ion, lead-acid (LA),nickel-cadmium (NiCad), and sodium-
13 sulphur (NAS) technologies. Flow battery energy storage (FBES) technologies include vanadium-redox
14 (VR),polysulphide-bromide (PSB), and zinc-bromine (ZnBr). Battery energy storage can also include electric vehicle
15 (EV) storage capabilities.
16 Supercapacitor energy storage (SCES)
17 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) – This category includes underground pumped hydroelectric energy
18 storage (UPHES)
19 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
20 Adiabatic Compressed Air
21 Flywheel energy storage (FES)
22 Thermal energy storage (TES), which could include air-conditioning thermal energy storage (ACTES) and thermal
23 energy storage systems (TESS)
24 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
25 Hydrogen energy storage system (HESS)
26 Expanded discussion of the most commonly used technologies follows:
27 Battery
28 Battery energy storage systems typically have an operational life in years and a cycle life based on the number of
29 charge/discharge cycles that have taken place. This value is typically in the thousands or ten of thousand cycles. The charging
30 capability typically degrades over time for almost all battery technologies. Most battery systems use materials that must be
31 disposed of properly. Therefore, the end of life disposition is an important consideration for battery technologies. The
32 reliability of most battery systems is dependent not only on the reliability of the battery but the system of ancillary devices.
33 Likewise the roundtrip efficiency reflects not only that of the battery but also the parasitic loads of the battery system. Most
34 battery systems can be used in either intermittent or continuous mode with practical limitations only being the size of the
35 charge/discharge energy and the energy storage rating of the batteries. Response time of most battery systems is very quick.
36 Battery systems are usually connected to the EPS by an inverter. Battery systems can be located anywhere on the distribution
37 system or transmission system.
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1 The state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD) are critical elements in the optimal operation of battery systems.
2 These elements are essential for determining the amount of energy that can still be delivered and the degradation of the ESS.
3 The operational requirements for battery ESS’s depend on the size of the system. For large systems quick information Deleted: interoperability
4 exchange is required since the battery ESS is meant to correct issues on the distribution or transmission system. Speed of
5 information exchange, except for protection, is not necessary for smaller systems since they are not typically critical for
6 ongoing EPS operations.
7 Super Capacitors
8 Super capacitors typically have extremely fast response time and are usually used for intermittent service. They are usually
9 more focused on loads needing fast and intermittent response and are usually connected to the EPS as an adjunct to that
10 purpose. They are either directly coupled to DC load systems or connected through an inverter.
11 Pumped Hydro Deleted: Interoperability requirements for Super

Capacitors are similar to that of batteries.¶
12 Pumped hydro has a long operational life with only very little degradation over time and practically no cycle life limitations.
13 It is ideally suited for continuous operation but because of the limited number of sites available, its connection to the EPS is
14 limited to relatively few locations. The interconnection is usually direct using synchronous or induction machines.
15 Since pumped hydro is generally a slow response application in comparison to applications for battery systems. Deleted: , interoperability requirements are much
less critical than those
16 Compressed Air Deleted: of
17 The characteristics of compressed air are similar to that of pumped hydro. Depending on the size of the storage chamber, the
18 compressed air storage could be intermittent or continuous.
19 Adiabatic Compressed Air Deleted: Interoperability requirements for

compressed air would typically be similar to those of
pumped hydro systems.¶
20 This form of compressed air application stores heat from compression of air and uses that stored heat during expansion.
21 There is no combustion stage.
22 Fly Wheel
23 The fly wheel characteristics are similar in many ways to that of battery systems. The major exceptions are that fly wheels are
24 for intermittent use.
25 Thermal Storage Deleted: The interoperability requirements are

similar to that of battery systems.¶
26 High temperature examples are molten sodium and magnesium block thermal storage used coincident with CSP. Low
27 temperature examples include ice energy storage used for demand-side applications.
28 Super Conductive Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

29 SMES is used for grid stability and very short-term (10 second) transient timeframe support applications.
30 4.2. Energy Storage Systems’ Major Components
31 An energy storage system is comprised of three primary components [B6]:
32 Storage Medium (SM) –Mechanical (e.g. Hydro, compressed air), chemical (e.g. batteries, hydrogen), or electrical
33 (e.g. super-capacitors, SMES) storage
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1 Power Conversion System (PCS) –Converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. PCS’ are
2 typically used for all storage devices except mechanical storage devices. These devices are usually directly connected
3 to the power grid through an isolating and protective device.
4
5 Balance of Plant (BOP) - includes all the devices that are used to support the equipment including power
6 interconnection, communications, monitoring and control, and environmental control equipment.
7
8 Figure 1 shows the basic block diagram of storage and calls out some storage variables that may useful to a grid operator (i.e.
9 state of charge (SOC), etc.), and makes a distinction between those storage state variable and power variables that would be
10 monitored at the junction to the grid (i.e. VARS, etc.).
11
12
13
14
15 Figure 1 – Storage System Block Diagram
16 4.3. Energy Storage System (ESS) Characteristics
17 This clause describes the fundamental power system related characteristics of ESS. Each type of ESS device has
18 characteristics that often are considerably different from other ESS devices. This clause attempts to capture the different type
19 of characteristics as they apply for application of ESS devices to the EPS. These characteristics are based on particular
20 technologies and types of interconnections to the power system.
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1 4.3.1. ESS Unique Characteristics
2 Each type of ESS has unique characteristics. These characteristics can be classified as fixed characteristics (ratings),
3 interconnection characteristics, and interconnection technology.
4 ESS fixed characteristics include:
5 Power Capacity
6 Energy Storage Capacity
7 Operational Life – Years of useful life
8 Reliability/Availability of ESS (life, number of cycles, degradation over time)
9 Cycle Life - Charge / Discharge Cycle
10 Reliability/Availability of ESS
11 Roundtrip efficiency
12 Intermittency – Intermittent or Continuous
13 Response Time
14 State of Charge (SOC) / Depth of Discharge (DOD)
15 Charge to Discharge Ratio
16 ESS Interconnection characteristics include:
17 Grid connection location (domain)

18 Interconnection Technology – Direct or inverter ESS interconnection
19 4.3.2. ESS Fixed Characteristics
20 Power Capacity
21 Power Capacity is the maximum instantaneous output that an ESS can provide, usually measured in kilowatts (kW) or
22 megawatts (MW).
23 Energy Storage Capacity

24 Energy Storage Capacity is the amount of electrical energy the ESS can store usually measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or
25 megawatt-hours (MWh).
26 Operational Life
27 Every ESS has a useful life ranging from years to decades depending on the technology and application of the device. This is
28 typically a life based on age of equipment. However, ESS may also be limited by cycle life.
29 ESS subsystems may have varying life durations, e.g. interconnection equipment versus energy storage medium. On battery
30 based systems, the battery is typically the limiting subsystem for defining ESS life.
31 Cycle Life - Deleted: Charge / Discharge Cycle
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1 Many ESS have not only an operational life rating but also a cycle life rating. This rating may be based on the number of
2 operations where the operations may be based on charge and discharges. In many cases the depth of discharge may be an
3 important factor in accumulating the cycle life degradation of an ESS. There is a cycle life relationship to DOD, or average
4 utilization, that should be considered.
5 Reliability/Availability of ESS
6 The reliability of the ESS, in electric power systems, reflects the probability that the ESS is available when it is needed. This
7 is based on the reliability of the components and the system as a whole. Manufacturers of ESS systems and subsystems often
8 measure reliability by mean time to failure.
9 ESS’ may not be available because of the state of charge, maintenance requirements, and operational requirements. The EPS
10 Operator may need to know the status of ESS availability in many applications.
11 Roundtrip Efficiency
12 Roundtrip efficiency is the quantity of electric energy which can be recovered as a percentage of the electric energy used to
13 charge and discharge the ESS. The roundtrip efficiency is based on total power in and total power out. It takes into account
14 all uses of power (parasitic loads) in the charging and discharging of the ESS. The physical point of reference is generally at
15 the point the ESS is integrating within an application. An ESS as balance of plant for PV and wind may have a different
16 point of measurement for efficiency than a stand-alone ESS delivering output to the PCC with the power system.
17 ESS’s state of charge often has an impact on the roundtrip efficiency. The efficiency measurement should start and end at a
18 common State of Charge.
19 The specific sources of losses should be identified and incorporated in roundtrip efficiency investigations. These can include
20 parasitic load, load-related losses, self-discharge, etc.
21
22 Response Time Deleted: Intermittency¶
Most ESS’s are able to deliver on a continuous basis.
However the application of some ESS’s requires
23 Response time is the length of time it takes the ESS to start releasing power. Each ESS technology has a characteristic only intermittent service. Some technologies are
24 response time. This response time usually reflects the limitations of the technology and the interconnection. better suited for continuous service and some for
intermittent service. Transmission upgrade deferral
is an example of an application that can be
25 The differing technologies have a wide range of response times. For example: mechanical ESS like CAES have response intermittent. Load shifting for daily overload relief
26 times ranging from seconds to minutes and inverter interfaced advanced batteries have response times in milliseconds. is an application with sustained non-intermittent use.¶
27 Consideration should give to the underlying aspects influencing overall ESS response time, latency, ramp rate, startup up,
28 delay, etc. Other consideration should be given to application. For example the response time for AGC/dispatched and
29 autonomous response applications can be very different.
30 IT-IAP and CT-IAP address control related impacts ESS response time characteristics.
31 State of Charge (SOC)/Depth of Discharge (DOD)

32 The state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD) are important parameters for all forms of ESS. These provide
33 guidance for the amount of energy that remains in the ESS and the amount of energy needed to fully recharge the ESS.
34 Depth-of-Discharge (DOD): is the percentage of the capacity that is discharged during a cycle
35 Charge to Discharge Ratio

36 The charge to discharge ratio is the ratio of the time it takes to charge the device relative to the time it takes to discharge the
37 device (i.e. if a device takes 5 times longer to charge than to discharge, it has a charge-to-discharge ratio of 5:1). This is an
38 important factor for some ESS since relatively fast charging times are needed in some applications.
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1
2 Table 1 also presents key characteristics of ESS, some of which expand on the list given above. For each of these Deleted: displays
3 characteristics several columns of information are shown. This information includes typical:
4 Range of characteristics for most applications

5 Relative range for power applications
6 Relative range for energy applications
7 Relative range for capacity applications
8 Power applications require high power output for relatively short periods of time (a few seconds to a few minutes).
9 Technologies best suited for power applications include super-capacitors, SMES, flywheels, and some types of batteries.
10 Energy applications require relatively large amounts of energy for an extended period of time (minutes to hours). Examples
11 of technologies include CAES, pumped hydro, thermal energy storage, and most battery types.
12 Capacity applications use ESS to defer or to reduce the need for other equipment. (e.g., reduce the need for generation or
13 T&D equipment). Capacity applications tend to require relatively limited amounts of energy discharge throughout the year.
14 ESS’ can be used for multiple applications if the capabilities of technologies satisfy the requirements of applications.
15 Technical and/or operational conflicts often limit the application of storage systems for multiple applications.
16 Table 1 - Summary table of energy storage technologies’ characteristics

17
Characteristics Technology Capability Ranges Application Power Energy Capacity
Ranges Application Application Application
Ranges Ranges Ranges
Power / Energy Power capabilities (kW and MW) <1 kW to >100 high power output, larger energy relatively
Capabilities and energy capabilities (kWh and MW relatively low storage than limited
MWh) can vary from <1 kW to energy storage used for amounts of
>100 MW and <100 kWh to >100 <100 kWh to requirements power energy
MWh >100 MWh applications
Discharge From seconds to tens of hours. <10 seconds to relatively short Many minutes to Can vary from
Duration > 2 hours periods of time: a hours. minutes to
few seconds to a tens of hours
few minutes
Charge Rate most cases: storage charges at a Charge at 10% Relatively low Low to medium Low to
rate similar to discharge rate discharge rate charge rates to charge rates. medium
some cases: storage may charge to charge at 10 high charge rates. charge rates
more rapidly or more slowly times discharge Very application
rate dependent.
Discharge Rate Most cases: discharge rate similar Discharge at Relatively high Medium to Low Medium to
to charge rate 10% to 10 discharge rates to discharge rates Low discharge
Some cases: Discharge rate times charge charge rates. Very rates
slower faster than charge rate rate application
dependent
Power Density Important when space is valuable Size of Small to Medium All size All size
or limited and/or if weight is Footprint footprint footprints footprints
important. Varies widely by limited –
technology Weight usually
not a problem.
Energy Density Important when space is valuable Size of Small to medium All size All size
or limited and/or if weight is Footprint footprint footprints footprints
important. Varies widely by limited –
technology. Weight usually
not a problem.
ESS Round Trip Typical values: Typically >70% Medium to high High efficiency Medium to
Efficiency 60% to 75% for conventional efficiency high
electrochemical batteries; 75% to efficiency
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85% for advanced

electrochemical batteries; 73% to
80% for CAES;
75% to 78% for pumped hydro;
80% to 90% for flywheel ESS;
and 95% for capacitors and SMES
Cycle Life: Shallow or deep discharge most <1000 to Large cycle life Small to large Medium to
Lifetime energy storage media degrade >30,000 cycles cycle life Large cycle
Discharges with use (i.e., during each charge- life
(degradation) discharge cycle).
Rate of degradation depends on
the type of storage technology,
operating conditions, and other
variables;.
Depth-of- Percentage of the battery capacity 0% to 100% 10%-90% 50% - 90% 10%-90%
Discharge Ratio that is discharged during a cycle
(DOD) (batteries)
Response Time Most types of storage have a <10 seconds to Seconds Minutes to hours Seconds to
response time of several seconds hours minutes
or less. Electromechanical
technologies have a slower
response (e.g. CAES and pumped
hydroelectric storage)
Ramp Rate Vary widely by technology from <10 seconds to Very rapid ramp All ramp rates Medium to
seconds to hours to reach full hours to reach rates reasonable rapid ramp
rating. full rating rates
Energy Retention time is reduced when Decay <1% per Full range of High energy Mid to high
Retention energy losses occur or self- month to >10% retention rates. retention energy
discharge (e.g. electrochemical per month retention
batteries due to self-discharge); it
is to be less important for storage
that is used frequently.
Standby losses Energy dissipation is a concern
for mechanical medium (e.g.
pumped hydroelectric storage
may be lost to evaporation;
CAES may lose energy
due to air escaping from the
reservoir).
Modularity Desired optimal levels and types Extremely fine Extremely fine Extremely fine Extremely
of capacity and/or discharge modularity to modularity to no modularity to no fine
duration (e.g. used to increase or no modularity modularity modularity modularity to
decrease storage capacity, in no modularity
response to changing conditions)
can be achieved
Power Factor Power factor capabilities should No variability No variability to No variability to No variability
be in acceptable range. to highly highly variable highly variable to highly
variable variable
Life (calendar Calendar life can vary from years Years to Years to decades Years to decades Years to
life) to decades depending on the decades decades
technology.
End of life Disposal and recycling is Easy to medium Easy to medium Easy to medium Easy to
disposition technology specific. expense expense disposal & expense disposal medium
(possibilities) disposal & recycling & recycling expense
recycling disposal &
recycling
Reliability Medium to high reliability for Medium to High Medium to High High
most mature technologies High
Voltage For most technologies voltage can Stable voltage Stable voltage with Stable voltage Stable voltage
Stability be very stable or made to vary to with desired desired operational with desired with desired
meet utility requirements. operational characteristics operational operational
characteristics characteristics characteristics
Harmonics Harmonics are produced by most No harmonics No harmonics to No harmonics to No harmonics
technologies. Controls and to IEEE Std IEEE Std 1547 IEEE Std 1547 to IEEE Std
filtering help to minimize 1547 limits limits limits 1547 limits
harmonics.
1
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1 4.3.3. ESS Interconnection Characteristics
3 4.3.3.1. Grid Connection Location (Domain)
4 The location (domain) at which the ESS is connected to the grid is relevant for determining the operation of the ESS. The
5 location maps to the IEEE 2030 SGIRM Domains. ESS connections can be at distribution or transmission level, as well as
6 secondary distribution including customer sited if the interconnection permits transfer of services or operational impact to the
7 power system. In general, the impact of the ESS on the power system is determined by the impedance between the ESS and
8 power system as well as ESS -voltage:
9 The ESS can have a greater effect on the distribution system. In particular, the ESS can have a greater effect on
10 power flow, reactive power flow, and voltage levels at the distribution system level.
Deleted: since distribution limitations become
11 Distribution system connected ESS typically has less of an effect on the upstream transmission system. more prevalent.
12 However, when the impedance between the transmission system and ESS is low, the ESS can affect the transmission Deleted: W
13 system, especially if the ESS’ capacity is large.
14 4.3.3.2. Interconnection Technology
15 The interconnection technology identifies how the ESS is connected to the grid. The most common interconnections include:
16 Power Conversion Systems (PCS)

17 Directly connected rotating machine
18 Directly connected DC Networks
19
20 4.3.3.3. Power Conversion Systems (PCS)
21 The PCS provide an interface between the EPS and the ESS. Generating equipment connected to the inverter could include
22 DC equipment (i.e. batteries, etc.) and AC equipment (Synchronous machines, induction machines, etc.). The controls on the
23 inverter equipment provide a mechanism to control the kVA output for normal operation and to provide a quick means of
24 dropping inverter output to zero amperes. During short circuit events, the PCS short circuit level is typically limited to 200%
25 or less of full load rating. If a step-up transformer connects the ESS to the power system, electrical parameters such as short
26 circuit levels, operational voltage characteristics, and harmonics may be affected.
27 The PCS high speed controls provides an opportunity for fast action on the EPS.
28 Voltage Source and Current Injection PCS’ have unique capabilities. A major distinction is that Voltage Source PCS’ can
29 operate independent of the grid, and Current Injection PCS’ cannot.
30 IEEE Std 1547 compliance is an important factor for interconnection. A major factor for consideration for grid-tied
31 applications may be subject to IEEE Std 1547 compliance (dependent on the project specific Interconnection authority’s
32 requirements). Off grid applications may not require IEEE Std 1547 compliance.
33 4.3.3.4. Directly connected rotating machines
34 Both synchronous and induction machines used in ESS’s are usually connected directly to the electrical power system at
35 power system voltage and frequency. Usually the connection is via a disconnect device or circuit breaker.
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1 Since a rotating machine is closely coupled with the EPS, changes in the EPS may have a large impact on the operation of the
2 machine while changes in the operation of machine may have a large impact on the EPS. Impacts may occur due to the
3 changes in power output, KVAR input or output, and short circuit events. Short circuit currents are typically a multiple of 6
4 to 12 times full load current for synchronous machines.
5 The time constants of the machines and disconnection devices mean that these machines will typically take a longer time to
6 react than that of inverters.
7 4.3.3.5. Directly connected DC Networks
8 An ESS can be directly connected to a DC distribution network (i.e. server farm). These systems may be more efficient when
9 distributing energy to electronic equipment. Applications include railroads, server farms, as well as office and home DC
10 distribution. PV and ESS DC/DC interfaces are included in this classification.
11 4.4. Energy Storage Applications
12 Energy storage technologies provide a range of services to the electric grid and can be positioned around their power and
13 energy relationship. Although electricity storage systems provide services similar to those of other generation devices, their
14 benefits vary and examples of applications are discussed further. Finally, energy storage devices can reduce emissions by
15 aiding the transition to newer, cleaner technologies such as renewable resources and the hydrogen economy. However, the
16 type of technology, which is suitable for some types of applications, is primarily defined by its potential power and storage
17 capacities that can be obtained. The spectrum of applications is dependent on systems planners, requirements, capabilities
18 and advances of energy storage technologies, and grid needs.
19 Energy Storage applications differ from other DER options, such as distributed generation or energy efficiency and have
20 unique characteristics such as,
21 No typical operating profile or load shape that can be applied prospectively

22 Limited energy resources with a narrow band of dispatch and operation
23 Support participation in multiple wholesale markets
24 Provide several benefits simultaneously to the wholesale power system, electric distribution companies, and
25 customers
26 Deficient in monetizing multiple stakeholder benefits. [B7]
27 Due to the unique characteristics of the various technologies available, there are a wide range of applications for energy
28 storage systems.
29 The following Table 2 was prepared by Sandia National Lab and presents an overview of different energy storage
30 applications. It is based on Sandia’s report entitled “Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential
31 Assessment Guide” [B8].
32
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1 Table 2 – ESS applications table

2
Storage Power Discharge Duration (hours, unless otherwise specified)
Application Low High Low High Note
Electric Energy Time-shift 1 MW 500 MW 2 8 Depends on energy price differential,
storage efficiency, and storage variable
operating cost.
Electric Supply Capacity 1 MW 500 MW 4 6 Peak demand hours

Load Following 1 MW 500 MW 2 4 Assume: 1 hour of discharge duration
provides approximately 2 hours of load
following.
Area Regulation 1 MW 40 MW 15 min. 30 min. Based on demonstration of Beacon
Flywheel.
Electric Supply Reserve Capacity 1 MW 500 MW 1 2 Allow time for generation-based reserves
to come on-line.
Voltage Support 1 MW 10 MW 15 min. 1 Time needed for a) system stabilization or

(MVAR) (MVAR) b) orderly load shedding.
Transmission Support 10 MW 100 MW 2 sec. 5 sec. Per EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy

Storage for Transmission and Distribution
Applications.[B2]
Transmission Congestion Relief 1 MW 100 MW 3 6 Peak demand hours. Low value is for
peaky" loads
T&D Upgrade Deferral 50th 250 kW 5 MW 3 6 Same as Above

percentile
T&D Upgrade Deferral 90th 250 kW 2 MW 3 6 Same as Above

percentile
Time-of-use Energy Cost 1 kW 1 MW 4 6 Peak demand hours.
Management
Demand Charge Management 50 kW 10 MW 5 11 Maximum daily demand charge hours, per

utility tariff.
Electric Service Reliability 0.2 kW 10 MW 5 min. 1 Time needed for a) shorter duration
outages or b) orderly load shutdown.
Electric Service Power Quality 0.2 kW 10 MW 10 sec. 1 min. Time needed for events ride through
depends on the type of PQ challenges
addressed.
Renewables Energy Time-shift 1 kW 500 MW 3 5 Depends on energy cost/price differential
and storage efficiency and variable
operating cost.
Renewables Capacity Firming 1 kW 500 MW 2 4 Low & high values for Renewable
Gen./Peak Load correlation (>6 hours) of
85% & 50%.
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Storage Power Discharge Duration (hours, unless otherwise specified)

Application Low High Low High Note
Wind Generation Grid Integration, 0.2 kW 500 MW 10 sec. 15 min. For a) Power Quality (depends on type of
Short Duration challenge addressed) and b) Wind
Intermittency.
Wind Generation Grid Integration, 0.2 kW 500 MW 1 6 Backup, Time Shift, Congestion Relief.
Long Duration
1
2 4.4.1. Applications Description
3 The following describes each of the applications listed in the applications table:
4 Electric Energy Time-Shift

5 Electric energy time-shift (time-shift) involves purchasing inexpensive electric energy, available during periods when price is
6 low, to charge the ESS plant so that the stored energy can be used or sold at a later time when the price is high.
7 Electric Supply Capacity

8 Depending on the circumstances in a given electric supply system, ESS could be used to defer and/or to reduce the need to
9 buy new central station generation capacity and/or to ‘rent’ generation capacity in the wholesale electricity marketplace.
10 Load Following
11 Load following capacity is characterized by power output that changes as frequently as several times a minute. The output
12 changes in response to the changing balance between electric supply (primarily generation) and end user demand (load)
13 within a specific region or area. ESS can be used effectively for both load following up (as load increases) and for load
14 following down (as load decreases), either by discharging or by charging.
15 Load Leveling
16 Load leveling uses off- peak power to charge the ESS which can then be discharged during peak demand. This price can vary
17 significantly over a 24-hour period due to the relative change in electricity demand. Therefore, ESS can be charged during
18 these off-peak hours at night and then used to generate electricity when it is the most expensive, during short peak production
19 periods in the evening. Not only does this enable the ESS to maximize its profits, but it can also reduce the cost of operating
20 the system.
21 Regulation (Area Frequency Regulation) Deleted: Area
22 Regulation involves managing “interchange flows with other control areas to match closely the scheduled interchange flows”
23 and moment to moment variations in demand within the control area. In more basic terms, regulation is used to reconcile
24 momentary differences between supply and demand. That is, at any given moment, the amount of electric supply capacity
25 that is operating may exceed or may be less than load. Regulation is used for limiting that difference. Deleted: damping of
26
27 Electric Supply Reserve Capacity

28 Prudent operation of an electric grid includes use of electric supply reserve capacity (reserve capacity) that can be called upon
29 when some portion of the normal electric supply resources become unavailable unexpectedly. At minimum, reserves should
30 be at least as large as the single largest resource (e.g., the single largest generation unit) serving the system. Note that ESS
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1 can provide two times its capacity as reserve capacity when the ESS is charging, because the ESS can simultaneously stop
2 charging and start discharging. The two times capacity for reserve capacity assumes that the ESS suspends charging as a
3 load, and starts discharging as a resource.
4 Voltage Support
5 An important technical challenge for electric grid system operators is to maintain necessary voltage levels with the required
6 stability. In most cases, meeting that challenge requires management of reactance. Reactance occurs because equipment that
7 generates, transmits, or uses electricity has characteristics like those of inductors and capacitors in an electric circuit.
8 To manage reactance at the grid system level, grid system operators rely on an ancillary service called ‘voltage support’. The
9 purpose of voltage support is to offset reactive effects so that grid system voltage can be maintained.
10 Transmission and Distribution Support

11 ESS used for transmission support improves the T&D system performance by compensating for electrical anomalies and
12 disturbances such as voltage sag, unstable voltage, and sub-synchronous resonance. The result is a more stable system with
13 improved performance (throughput). Benefits from transmission support are highly situation and site specific.
14 Stabilization of the system is also important after a fault occurs on the network by absorbing or delivering power to
15 generators when needed to keep them turning at the same speed. These faults induce phase angle, voltage, and frequency
16 irregularities that are corrected by the ESS. At the regional transmission scale this includes inter-area synchronization
17 support.
18 Transmission Congestion Relief

19 In many areas, transmission capacity additions are not keeping pace with the growth in peak electric demand. Consequently,
20 transmission systems are becoming congested during periods of peak demand, driving the need and cost for more
21 transmission capacity and increased transmission access charges.
22 ESS could be used to avoid congestion-related costs and charges, especially if the charges become onerous due to significant
23 transmission system congestion. In this application, ESS would be installed at locations that are electrically downstream from
24 the congested portion of the transmission system. Energy would be stored when there is no transmission congestion, and it
25 would be discharged (during peak demand periods) to reduce transmission capacity requirements.
26 T&D Upgrade Deferral

27 Transmission and distribution (T&D) upgrade deferral involves delaying – and in some cases avoiding entirely – utility
28 investments in transmission and/or distribution system upgrades, using relatively small amounts of storage. Consider a T&D
29 system whose peak electric loading is approaching the system’s load carrying capacity (design rating). In some cases,
30 installing a small amount of energy storage downstream from the nearly overloaded T&D node will defer the need for a T&D
31 upgrade.
32 Time-of-use Energy Cost Management

33 Time-of-use (TOU) energy cost management involves ESS used by energy end users (utility customers) to reduce their
34 overall costs for electricity. Customers charge the ESS during off-peak time periods when the electric energy price is low and
35 then discharge the energy during times when on-peak TOU energy prices apply.
36 Demand Charge Management

37 ESS could be used by electricity end users (i.e., utility customers) to reduce the overall costs for electric service by reducing
38 demand charges, by reducing power draw during specified periods, normally the utility’s peak demand periods and/or peak
39 usage by the end user. Demand charges are not typical for residential or very small commercial end users.
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1 Electric Service Reliability

2 The electric service reliability application entails using ESS to provide highly reliable electric service. I In the event of a
3 complete power outage lasting more than a few seconds, an ESS capable if intentional islanding could provide energy to
4 serve load during system power outages of extended duration; to complete an orderly shutdown of processes; and/or to
5 transfer to on-site generation resources.
6 Renewables Energy Time-shift

7 Many renewable energy generation resources produce a significant portion of electric energy when that energy has a low
8 financial value (e.g., at night, on weekends and during holidays) – generally referred to as off-peak times. ESS used in
9 conjunction with renewable energy generation could be charged using low-value energy from the renewable energy
10 generation so that energy may be used to offset other purchases or sold when it is more valuable. Or, the energy can be time
11 shifted based to correlate delivery of the renewable generation to a time when an otherwise congested grid has the available
12 capacity to deliver the renewable energy to load.
13 Renewables Capacity Firming

14 Renewables capacity firming applies to circumstances involving renewable energy-fueled generation whose output is
15 intermittent. The objective is to use ESS to ‘fill in’ so that the combined output from renewable energy generation plus
16 storage is somewhat-to-very constant, and dispatchable.
17 Emergency Back-Up
18 A type of uninterruptable power supply (UPS) except the units must have longer energy storage capacities. The ESS must be
19 able to provide power while generation is cut altogether. Power ratings of 1 MW for durations up to one day are most
20 common. This functional capability can also be applied for provision of blackstart service application, for post outage
21 recovery of power systems.
22 5. Power systems interoperability, the PS-IAP
23 5.1. Introduction
24 IEEE Std 2030-2011 provides interoperability guidelines for the total power system. This clause presents the Smart Grid
25 Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM) from a Power Systems Interoperability Architecture Perspective (PS-IAP), which
26 provides a view of the Electric Power System (EPS) that “emphasizes the production, delivery, and consumption of electrical
27 energy.” The PS-IAP does not specify the conduits or paths that energy will flow in the EPS. These are addressed in other
28 standards. Rather, the PS-IAP addresses the logical flow of power information between defined domains and entities through
29 interfaces that enable intelligent control and optimization of interoperable power system components.
30 Each power system interface will have SGIRM data characteristics. These data characteristics will need to be determined for
31 each identified interface. See Table 3 for typical interface parameters for each PS-IAP customer interface.
32 ESS devices are identified in the PS-IAP as being located in the following entities shown in Figure 2: Bulk Storage (bulk
33 generation and transmission system storage devices), Distribution Distributed Energy Resources, and Customer Distributed
34 Energy Resources.
35 Relevant PS-IAP, power system SGIRM interoperability interfaces for ESS include the following:
36
37 For customer based ESS:
19
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1 PS19 – to Distribution Distributed Energy Resources

2 PS61 – to Customer Substation (Large Customers)
3 PS62 – to Customer Point of Interface
4 PS63 – to AC loads
5 PS64 – to DC loads
6 PS69 – to other Customer Distributed Energy Resources (ESS and energy producers)
7 For distribution system based ESS:
8 PS11 – to Markets
9 PS12 – to Customer Point(s) of Interface
10 PS14 – to Distribution Operation and Control
11 PS15 – to Distribution Substation
12 PS16 – to Distribution sensors and measurement devices
13 PS17 – to Distribution Protection and Control Devices
14 PS19 – to Customer Distributed Energy Resources
15 PS31 – to other Distributed Energy Resources (ESS and energy producers)
16 PS70 – to Transmission Operation and Control
17 PS71 – to Generation Operation and Control
18 PS79 – to Electric Service Providers
19 For transmission system (bulk storage) based ESS:
20 PS27 – to Transmission Substation

21 PS35 – to Transmission Sensor and Measurement Devices
22 PS42 – to Bulk Generation
23 PS43 – to Transmission Operation and Control
24 PS44 – to Generation Substation
25 PS51 – to Markets
26 PS55 – to Generation Operation and Control
27 PS73 – to Electric Service Provider
28 A modified version of the 2030-2011 PS-IAP is shown in Figure 2 with energy storage specific entities highlighted for
29 emphasis. All interfaces emanating from the energy storage entities (Bulk Storage, Transmission Substation, Distribution
30 Distributed Energy Resources, and Customer Distributed Energy Resources) are relevant to the SGIRM process. This
31 represents a subset of the total interfaces included in the original PS-IAP. The PS-IAP shown does not represent the physical
32 flow of power, but rather represents the entities and interfaces involved in the control of power, as IEEE Std 2030-2011
33 addresses the interoperability of the energy storage systems with the electric power system (EPS).
20
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21
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
PS72
PS74
PS73
PS52
Markets Control and Operations Service Providers

PS75
PS65
PS80
PS48
PS47 PS81
Generation PS56 Transmission Distribution

PS46 Electric Service
Markets PS49 Operation Operation and Operation PS66
Providers
and Control Control and Control
PS68
PS2 PS4 PS67
PS53 PS13
PS76
PS43 PS18
PS45 PS37
PS54 PS29
PS51 PS55 PS8 PS78

PS23
Distribution Customer PS62
PS26 Distribution PS5 Protection PS9 Point(s) of PS59
Generation Transmission Substation and Control Interface
PS33 PS1
Substation Substation Devices
PS22
PS6 Customer
PS60 Distributed
PS27 PS20
Energy
PS44 PS70 Resources
PS25
PS34 PS69
Transmission PS64
Sensors and PS30 PS71 PS61 PS63
Customer
Bulk Storage Measurement PS15 PS17
PS24 PS7 Substation PS57
PS35 Devices PS39 PS3
PS41 PS14 PS58
DC Loads AC Loads
PS42 PS50 PS28 PS10
PS32
Customer
PS77
PS36 PS12
Bulk Transmission
Protection and Distribution Distribution PS79
Generation PS38
Control Sensors and Distributed
PS16 PS19
Devices Measurement Energy
Devices Resources
PS40
PS31
PS21
Bulk Generation PS11 Transmission Distribution
22
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Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated with the Electric Power Infrastructure Field Code Changed
LEGEND
Deleted: ¶
Domain
Entity
PSxx Interface
Figure 2 - PS-IAP modified to highlight pertinent energy storage systems entities and interfaces
23
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1 In applying the SGIRM process, the user must distinguish between control interactions internal to an ESS,
2 and the interactions that are dependent on factors outside of the system. The SGIRM process does not
3 address the internal controls of the ESS. Rather, it addresses the interactions of the ESS with the electric
4 power system.
5 One example of a SGIRM relevant factor is the ESS location relevant to generation, substations, and
6 customers. From a power systems perspective, the physical location will have significant influence on the
7 interfaces, even for similar applications. For example, location will influence the domains and entities
8 identified in the SGIRM process, and the resulting interfaces for an application. This can be the case for
9 ESS projects performing the same application, for example renewable energy integration, but installed on
10 different parts of the EPS.
11
24
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Figure 3 - Representation of traditional and bidirectional power flow between Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and
Customer domains.
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1
2 The upper arrows in Figure 3 illustrate the traditional physical flow of power between domains. In this model, power
3 flows from Bulk Generation, through the Transmission Grid, steps down to the Distribution System, and finally is
4 distributed to Customers. The lower double arrows show the Smart Grid model with bidirectional power flow
5 enabled by ESS, smart inverters, and community generation.
6 5.2. Unique Aspects of Energy Storage Systems and the Smart Grid
7 The interaction of energy storage systems with the EPS introduces aspects that are unique to the application.
8 Depending on the application, ESS’ are required to both provide and absorb power from the EPS. They can act as a
9 source or sink for both power (short term) and energy (longer duration). They can act as a source or sink for both
10 real power (e.g. frequency regulation) and reactive power (e.g. voltage support).
11 Energy storage systems aspects relevant to the Smart Grid include:
12 Energy Capacity Available: Relevant for system operators in determining availability of assets/resources.
13 Operational State: Charge, discharge, trickle charge, standby, error condition, shut down.
14 Real-time discharge power limits available: Depending on the technology and manufacturer, power rating
15 may decrease as a function of State of Charge, temperature, or other variables.
16 Real-time charge power limits available: Similar to discharge limits defined above.
17 Power flow direction (Real and Reactive Power): ESS introduce bidirectional power flow as a data point.
18 Compared to variable energy resources such as wind and solar, this data point can be considered unique as
19 the charging and discharging, and thus the resulting power flow direction, is an intentional and planned
20 action. Variable energy resources often introduce bidirectional power flows simply due to the resource’s
21 variability and inability to perfectly forecast.
22 Ramping capability: Represent time in which ESS can be ramped up or down, given in kW or kVAR per
23 unit of time (seconds, minutes, hours).
24
25 Using the SGIRM process does simplify the description of the total ESS, and may result in more efficient execution
26 of a system design. The organization into domains is a powerful tool to organize critical project information. The
27 set of Interfaces in IEEE Std 2030-2011 doesn’t include all interfaces needed for ESS projects. There are also
28 additional data unique to ESS that will be exchanged between entities (e.g., State of Charge, Equivalent Cycles).
29 One challenge for characterizing an ESS using the SGIRM process is that there is no common framework for the
30 industry data that will be used to characterize the IAP requirements. For example each utility or ISO/RTO may
31 present and organize its ICT requirements data differently.
32
33 5.3. Technology Aspects
34 Reliability and availability

35 ESS introduce a new measurable metric related to reliability and availability through the energy capacity available
36 (ECA). In many applications, ESS must be able to provide a metric that identifies the amount of power that can be
37 provided and the duration it can be provided.
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1 Capacity factor
2 The capacity factor of an ESS is dependent largely on its application. For example, a frequency regulation
3 application will have a different capacity factor than a peak shaving or load shifting application. An energy intensive
4 application will vary greatly from a power intensive application. In addition, when used for renewable energy
5 integration, the ESS can greatly increase the capacity factor of a wind or solar plant, in which case the capacity
6 factor applies more to the integrated project rather than the ESS as a stand-alone entity.
7 Inverters and VAR support

8 Power electronics such as bidirectional power converters interface a DC system to the AC grid. Depending on the
9 application, a majority of the pertinent data for an ESS can be provided by the power inverter. The inverters also
10 present a control interface for active and reactive power control, which is a critical component to ESS integration
11 with the EPS. VAR support and controllability is a common utility requirement for voltage control.
12 Evolving technology
13 New technologies may present new methods of providing or absorbing power from the EPS. As new technologies
14 emerge and existing technologies evolve, it will be critical to understand the data that is relevant to the control of
15 power flow.
16 Evolving interconnection standards

17 Interconnection standards will define the physical requirements for an ESS to interconnect to a utility. This may
18 include the requirements for a lockable disconnect switch, GSU transformer configuration, effective grounding, and
19 relay protection.
20 5.4. Energy Storage Systems Integration
21 Table 3 – Sample Data Characteristics for ESS provides an example of the data characteristics used for fast acting
22 and slow acting classifications of storage technologies. Fast acting technologies can be thought of as those
23 technologies that can provide fast changes to the electrical power system due to changes in state of the storage
24 facilities. Examples of fast acting technologies include battery, super capacitors, flywheel, and SMES. Examples of
25 slow acting technologies include pumped hydro, compressed air, and thermal. The speed of operation for the slow
26 acting storage technologies is not quite as critical for the general functionality of the storage technology.
27
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1
2 Table 3 displays the data use categories that should be considered when integrating the ESS with the IAP
3 perspectives. This table is based on IEEE Standard 2030-2011 Table 5-1: SGIRM data classification reference table.
4 The table displays example data use categories for monitoring, control, and protection. The data use categories are
5 just a few of the many data use categories that may be encountered in an actual application.
6 Table 3 – Example data categories for ESS

7
Example Example Example Example
Classification/Value Classification/Value Classification/Value Classification/Value
Range Range Range Range
Data Use Category Monitoring Control Fast Control Slow Protection
Reach Miles Miles Miles Miles
Between 3 Between 3
Between 10 seconds
Information transfer time milliseconds and 10 milliseconds and 10 <3 milliseconds
and minutes
seconds seconds
Data occurrence
seconds minutes to hours minutes to hours minutes to hours
interval
Method of broadcast Unicast Unicast Unicast Unicast

Priority Low High High High
High Low High
Low-Low (<3 MS)
Latency 06 (< 16 MS) 06
Synchronicity No No No No
Information reliability Informative Critical Critical Critical

Medium (Serious
Availability
Medium (Serious Medium (Serious Impact) to High
(information Low (limited impact)
Impact) Impact) (Severe or
reliability)
Catastrophic Impact)
Level of assurance Low Medium Medium High
HEMP, IEMI Hardened, No Hardened, No Hardened, No Hardened, No
Data volume kilobytes bytes bytes bytes
Medium (Serious
Medium (Serious Medium (Serious Medium (Serious Impact) to High
Security
Impact) Impact) Impact) (Severe or
Medium (Serious
Confidentiality Low (limited impact) Low (limited impact) Low (limited impact)
Impact)
Medium (Serious
Integrity
Medium (Serious
Availability (security)
8
9 The three data use categories shown in this example are monitoring, control, and protection. Each of these categories
10 has their own overall characteristics that are important in determining the correct entries for the rest of the table.
11 Monitoring is typically done with an update rate in the seconds. Only in special cases would a faster update rate be
12 needed. Monitoring information has a history of not always being available due to the remote locations of
13 monitoring devices. This has led to communication problems and delays in replacing failed sensors. However, the
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1 confidentiality of the data is important for monitoring ESS’ since this data can provide operational and competitive
2 data.
3 Control typically needs to be done quickly and with high reliability. For slow acting ESS technologies control that
4 reacts in seconds is typically good enough. For fast acting ESS technologies faster controls may be needed for some
5 applications. The actions resulting from control data (or lack of appropriate control data) can have serious impacts
6 depending on the actual application and implementation of the ESS. The results of a control signal not
7 communicating properly in a timely manner can have a serious impact causing equipment damage and power system
8 problems.
9 Protection always needs to be communicated as close to instantaneously with as close to 100% reliability and
10 availability as possible. This is due to the large amount of electrical energy available from the ESS and electric
11 power system that can have a large effect on the electric power system and associated equipment. Damage to
12 equipment, loss of portions of the electric power system, and the potential for personnel injury or death can be the
13 result of mis-operation of the protection system due to the lack of communicating protection data in a timely and
14 accurate way.
15 Based on these data use categories, the classification/value range for each of the data characteristics can be
16 determined.
17 The reach or distance that the ESS needs to communicate is typically in the range of miles for most ESS applications
18 in a DER setting. There may be some applications where the distances required for communications are shorter
19 (facility application) or longer (transmission application). Deleted: , but those are anticipated to be a
relatively small percentage of the applications.
20 The information transfer characteristic has sub-characteristics that are important for determining the information
21 transfer characteristic. These sub-characteristics are the data occurrence interval, method of broadcast, and priority
22 of the information transfer.
23 The information transfer time for most monitoring activities and control of fast acting ESS’ is typically somewhere
24 between 3 milliseconds and 10 seconds. The information transfer time is typical of central control centers of electric
25 power systems. The information transfer time for control of slow acting ESS’ can be longer than that of fast acting
26 ESS. Protection of all ESS technologies always requires the fastest transfer time available. Less than 3 milliseconds
27 is a typical value that is used.
28 Data occurrence varies widely by the data use category. Monitoring occurs on a regular basis usually with intervals
29 expressed in seconds or fractions of sections. Data occurrence for control and protection of ESS usually happens on
30 an infrequent basis usually ranging from minutes to a large number of hours.
31 Method of broadcast is almost always unicast for communications with ESS’ under any data use category.
32 The priority of information transfer is typically low for monitoring of ESS’ and high for control and protection of
33 ESS’.
34 Latency is only critical for the protection data use category. Low-Low latency (<3 ms) is required for best protection
35 by the protection systems. High latency is sufficient for the other data use categories for all classifications of ESS.
36 Synchronicity is not typically required for any ESS at this time.
37 Information reliability characteristics include sub-characteristics of availability, level of assurance, and HEMP/IEMI
38 hardening requirements. Information reliability is critical for control and protection of the ESS due to the often
39 serious to critical nature they have to the operation of the electric power system if they are not controlled or
40 protected appropriately. Information reliability for monitoring is usually less critical.
41 The availability (information reliability) is low for monitoring since the impact of not receiving that data is limited.
42 However for control the impact of not receiving data can be serious as it may cause equipment damage and potential
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1 for personnel safety issues. Information must be highly available for protection of ESS since the impact can be
2 serious to catastrophic since the failure of a protection system to work at the desired timing can result in equipment
3 damage, electrical system failure, and potential personnel injury or loss of life.
4 The level of assurance should match up with availability for the ESS data use categories identified. Therefore the
5 ratings are low for monitoring, medium for control, and high for protection for all data-use categories.
6 Only in the most critical applications would the ESS equipment, communications and IT equipment be hardened for
7 HEMP and IEMI.
8 Security characteristics have sub-characteristics of confidentiality, integrity and availability (security). From an
9 overall standpoint a lapse of security may result in a serious impact and in some cases a severe or catastrophic
10 impact. This will always be the case because of the ability of even some of the smallest ESS affecting the electric
11 power system in such a way to cause damage to equipment. The integrity and availability sub-characteristics reflect
12 this need for medium to high security characteristics.
13 The confidentiality of the monitoring data is medium. The exposure of this data can provide operational and
14 competitive data that should be exposed only to a limited set of viewers. However the confidentiality of the control
15 and protection data is not that critical (but should not be purposely exposed to the public) since the value of the
16 information is relatively limited just being bytes of information.
17 The monitoring, control, and protection data use categories use in this example are limited set of the many types of
18 data use categories that should be considered in the application of ESS. For example, protection systems often have
19 archival information and the ability to change the characteristics of the protection system through data transfer.
20 These data use categories would have different data characteristics than those displayed under protection in the
21 example.
22 6. Communications technology interoperability, the CT-IAP
24 This clause presents the Smart Grid Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM) from a Communication Technology
25 Interoperability Architecture Perspective (CT-IAP), which provides more details about the communication Deleted: PS
26 technologies associated with the particular aspects of energy storage. In the application sections following this
27 introduction, the SGIRM model will be applied and the requirements for individual communication paths outlined.
28 This section describes how these requirements should be evaluated for the purposes of selecting a specific
29 communications technology for a specific communication path. Telecommunications technology evolves quickly
30 and at this juncture there are several different technologies that are available and can satisfy the requirements of the
31 chosen applications. In the future those technologies will be further enhanced, allowing for even more applications
32 and better performance.
33 These requirements will take into account the specific applications defined in the subsequent section. As different
34 applications may have different requirements for the same communications path, the most stringent requirement for
35 that path shall be the selected one. The intent of this approach is to make sure that a single telecommunications
36 infrastructure can be used by several different applications.
37 The CT-IAP, communications interfaces for the power system interfaces are described in the following paragraphs
38 and shown in the following Figure 4.
39
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CT67
CT62 Formatted: Right
Markets Control and Operations Service Providers
CT24
CT26 Third-Party
CT23 CT22
Services
CT31 CT25
Markets Utility Operation and CT54 Other
Control / Enterprise CT21 Networks
CT61
CT69 CT2 CT27 CT70
CT1 CT51 CT18
Networks
Regional CT4 CT63
CT35 Wide Area CT32 Public Internet / Workforce Mobile
Interconnects Backhaul CT17 CT19
Networks Network Intranet Network
CT66
CT29
CT49
CT30 CT65 CT53
CT3
CT13 Smart Meter / Plug-in
CT34
Field Area Distribution Energy Electric
Bulk CT60 CT64 Access Point CT14
Generation CT36
Network Services Vehicle
CT20 Interfaces
Network
CT7
CT40 CT39 Neighborhood Energy CT15
CT47 CT12 Services
Area Network Interfaces /
CT45 CT52
Grid Scale Transmission CT5
CT50 Customer
Substation CT8 Premises
Energy Feeder
Distributed
CT43 Network Network Network CT68
Resources CT28 CT9 Energy
CT71 Resources CT16 Loads
CT6 Feeder Distributed
CT10
Network
Energy Customer
CT46
Resources / CT48
CT33
Distribution Microgrid Network
CT42 Substation CT11
Network
1 Bulk Generation Transmission Distribution
LEGEND Field Code Changed

Domain Field Code Changed
Entity
CTXX Interface
3 Figure 4 – CT-IAP modified to highlight pertinent energy storage systems entities and
4 interfaces
5 The communications interfaces CT-IAP include the following parameters that need to be aligned with the PS-IAP
6 parameters. The CT-IAP parameters include:
7 Security Objectives
8 Confidentiality – Low to High
9 Integrity – Low to High
10 Availability – Low to High
11 Protocols – IEEE 802.xx, etc.
12 Connection medium – wired, wireless, etc.
13 Latency – milliseconds
14 Standards – IEEE 802.xx, etc.
15 Bandwidth – kHz, Mhz, etc.
16 Bit rate – bps, kbps, etc.
17 Payload – In size (bytes) and frequency (i.e. packets per second)
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1 Quality of Service – Low to High

2 Reliability – Non-essential, important, or essential
3 Limitations/Constraints – Jurisdictionally identified
4 Data occurrence interval – periodic or aperiodic
5 Broadcast method – Broadcast, unicast, or multicast.
6 6.2. Physical layer
7 Multiple options exist for the implementation of the physical layer of communications. The major physical links
8 include wire, optical fiber, radio, cell, and satellite.
9 The identification of physical links is critical as it sets the stage for other choices and decisions in the SGIRM
10 process.
11 6.3. Communications Interfaces
12 For Customer Based ESS:
13 CT16 – Distributed Energy Resources Network to Energy Services Interfaces / Customer Premises Network
14 For Distribution System Based ESS:
15 CT6 - Feeder Distributed Energy Resources to Backhaul

16 CT9 – to Neighborhood Area Network
17 CT11 – to Distribution Substation Network
18 CT28 – to Backhaul
19 CT46 – to Field Area Network
20 For Transmission System Based ESS:
21 CT39 – Grid Scale Energy Resources to Wide Area Network

22 CT40 – to Regional Interconnects Networks
23 CT43 – to Transmission Substation Network
24 6.4. Sources of Data Exchange
25 There are different sources, consumers and types of data exchanged for the purposes of interoperation of the ESS
26 with the remainder of the Smart Grid based on the specific application, use case and the functional domain in which
27 the ESS resides. However, the common data conduits are the networks and communication paths that carry the
28 diverse data. This clause covers the communications networks that connect systems and subsystems that contain Deleted: In this clause, we are mainly concerned
29 electrical storage. The types of information that the data exchanged represent is covered in the next clause. with the communications networks that connect
systems and subsystems that contain electrical
storage. In the next clause, we are concerned with
30 The data is mainly of these three types: the types of information that the data exchanged
represent.
31 Command and control (intermittent and/or periodic)
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1 Monitor data (periodic)

2 Alerts & Alarms (intermittent)
3
4 Different events in the Smart Grid trigger the generation of the above data:
5 Command events: these are actions to be performed on the grid based on logic derived from the monitoring
6 events. These actions can be as an example, to command the dispatch of energy from storage devices into
7 the grid, the closure of parts of the grid, the re-routing of energy through the grid; also, as stated above the
8 command event can also be used to trigger a measurement on the grid as well as retrieving the results of
9 those measurements.
10 Monitoring events: these are events associated with data collection of points of surveillance in the system.
11 The data to be collected may be associated with states, such as the state and health of the ESS;
12 measurements, such as energy consumption at different points of the grid as well as how the elements of the
13 grid are performing. Monitoring events can be either periodic events that happen at pre-determined intervals;
14 or they can be retrieved upon a command event, to be explained below.
15 Alerts & Alarm event: these are mainly asynchronous events which indicate unusual or remarkable
16 conditions that might require human intervention.
17 Each type of data needs to be transported over the communications network and has certain priority and size
18 characteristic. As a general rule, command data carry small amounts of data. Monitoring data on the other hand can
19 be comprised of either small amounts of data or large chunks that are stored locally for a period of time at some
20 location in the grid.
21 Table 4 —Data characteristics

22
Data type Periodicity Payload size Criticalness

Command/Alerts On Demand Usually small Highly Critical
(intermittent)
Monitoring Periodic or On Either small or Low to Highly
Demand large Critical
23
24 NOTE—Please refer to Table 5-1 from IEEE Std 2030-2011 for a detailed template of data characteristics.
25 6.5. Regulatory Requirements
26 Regulatory and Market requirements could result in the collection of further data in addition to operational data.
27 For example, in the United States, each NERC Balancing Authority is responsible for maintaining energy demand
28 and supply balance within its designated territory. For balancing authority level operation, generators are sent
29 operating signals (change operating state, increase power, lower power) over secure communication links. Within
30 NERC-compliant balancing areas the system operator (typically ISO) sends Automatic Generator Control (AGC)
31 signals to resources to change power level. The AGC signal may be the product of ISO dispatch decisions based on
32 energy price bids or other physical metrics including system frequency. A regulating resource is required to:
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1 Have real-time telemetry:

2 Internet SCADA for Demand up to a specified limit
3 Internet SCADA installed at customer site, in some instances
4 Be able to receive regulation signal
5 Be able to respond automatically to regulation signal
6 Demonstrate some minimum (latency and bandwidth) performance levels
7 Demonstrate reasonable performance on dynamic evaluations
8 Provide telemetery metrics such as MW output and total regulation MW to the control center.
9 Due to the requirements such as automatic response to regulation signal, machine-to-machine (M2M)
10 communications has become prevalent.
11 It should be noted that most regulatory compliance requires only the ability to enable or disable autonomous Formatted: IEEEStds Paragraph, Indent: Left:
12 functions and a sub-set of this requires real-time information. 0", First line: 0"
13 6.6. Technology aspects
14 Evolving technology
15 As stated in the introductory paragraph, communications technology has evolved quickly. From direct connection,
16 wired links, to fully meshed and wireless networks. The explosion of wireless technologies starting in the ‘80s has
17 made devices cheaper and more capable. That has also required that the wireless technologies themselves be made
18 more efficient in terms of capacity and capability, as well as energy consumption. The evolution of the wireless
19 interface has also forced the backbone infrastructure to evolve rapidly and have capabilities that parallel those of the
20 air interfaces.
21 With this evolution one thing has become clear, that IP networks will be the dominant technology for the transport
22 of information. This allows the easy integration of the grid and its controlling systems with the back office business
23 applications and the use of the same transport network as ordinary telecommunications. That gives flexibility to the
24 grid operators of not having to deploy their own transport network and instead contract out with existing
25 telecommunication providers.
26 Communication Protocols
27 The adoption of IP as the underlying technology allows for flexible deployments. It also allows for the usage of any
28 existing point-to-point, and now even point-to-multipoint protocols. In smart grid there are already some protocols
29 that can be run atop IP, such as DNP3. And most other protocols that can be envisioned can also be adapted to run
30 atop IP.
31 There are multiple possibilities for the physical layer connectivity. For short hops ad-hoc networks can be used;
32 they are also referred to as PAN (Personal Area Network). PANs can be either wired or wireless. They come in
33 different flavors and have different throughput and latency capabilities. For longer hops, different wireless and wired
34 technologies are employed. These are called WAN (Wide Area Network). For high throughput and low latency, the
35 most available technology is fiber technology.
36 In the wired arena, there are several different existing technologies, from coaxial cable to twisted pair. Twisted pair
37 has many limitations in terms of speed and the distance the signal can travel using that medium. It is being used less
38 frequently in telecommunications, despite the fact that technology has been improving steadily with the new xDSL
39 technologies. The more common specifications are the RS series of specifications, ITU-T T1 and ITU-T E1. The RS
40 series has as its most common variants RS232, RS422 and RS423 with speeds of up to 100kbps. ITU-T T1 and ITU-
34
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1 T E1 have maximum speeds of 1.544Mbps and 2.048Mbps, respectively. Both technologies, RS series and ITU-T
2 series, can operate over long distances with repeaters and switches along the path.
3 In the fiber optic arena, the most available flavors are the OC-3 links. OC-3 links have a maximum speed of 155.52
4 Mbps. OC-3 links can also be bundled into higher order hierarchies and used in much higher speed backbones but
5 those are usually used for aggregate internet traffic and not in direct communications between entities. OC-3 links,
6 because they are optical links, have a very large range and can be made even larger with the usage of signal
7 boosters. Optical links are often used in trans-continental submarine cables, for instance.
8 In the wireless arena, there are several different technologies available, from DSRC to WWAN technologies. With
9 the evolution of wireless networks for voice and data communications, the most prevalent technologies are the ones
10 certified by the ITU as 2G, 3G and the ones now vying for the 4G label, namely GSM/GPRS EDGE, the
11 CDMA2000 family of standards, HSPA+ and more recently, LTE. There are also IEEE technologies such as WiFi
12 (802.11) and WiMAX (802.16). Speeds of the wireless technologies vary widely, starting at a few kbps, generally
13 with the technology family but the maximum speeds are achieved using LTE-Advanced which can go up to 1Gbps.
14 The range of the signal is limited by several factors such as the transmitter power of the infrastructure as well as the
15 power of the device. Newer technologies have frequency reuse of 1 and hence are also limited by co-channel and
16 self-interference. Typical ranges are between a few meters up to a few hundred kilometers.
17 Both wired and wireless communication for DER are implemented using options ranging from private dedicated
18 communication links through 3rd party networks. Which options can be used are dependent on the data requirements Formatted: Superscript
19 per the table below, plus, the security needed for the information being transmitted. In the case of 3rd party
Formatted: Superscript
20 communications providers, these data handling and security requirements would have to be supported by the
21 provider’s Service Level Agreement. If the DER is grid connected the communication physical implementation and
22 protocol may need to meet any additional requirements for interconnection, ISO/RTO market participation
23 certification, or any other requirements of the relevant EPS authority having jurisdiction.
24 Each link between two components on the Smart Grid can utilize a different technology, provided that the
25 communication requirements for that link are met. The following Table 5 summarizes the main characteristics of the
26 technologies mentioned in the paragraphs above.
27 Table 5 - Communication link types and data characteristics
Link type Speed Range Delay

RS links Low Short but can be Long delays
extended with
repeaters
T1/E1 Medium Medium but can Medium delays
be extended with and also delay
routers and dependent on load
repeaters
Optical links High Long distances Short but also
dependent on load
Wireless links Depending on Medium distances Short delay but
technology of also dependent on
choice either load
Medium or High
Satellite links Depending on Long distances Long delay but
technology of also dependent on
choice either load
Medium or High
28
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1
2 Machine-to-machine Communication
3 As mentioned earlier, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have become desirable due to requirements such
4 as automatic response to regulation signals.
5 Cellular radio networks could be used in M2M communications, using technologies such as CDMA, GSM and
6 satellite. Machine-to-machine standards are general, and not energy industry specific.
7 Many regulatory bodies have communications requirements, certification, and acceptance tests (e.g. RIG
8 certification). Some requirements focus on the reliability and availability of the communication when carrying
9 critical data. Redundancy for relay protection and special protection schemes can be used to meet those
10 requirements.
11 6.7. Examples of Networks
12 This section depicts examples of different types of functional communications networks that populate different
13 Smart Grid functional domains as well as within one domain.
14 The networks are described across the seven Smart Grid functional domains, then the following are examined:
15 Premises Networks
16 Neighborhood Area Networks, followed by
17 Wide Area Networks, which form the long-haul networks.
18
19 For each type of network, the prevalent standards or communication protocols are identified at one or more of the
20 ISO/OSI layers, such as Application, Transport, Network, Link and Physical. IEEE has contributed to many of the
21 standards at each of these layers.
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1
2
3 Figure 5 - Types of networks
4 Source:
5 http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/pub/SmartGrid/PAP02Wireless/NISTIR7761.pdf
6
7 Premises Network
8 The premises network is connected to the smart grid via smart meters. There are many standards and protocols that
9 are used to meet the smart grid requirements. Both wired and wireless technologies are used. Wireless networks are
10 easier to deploy, more flexible, scalable, and portable than wired networks with costly infrastructure. Although
11 wireless technologies are costly they are preferred. Their main challenges include power consumption, reliability,
12 and security. Wired networks can be complementary to wireless networks to assure coverage and increase the
13 reliability, so they are used for energy management applications.
14 Table 6 shows potential communications technologies at various ISO layers for the premises network.
15
16 Table 6 - Premises Network Protocols (adapted from Shi)
17
Application Wireless Smart Energy Smart Energy Home
ZigBee Profile 2.0 Profile 2.0 Plug
Transport
Network IPv6 Z- IPv6, IETF IPv6,
Wave 6LoWPAN/ROLL 6LoWPAN/ROLL
Link IEEE 802.11
WiFi IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 1901
Physical
18
19
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1 Different communications technologies have different availability, coverage, bandwidth, interoperability, and
2 security characteristics that limit their suitability for certain applications. Therefore, the capabilities and weaknesses
3 of these technologies and protocols must be assessed for the specific application to be sure that they meet the
4 reliability, efficiency, and security requirements of smart grid.
5 The first ZigBee Application Profile, Home Automation, was announced 2 November 2007. As amended by NIST,
6 the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 specification removes the dependency on IEEE 802.15.4. Device manufacturers are
7 able to implement any MAC/PHY, such as IEEE 802.15.4(x) and IEEE P1901, under an IP layer based on
8 6LoWPAN.
9 6LoWPAN is IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. The protocol 6lowpan is the name of a
10 working group in the Internet area of the IETF organization. The 6lowpan group has defined encapsulation and
11 header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4
12 (ZigBee) based networks. IPv4 and IPv6 are the work horses for data delivery for LANs, MANs, and WANs such as
13 Internet. Likewise, IEEE 802.15.4 devices provide sensing communication-ability in the wireless domain. The base
14 specification developed by the 6lowpan IETF group is RFC 4944; the problem statement document is RFC 4919.
15 Interoperability is critical for the devices and applications to work together such that they deliver value to
16 consumers, utilities, retail energy providers, load aggregators, and other stakeholders. Total cost is a consideration
17 and a variety of cost models may apply.
18 Neighborhood Area Network

19 The neighborhood area network (NAN) spans a greater distance than the premises network, providing
20 communication links for smart meters in a neighborhood area. This network connects several premises networks
21 within a neighborhood area at the customer premises edges. Depending on the role in the utility network, the NAN
22 can also be called FAN (Field Area Networks) or AMI if it is connected to field devices such as IEDs so that the
23 FAN (AMI) is connected to the power distribution network to support distribution automation. In this case, NAN is
24 viewed as part of AMI network.
25 Field Area Networks are used by utilities to interconnect distribution networks to enable distribution automation,
26 substation automation, distributed generation and advanced metering infrastructure. technologies such as LTE®,
27 IEEE 802.16e/WiMAX, Wi-Fi®, DSL, FTTx and PLC are used in FAN.
28 More information about FAN can be found at this site: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/power-utilities/field-area-

29 network
30 DERs can be connected to NAN and distribution generation can be implemented. The IEEE 1547 protocol suite can
31 be used for interconnecting distributed energy resources with electric power systems, between utility and distributed
32 generation and ESS.
33 The NAN is connected to WAN via the backhaul network, where data from many NANs are aggregated and
34 transported between the NANs and WAN.
35 The coverage area and bandwidth requirements for NAN vary for different applications and use scenarios. The
36 choice of technology should be specific to the application by diligent assessment.
37 In the application layer, functions for NAN include sensing, monitoring, and controlling the equipment and
38 resources in the power distribution system. Examples of protocols used to exchange messages may include the
39 following protocols:
40 DNP3 and IEC 61850 (substation automation)

41 ANSI C12 protocol suite (smart metering)
38
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1 IEC 60870 protocol (between control centers).
2 Table 7 shows potential communication protocols for NAN networks.
3 Table 7 – NAN Protocols (adapted from Shi)

Application Wireless Wired
Transport Wireless ZigBee Z-
Network IPv6 IPv6 Wave IPv6 IPv6
6LoWPAN/ROLL
Link IEEE 4G/LTE IEEE IEEE DOCSIS Ethernet
Physical 802.11 IEEE 802.15.4 802.16 1901
WiFi
4 Wide Area Networks
5 The WAN is at the utility’s end of the network architecture. It consists of the core/backbone network, the
6 metropolitan area network, and the backhaul network. The core/backbone network connects the utility backbone
7 and substations commonly using fiber optics, which provide high capacity and minimal latency. The backhaul
8 network is the connection between the WAN and NAN providing broadband connectivity to the NAN. It is also
9 connected to the distribution substation LANs, mobile workforces, automation and monitoring devices in the power
10 transmission and distribution systems including SCADA, remote terminal unit (RTU), phasor measurement unit
11 (PMU), and other sensors.
12 WAN in the smart grid is connected to transmission substation LANs, the utility enterprise LANs, and the public
13 Internet, which enables third party providers to offer services. The utility LANs enable utility controls and
14 operations. WAN is used by utility to manage, monitor, and control the information flows from the smart meters,
15 SCADA, substations, and other information flows to control, manage, and supervise the utility’s assets, processes,
16 and services such as substation automation, field devices automation, metering, billing, outage management,
17 demand response, and load control. Applications exist at utility control centers and enterprise LANs to monitor,
18 control, and manage the operations and processes in the grid.
19 Utilities have been operating WANs for various applications such as SCADA, grid monitoring and control, and
20 communications with power plants. These WANs have incorporated a variety of communications technologies over
21 fiber optics (predominant), power lines, leased lines, and wireless channels.
22 Table 8 shows potential communications technologies for WAN.
23 Table 8 – WAN Protocols (adapted from Shi)

Application Wired Wireless
Transport
Network IPv6 IPv6
Link MPLS/MPLS-TP
Physical SONET/SDH OTN/WDM Gigabit Ethernet 4G/LTE IEEE 802.16
24 MPLS features include low latency, support of QoS, and guarantee delay.
25 7. Information technology interoperability, the IT-IAP
27 This clause presents the Smart Grid Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM) from an Information Technology
28 Interoperability Architecture Perspective (IT-IAP), which provides more definition of the methods of information Deleted: PS
29 exchanged between entities that interact with the ESS. The general methods for information exchange are
30 examined for the specific characteristics of selected applications in the Applications Clause.
39
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1 At a fundamental level, the primitive data is mainly one of these three types:
2 Command and control (intermittent and/or periodic)

3 Monitor data (periodic)
4 Alerts & Alarms (intermittent).
5 The purpose of the information exchanged could be one or more of these:
6 Operational/Functional
7 Management of assets and infrastructure
8 Regulatory
9 Pricing and Markets
10 Security.
11 Information is exchanged using specific standards at different levels of abstraction, from the lowest level packets on
12 a communication medium to the highest-level support for applications that implement complex organizational
13 policies. Deleted: The following Figure 6 shows the
example of the GridWise Architecture Council
(GWAC)’s arrangement of hierarchy of information
14 exchange layers and the protocols or standards used
to implement that information exchange for DER
15 Underlying all distributed applications that implement various aspects of the Smart Grid is the ISO (International systems used by Utilities. A sample of the related
16 Organization of Standardization) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model which defines seven SGIRM interfaces are identified in callouts.
17 layers, starting at the highest layer:
18 Application
19 Presentation
20 Session
21 Transport
22 Network
23 Data Link
24 Physical.
25
26 This model of the OSI Architecture defines the services provided by each layer to the next one above (higher). As
27 noted in the previous section on CT-IAP, different protocols can exist at the same layer providing the same well-
28 defined functionality but with very different internal implementations. For example, two computers can connect
29 successfully using either wireless or wired connection using standard TCP/IP protocols. Each layer encapsulates the
30 one below it and allows the isolation of any problems at layers below. Layering further allows the abstraction of
31 services provided by lower layers.
Deleted:
Deleted: <#> - Information exchanged
32 There are three fundamental concepts to information exchange models, such as OSI, which can be applied to ESS between Smart Grid ESS entities¶
33 control and management entities:
34 Service: what a layer does

35 Interface: how to access the service
40
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1 Protocol: how is the service implemented in terms of the rules and formats that govern the communication
2 between two peers.
Deleted: Interfaces
3 7.2. Information data flows
4 This sub clause will identify the electrical storage entities that interact with each other in the seven functional
5 domains of the Smart Grid and their data flows. It should be noted the ‘entities’ implies applications or services in Deleted: interfaces
6 the IT context and not mere low-level devices or controllers.
7 Following diagram in Figure 6 shows the IEEE 2030-2011 IT-IAP data flows and highlights the entities and Deleted: 7
8 interconnections pertinent to electrical storage in the IT-IAP. Deleted: interconnections
9
Domain
Entity
ITXX
Data
Flow
10
Deleted: Interconnections
11 Figure 6 - IT-IAP data flows and entities, storage related highlighted Formatted: Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt,
Not Bold
12 For the four domains, Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Customer, following is a list of data flows that Deleted: interfaces
13 connect two entities/services:
14 1) Bulk Generation:
Deleted:
15 IT28 – Energy Storage Control to the Dispatch
16 2) For Customer-based ESS:
41
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 IT26 – Distributed Energy Resources to Customer Energy Management and Control

2 IT27 – to Distribution Management
3 3) For Distribution-system based ESS:
4 IT29 – Distribution Field Device to Distribution Substation
5 IT30 – Distribution Substation to Distribution Management
6
7 4) For Transmission-system based ESS:
8 IT3 – Transmission Substation to Energy Management

9 IT4 – Transmission Field Device to Transmission Substation
10 7.3. Standards and Protocols
11 Various international standards, such as those from IEEE and IEC, are employed in the interoperability and
12 communication between the entities/services listed above. Some standards provide connection or interoperability
13 between entities across different domains, while others provide interoperability amongst entities within a single
14 domain.
15 Each standard serves a different functional area, and at times has overlapping functionality with another. Standards
16 used in the Smart Grid include these areas, (with some examples):
17 Home or Consumer Networking, inside the Home (e.g., IEEE 802, IEEE 1901, etc.)
18 SmartGrid into Home or Premises Devices (e.g., IEEE 1547 Series)
19 Smart Metering (e.g IEEE 1701, 1702, ANSI C12, etc.)
Deleted:
20 Electric Vehicle Communications (e.g., IEEE 1901)
21 Power Systems Communications in a Distributed System: (IEEE 1815)
22 CIM for Distribution: (e.g., IEC 61968)
23 CIM for Grid Modeling: (e.g., IEC 61970)
Deleted: IEC 61850,
24 Synchrophasor Standards (e.g. IEEE C37.118, etc.)
25 Smart Grid Security (e.g. IEEE 1686, IEEE P37.240, IEEE 1711, IEEE 1402, IEC 62351, etc.)
26 Information Models (e.g IEC 61850-7-420 and IEC 61850-90-7)
27 These standards often require support from lower–level protocols using the layered approach discussed earlier. For
28 example, the GWAC figure, shows that IEC 61970 for Grid Modeling uses CIM Abstract Information Models and
29 IEC 62541 web services, which eventually run over TCP/IP Ethernet.
30 The Applications clause, will delve into specific applications and the standards and protocols they employ.
42
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1 8. Security and Privacy
2 8.1. Introduction
3 [B11] The security and privacy clause of this document presents a discussion of cybersecurity and privacy issues for
4 energy storage applications. The basics of security objectives are described in IEEE Std 2030-2011 and this section
5 assumes the reader is familiar with basic security and privacy concepts presented therein. Also, this clause provides
6 an overview of security issues, strategies, security requirements, risk management, security design and
7 countermeasures as well as standards and best practice recommendations.
8 8.2. Background
9 [B12] The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), recognizing the needs of energy sector, identified four
10 functional priorities as follows:
11 Demand and response

12 Wide-area situational awareness
13 Energy storage,
14 Electric transportation.
15 FERC identifies two cross-cutting priorities, namely cybersecurity and communication and coordination across
16 inter-system data flows. Similarly, the Department of Energy (DOE) has identified that the smart grid should Deleted: interfaces
17 “operate resiliently against physical and cyber attacks and natural disasters.”
18 [B13] The problem of security and dependability, or resilience is not generally understood for critical infrastructures
19 such as the power grid. One reason is the hybrid composition of these infrastructures. The infrastructure of Smart
20 Grid is composed of industrial control systems (ICSs) and the traditional information technology systems. Thus a
21 security model is a blend of ICS and IT security models, “not as in a sum of two parts, but as a model where both
22 security models coexist and interoperate being mutually aware.”
23 Confidentiality is a strong objective in most IT systems, however in Smart Grid applications, an additional security
24 objective is privacy. The subsystems that need to be controlled include the customers’ meters, smart appliances, and
25 home energy controllers. There is a perceived danger that end-user energy consumption profiles could be used for
26 goals that are not aligned with the end-user. On the other hand, availability and integrity are vital in IICSs. The
27 possibility of corrupted commands distorting or tearing down the flow of power justifies the need for availability
28 and integrity services. A conceptual model must include security concepts such as security by design, security in
29 depth, and end-to-end security. Security by design relates to the manufacturing of individual products, and assembly
30 of systems, solutions, and architectures.
31 Security in depth implies the realization that any security feature by itself is breakable with enough effort, and only
32 multiple security controls layered in a concentric way around protected assets can provide a security superior to the
33 sum of the individual parts.
34 End-to-end security is safeguarding information in an information system from point of origin to point of
35 destination. Full end-to-end security, however, would require all endpoints to support a common control security
36 mechanism.
37 The control of the power grid is based on the SCADA systems that control the balancing of generating and
38 consuming electricity and display the status to the system operators. However, SCADA may have interconnections
39 to the standard corporate intranets and Internet.
40 Although standards and guidelines are identified to support the implementation of minimum security measures that
41 set a baseline for cybersecurity across energy sector, there are many security challenges that require solutions based
43
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1 on an effective security program. As described in IEEE Std. 2030-2011, an organization has to apply analysis and
2 risk management methods to identify the appropriate solutions to ensure the security of the distributed energy
3 resources including related systems and smart grid.
4 DERs are typically smaller electricity generation or ESS located in a community, business, or home. They can serve
5 consumers’ energy needs locally and can provide support for the grid. Distributed generation includes combined
6 heat and power, solar photovoltaic systems, and other small generators such as micro-turbines and fuel cells.
7 Distributed ESS include batteries as well as thermal storage devices that heat or chill water to provide building
8 services. Practices and techniques in a comprehensive security and privacy implementation for interoperable ESS
9 are also discussed.
10 8.3. Security Issues
11 The electric power infrastructure is transforming from a system of power interconnections to a very complex
12 diverse, interconnected, interdependent, and adaptive system. Besides regulatory mandates (e.g., NERC CIP in
13 North America), guidelines from energy industry, and standards organizations, it is mandatory that security of DER
14 systems and applications is addressed in the early phases of design and architecture and continues through
15 implementation, testing, deployment, and operation. Effective security management is required to enable resilience,
16 safety, and interoperability of applications. Security management includes risk management, information security
17 plans and policies, procedures, standards, guidelines, baselines, information classification, security organization, and
18 security education.
19 These components should serve as the foundation for the security program for an ESS. Organizations need to
20 develop an effective security program based on risk management approach and defense-in-depth strategy.
21 Security programs typically focus on protection of human life, safety, tangible and intangible assets. With a system
22 that interacts with power generation, transmission, and distribution, security responsibility for interconnected ESS
23 extends beyond the traditional walls of the data center. Therefore, the approach of understanding vulnerabilities and
24 the associated attack vectors to exploit the critical systems and other systems is essential to building effective
25 security mitigation strategies.
26 8.4. Threats and Vulnerabilities
27 Security governance remains an evolving aspect of the security posture for the energy sector and other industries. Deleted: A recent survey on s
28 Observations on the current state of evolving governance include: Deleted: reveals
Deleted: s
29 Boards still are not undertaking key oversight activities related to cyber risks, such as reviewing budgets,
30 security program assessments, and top-level policies; assigning roles and responsibilities for privacy and
31 security; and receiving regular reports on breaches and IT risks
Deleted: <#>Utilities are one of “the least
32 Utilities/energy sector and the industrial sector have weakness in numerous areas prepared organizations when it comes to risk
management”¶
33 All industry sectors surveyed are not properly assigning privacy responsibilities
Deleted: came in last in
34 Energy/utilities and IT/telecom respondents indicated that their organizations never (0%) rely upon
Deleted: - surprising is that these companies are
35 insurance brokers to provide outside risk expertise, while the industrials sector relies upon them 100%. part of critical infrastructure
36 In February 2011, the Director of National Intelligence testified that in 2010, during one year, there had been a
37 dramatic increase in malicious cyber activity targeting U.S. computers and networks, including a more than tripling
38 of the volume of malicious software since 2009. Cyber threats can be unintentional or intentional. Unintentional
39 threats can be caused by natural disasters, human errors, software upgrades or maintenance procedures that
40 inadvertently disrupt systems. Intentional threats include both targeted and untargeted attacks from a variety of
41 sources, including criminal groups, hackers, disgruntled employees, foreign nations engaged in espionage and
44
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1 information warfare, and terrorists. These cyber threats can exploit various vulnerabilities and adversely affect the
2 functions of computers, software, a network, enterprise operations, an industry, or the Internet itself.
3 Throughout 2011 and 2012, it is observed an increasing trend in cyber-attacks targeted at energy and pipeline
4 infrastructure around the world. In 2012 alone, attacks against the energy sector comprised over 40% of all incidents
5 reported to ICS-CERT. Many of these incidents targeted information pertaining to the ICS/SCADA environment,
6 including data that could facilitate remote access and unauthorized operations. Several cases of confidentiality
7 breaches and lack of access controls in DER applications by disclosing the information to competitors is reported. A
8 virus infection at an electric utility in USA resulted in downtime for the impacted systems and delayed the plant
9 restart by approximately 3 weeks.
10 While the convergence of once-isolated industrial control systems has helped organizations simplify and manage
11 their complex environments, by connecting these networks and introducing IT components into the industrial control
12 system domain, security problems arise because of many vulnerabilities in protocols and computing platforms.
13 A broader new smart grid feature set is making the power system critically reliant on the overlaid ICT infrastructure
14 by requiring integration of diverse, connected, interdependent, and adaptive functions and applications. This ICT
15 evolution exposes the power grid operation and business processes to vulnerabilities that could be exploited by
16 deliberate attacks as well as operational mistakes, equipment failures, and natural disasters. Cyber-attacks could
17 result in adverse effects in safety, public health, financial viability, and legal actions. As a result, the power grid
18 needs to have pervasive resilient postures against such security and safety incidents so that they are prevented,
19 detected, and recovered from in a timely fashion. This can be accomplished by applying security engineering
20 techniques and best practices.
21 8.5. Security Engineering Principles
22 [B14] Security engineering is a framework to build systems “to remain dependable in the face of malice, error, or
23 mischance”. Achieving resilient energy systems requires more than a focus on compliance, “instead a culture
24 focused on achieving comprehensive and effective cybersecurity”. Therefore, it is required that an organization
25 applies security engineering principles in the specification, design, development, and implementation of an
26 information system, new development control systems or control systems undergoing major upgrades. For legacy
27 control systems, it is recommended the organization applies security engineering principles to system upgrades and
28 modifications, to the extent feasible, given the current state of the hardware, software, and firmware components
29 within the system. Large, integrated, complex systems require different layers of interoperability, from a plug or
30 wireless connection to compatible processes and procedures for participating in distributed business transactions.
31 Vulnerabilities in home protocols such as ZigBee or G.hn have to be analyzed and countermeasures have to be
32 designed to avoid the exposure to cyber threats. The security engineer needs to analyze the threats and identify the
33 vulnerabilities, risks, and then decide where and how devices support the security needs in the home network.
34 Another need is the analysis of interoperability and security features built in home network devices.
35 8.6. Interoperability Principles
36 One requirement in smart grid is interoperability. One characteristic of interoperability as set in GridWise®
37 Interoperability Framework includes a requisite quality of service: reliability, fidelity, and security. Cybersecurity
38 should be viewed as a stack of different security technologies and communication standards and procedures, woven
39 together to meet the security requirements of a particular implementation of a stack of policy, procedural, and
40 communication standards, all designed to provide specific services. For example, when cybersecurity is applied to
41 the information exchange standards, it is described as profiles of technologies and procedures which can include
42 both power system methods (e.g. redundant equipment, analysis of power system data, and validation of power
43 system states), policies, and information security technology methods (e.g. encryption, role-based access control,
44 and intrusion detection).
45 Figures 7 and 8 depict the GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) stack, where the OSI 7-layer model essentially Deleted: 8
46 maps into the technical levels of the GWAC stack. Cross-cutting issues are areas that need to be addressed and Deleted: 9
45
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1 agreed upon to achieve interoperation. They usually are relevant to more than one interoperability category of the
2 framework.
3 Correlating cybersecurity with specific information exchange standards, including functional requirements
4 standards, object modeling standards, and communication standards, is needed although it is very complex.
6 Figure 7 - Simplified GWAC Stack
7
8
9
10
11
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1
2 Figure 8 - GWAC Stack with cross cutting issues
3 8.7. Security Aspects of NIST DER Architecture
4 Figure 9 shows a hierarchical architecture for the organization of DERs as proposed in NIST DER. The architecture Deleted: 10
5 is defined as hybrid combinations of five levels of architectures across multiple domains; level 1 is the lowest level.
6 However, different scenarios will consist of different hierarchical levels and variations even within the same
7 hierarchical level. From a security perspective, the multiple combinations of architectures introduce complexity and
8 hidden interactions and dependencies that can be unknown and difficult to assess.
9 At the local level, DER systems must manage their own generation and ESS activities autonomously, based on local
10 conditions, pre-established settings, and DER owner preferences. The lowest level includes the actual cyber-physical
11 DER systems operated autonomously. This autonomous operation can be modified by DER owner preferences
12 and/or by settings and commands issued by utilities. The configurations include the security profiles as defined by
13 standard profiles. However, prohibiting the incorrect settings or modification of settings by an intruder are critical to
14 ensure accuracy of data and quality DER functionality.
15
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Deleted:
2
Deleted: NIST DER
3 Figure 9 - Five-Level hierarchical DER system architecture (SGIP DRGS)
4
5 Figure 9 highlights the five-level hierarchical DER system architecture. The full set of SGIRM interfaces and data Deleted: Figure 10 highlights the five-level
6 flows indicated by the numbered lightning bolt connectors are listed as follows: hierarchical DER system architecture. The relevant
SGIRM interfaces and data flows are also
highlighted.
7 Chart Reference Number SGIRM Interfaces/Data Flows
Deleted: 10
8 1 PS-16 |PS31,CT-70|CT-19,IT-13| IT27
9 2 PS-19, IT-26
10 3 PS-14, IT-23
11 4 PS-68 |PS-62, CT-63-| CT-19, IT-23
12 5 PS-68 |PS-62, CT-18,
13 6 PS-14, IT-30
14 7 PS-51, IT-3
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1 8 PS-65, CT-24,
2 9 PS-48, IT-10|IT-12
3 10 PS-19, IT-26
4 11 CT-1, CT-27-CT-31
5
6 Note: Interfaces and data flows separated by “|” indicate path separated by intermediate entity
7
8 The listed interfaces and data flows relevant to Storage are bolded in the table above. Deleted: , and non-Storage related interfaces are
deemphasized with use of grey text.
9 8.8. Security Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations
10 Implementation of cybersecurity guidance can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including enforcement of
11 regulations and voluntarily in response to business incentives. Energy sector, specifically electrical sector
12 organizations, can use several sources for designing and implementation of security programs and protection of
13 legacy systems. In the NSF Report it is demanded “Cybersecurity practices must address not only the threats and
14 vulnerabilities of traditional information systems, but also issues unique to electric grid technology. These include
15 the lengthy life expectancy of energy control systems, low-latency communications needed for real-time control,
16 and differing requirements and regulatory frameworks among grid stakeholders.” However, a long life expectancy
17 could be an impossible goal for security technologies because of emerging needs due to increasing number of
18 evolving vulnerabilities and threats, and sophistication of cyber-attacks methods. Figure ?? shows the DER
19 functions at utility side and proposed standards as they relate to GWAC and ISO/OSI reference models.
20 Figure 6 in Clause 7.1 displays DER standards used for DER systems by customers. A brief overview of these
21 standards is available in Annex A under the title Security References.
22 The GAO report states that “Cybersecurity Guidance Is Available, but More Can Be Done to Promote Its Use”. The
23 following subclause provides more information and specific security issues for DER and DR applications.
24 The National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report (NISITR) 7628, Guidelines for Smart Grid
25 Cyber Security, provides an analytical framework that stakeholders can use to develop effective Smart Grid related
26 characteristics, risks, and vulnerabilities.
27 8.9. Distributed Energy Resources
28 The potential threat to the overall smart grid from a DER behind a single meter is limited. However, there is risk of
29 compromised utility operation through coordinated action or other unintended misoperation of multiple meters
30 participating in a DR program. The potential threat to the overall smart grid is somewhat reduced since there is very
31 little impact to power transmission or distribution from the actions of a single meter or controller. However, if a
32 large number of meters were controlled by an adversary, the aggregated impact may result in system level problems
33 that could affect availability or quality of service. For example, if an adversary were to affect the reliable
34 communication of control signals to a large number of consumers participating in a DR program, then the adversary
35 could cause those consumers to continue to draw power while the utility is trying to limit their consumption.
36 Therefore, the utility has to assess if this is an isolated or a coordinated adversarial action.
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1 8.10. Demand Response Security
2 One service that can be provided using ESS is Demand Response (DR), e.g. dispatching ESS in lieu of interrupting Deleted: application
3 load within a facility.. Demand Response is defined as “Changes in electric use by demand-side resources from their Deleted: for
4 normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity, or to incentive payments designed to
5 induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized”.
6 Therefore, an analysis of security requirements for each service has to be performed to be sure that business Deleted: application
7 functions and stakeholders of these services are protected. The DR infrastructure could be improved through such Deleted: application
8 means as secure architecture, interoperability, and secure automated demand/response signals. However, more
9 standardizations have to be completed. Figure 10 depicts an example of DR data paths. Deleted: 11
10
11 Figure 10 – DR data paths communication
12
13 The security engineer has to review the information exchange standard(s) and the gaps should be taken into account.
14 Recommendations for data exchange standards and APIs supportive of smart grid technologies and corresponding
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1 ISO/RTO products or services based on the Demand Response Information Models are available. These
2 recommendations are inclusive of key functional areas, diverse markets and NERC cybersecurity and other relevant
3 reliability standards. Security requirements are also available. However, the security gaps and other requirements
4 issues require resolution and enhancements should be included in the design of security for DR system and
5 applications.
6 DR applications enhance the services to the customer. Examples of services include dynamic pricing, time of use
7 pricing, selling local power into the grid using a marketplace, and smart metering. Many of these services center on
8 smart home scenarios including the gateway of a smart home. Home energy gateways control the communication
9 between the devices in a home and the Smart Grid and thus define a security perimeter. The home energy gateway
10 hides the complexity of the in-home network from the Smart Grid. It may act as a proxy for the appliances of the
11 home (e.g., toward other Smart Grid participants, as, for instance, the market). Access to the home gateway needs to
12 be restricted and authorized. The access to the home gateway must be controlled to meet security and privacy
13 requirements. In addition, a home energy gateway has to support remote access, allowing secure exchange of
14 measurements, supervision, and control data with the energy network. Examples of entities requiring secure access,
15 via both local and remote communication, to a home energy gateway include:
16 Energy provider (including metering/billing)

17 Distribution network operator
18 Gateway operator
Deleted: Energy m
19 Market operator (e.g. ISO)
20 End user
21 8.11. Testing
22 Periodically, all security controls, mechanisms, and procedures should be tested. The testing can be focused on
23 technology analysis implemented in a device or system and focus on security features and capabilities and/or
24 perform penetration testing. Penetration testing is the process of simulating attacks on a network and its systems at
25 the request of the owner. Its goal is to determine the vulnerabilities and effectiveness of their security measures.
26 Because some tests could be intrusive and disruptive, it is recommended to use a timeframe when the productivity is
27 not affected.
28 The results of testing must confirm or negate the presence of vulnerabilities in the target systems. Identifying and
29 evaluating weaknesses allows for these vulnerabilities to be addressed, protecting customers, utilities and vendors
30 alike. The nature of vulnerabilities to be evaluated can be broadly classified as being the fault of design or
31 implementation. Utilities and vendors should perform the security testing regularly for the several areas.
32 The disclosure of the penetration tests and tools to the public is not recommended. Some security companies may
33 offer the results of tests to the vendor or utility while others will publish on the Internet. However, a clear policy and
34 agreement among parties have to be in place before testing.
35 8.12. Security Mechanisms
36 New security technologies are emerging and more research is needed to develop technologies that can be effective
37 under smart grid’s requirements and constraints of security, reliability, and dependability. For example, there is a
38 need to develop:
39 architectural configurations that induce prevention of the more severe interaction faults, and attack and
40 vulnerability combinations
41 sophisticated system monitoring mechanisms.
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1 Various consortia of utilities, systems integrators, computer vendors, computer security companies, academia and
2 manufacturers have taken steps to provide a new approach to ensure interoperability across key devices controlling
3 elements in all seven domains.
4 The approach is based on implementing logical agents at each interaction point in the energy infrastructure with the
5 objective of providing end-to-end management and security services. A ‘fabric’ of secure, redundant and
6 interconnected embedded entities, spanning all functional domains of the Smart Grid, is constructed. Management
7 functions are separated from application functions so that if an application is compromised or inoperable, the
8 management system can be used to resolve the problem, often relying on redundant hardware and software. Virtual
9 machines or hypervisors are created on physical hardware to keep the control and management functions separate
10 from the device under control. However, the limited capabilities of detection of cyber-attacks and incident reporting
11 including recovery may not allow a universal installation of this technology in the near future.
12 8.13. Privacy
13 Privacy is generally associated with collection, ownership, access control, integrity control, distribution,
14 modifications, repurposing, reconstruction, and disposition of personally identifiable information (PII), relating to
15 individuals. Definitions of privacy vary across jurisdictions. Various definitions and interpretations of privacy have
16 been developed by organizations like the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United
17 Nations, and governmental agencies. Despite the differences in interpretation, they all have in common the notion
18 that the person providing informed consent has the right to determine the degree to which they will share their PII
19 with other individuals or organizations and how that PII will be used.
20 Smart metering and smart grid will create a network of information generating, transmitting, collecting, and analysis
21 devices across a wider area network than has previously existed. Smart grid presents the opportunity for significant
22 loss of PII to individuals who must connect to the Smart Grid for utilities management reasons. Smart metering
23 facilitates remote analysis of consumer electrical consumption, but could also enable service providers to display
24 and immediately intervene into the household power consumption. This could potentially lead to privacy challenges.
25 Personal information could include but might not be limited to: full name, street address, city, and other data
26 elements such as specific devices and uses that could add to the personal identity aspect of customers. Customers
27 should have the option (depending on the country and regulations) to “opt-in” or “opt-out” of data collection from
28 smart meters being sent to utility companies. In addition, utilities must provide clear information to customers
29 related to how PII will be utilized through formal processes such as billing, utility’ s Web pages, disposal, and other
30 activities. A formal Information Privacy program must be established to include budgeting and resources as well as
31 executive support to ensure consumer information is safeguarded and protected, actions if security or privacy
32 breaches occur within the utility or service providers. The potential privacy consequences should be considered
33 entirely. The utility and service provider have to implement security controls to mitigate and resolve the information
34 privacy risks related to smart grid technologies.
35 Organizations involved in ESS interoperability should be especially vigilant to protect energy demand and
36 generation data that can be used by a hostile agent to predict trends in, for example, customer use or occupancy.
37 In addition, manufacturers and vendors of smart meters, smart appliances, and smart devices should engineer these
38 devices to collect only the data necessary for Smart Grid operations.
39 Privacy rights continue to evolve by legislation, litigation, and regulation, and the data gathered will be subject to
40 the relevant jurisdiction(s). Therefore, smart grid architectures should be flexible and adaptable to cater to evolving
41 policy and regulatory requirements without requiring significant redesign or redevelopment.
42 9. Example ESS Applications

43 The applications for ESS span all the NIST Smart Grid functional domains, from Consumer to Transmission and
44 Bulk Generation. This clause presents a subset from the larger list of applications described in Clause 4. The
45 following are examples that illustrate the various entities and interfaces or data flows that apply:
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1 ESS for Frequency Regulation - The Frequency Regulation application details the use of ESS to regulate and
2 rectify any aberrations in the transmission of electrical power. See Section 9.1.
3 ESS for Voltage/VAR Support - The Voltage Regulation at the transmission level ensures that user voltage is
4 within specified tolerances. See Section 9.2.
5 ESS for Renewable Integration - While renewable energy resources such as solar and wind provide clean energy
6 to the grid, the power they produce is often intermittent which introduces undesirable circuit characteristics. In
7 addition, power from these sources is often generated at times when it is needed the least. ESS can be used to
8 address both of these problems. The “ESS for Renewable Integration” application details the use of ESS to smooth
9 the power output from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. See Section 9.3.
10 ESS for Multiple Services, Substation-Located - The “ESS for Multiple Services, Substation Located” application
11 details the use of ESS for multiple applications that are useful to electric power distribution utilities. ESS are
12 versatile assets which can provide multiple services to electric utilities. When sited at a utility substation, ESS can
13 provide energy arbitrage, power smoothing, renewables firming, load and generation following, volt/VAR support,
14 and more. Direct integration into the electric utility’s SCADA and/or DMS systems provides the utility with an easy
15 way to experiment with the different services and to determine how they best fit into the overall operating model.
16 See Section 9.4.
17 ESS for Distributed Energy Storage Services, Customer-Located - The Distributed Energy Storage Services
18 application shows how ESS provides the infrastructure to form a real-time network for the delivery of energy as a
19 software-as-a-service, SaaS, platform. See Section 9.5.
20 ESS for MicroGrids - ESS is installed in MicroGrids and takes the important role of operation of MicroGrid for the
21 purpose of balancing the generation and load, and improving the power quality within the MicroGrid. See Section
22 9.6. These examples were selected to showcase the wide applicability of ESS.
23 METHODOLOGY
24 Each application is defined according to the IEEE 2030 SGIRM (smart grid interoperability reference model), in
25 terms of its three IAPs (interoperability architecture perspectives). First, the major application components and their
26 operational relationships in terms of the IEEE 2030 IAP-PS (Power Systems) are described.
27 The next task is to identify the entities and paths involved in information exchanges for the purpose of command and
28 control and monitoring. This is the IEEE 2030 IAP-IT (Information Technology). The final task is to identify the
29 communications protocol/s used for each path; this completes the IEEE 2030 IAP-CT (Communications
30 Technology). The order of the three IAPs described could vary from example to example.
31 Each of the following sections addresses the following:
32 Describes the application from a physical perspective

33 Describe the ICT general requirements for that application scenario
34 Maps the above information into SGIRM model in terms of its three perspectives, PS-IAP, CT-IAP and IT-
35 IAP.
36 [B15] The EPRI Use Case Repository has useful information in context of Interoperability.
37 http://www.smartgrid.epri.com/Repository/Repository.aspx
38
39
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1 9.1. ESS for Frequency Regulation, transmission level connection
2 Frequency regulation service is the injection or withdrawal of real power by facilities capable of responding
3 appropriately to a transmission system’s frequency deviations or interchange power imbalance, both measured by
4 the ACE (area control error). When generation does not equal actual load and losses on a moment-by-moment
5 basis, the imbalance will result in the grid’s frequency deviating from the standard 60 Hertz. Minor frequency
6 deviations affect energy consuming devices; major deviations cause generation and transmission equipment to
7 separate from the grid, in the worst case leading to a cascading blackout. Frequency regulation service can prevent
8 these adverse consequences by rapidly correcting deviations in the transmission system’s frequency to bring it
9 within the acceptable range. The Figure 11 graphic below illustrates key aspects and characteristics of Frequency Deleted: 12
10 Regulation. In the diagram, the Frequency Regulation (red line) is the difference between actual operating
11 generation and load, including generation deviations from variable resources and/or resources whose actual output
12 deviates from their dispatch command.
13
14
Load >
Generation
Load <
Generation
Source: Sandia
15
16
17
18
19
20 Figure 11 —Frequency Regulation
21
22 Frequency regulation is managed at the balancing area level, e.g. ISO/RTO level, by a grid operating entity that has
23 visibility of inter-area operation including system frequency and power flows across balancing areas. The operating
24 entity calculates the area control area, then dispatch appropriate resources as needed to maintain area control area to
25 within allowed limits. Key attributes of managing Frequency Regulation within a defined area include:
26 Balance typically achieved by ramping up and down generators via automatic generator control (AGC)
27 Typically requires reserves of 1% - 2% of seasonal peak load
28 Differences historically dominated by the variability of the load
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1 High penetration of renewable generation is increasing the requirement for regulation.
2 If Energy Storage is co-located or part of a hybrid Generation-Storage project, then operating data will be exchanged
3 between them. Examples of these hybrid systems include, Storage+Traditional Generation, Wind Deleted: Could be
4 Generation+Storage and PV Generation+Storage. Deleted: or any other type of market asset, e.g.
5 Exchange of power between Energy Storage and Generation would be a different application or use case of ESS. In
6 this example, even if co-located, the power capacity of the Energy Storage is only used to sell Frequency Regulation
7 as a market service.
8 Specific SGIRM IT-IAP and CT-IAP perspectives are described for a possible frequency regulation project using a
9 typical ISO using CAISO documentation as an example.
10 Two CAISO technical documents were used in this example to provide a representative set of information Deleted: For example, two
11 describing the data used for control and monitoring of a resource providing AGC-based frequency regulation in the Deleted: references
12 CAISO market.
Deleted: the
13 1. Remote Intelligent Gateway (RIG) Technical Specification Deleted: “
Deleted: ”1
14 2. ISO Generation Monitoring and Control Requirements for AGC/Regulation Units
Formatted: Numbered + Level: 1 +
Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 +
15 These two references provided the descriptive information that was translated into IEEE Standard 2030-2011 Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent
16 SGIRM format. at: 0.5"
Deleted: “
17 In general these documents describe a traditional power system SCADA based communication and control for
18 dispatch of a generator unit. The following graphics concisely describe key aspects of the information transmitted Deleted: ”2
19 and used for the control of a resource performing Frequency Regulation. Figure 12 below illustrates the CAISO’s Deleted: 13
20 graphical information regarding the time lags associated with AGC control for frequency regulation.
21
22
23
24 Figure 12 — CAISO Timing Information Example
25
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1 The graphic below in Figure 13 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of this example scenario Deleted: 4
2 within the CAISO market into the SGRIM PS-IAP Perspective. Deleted:
3
Domain
Entity
PSxx Interface
5 Figure 13 — PS-IAP Example, Frequency Regulation
6
7 The graphic below in Figure 14 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of this frequency regulation Deleted: 15
8 example scenario within an ISO market into the SGRIM CT-IAP Perspective.
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1
2
Field Code Changed
LEGEND
Domain
Entity
CTXX Interface
3 Figure 14 —CT-IAP Example, Frequency Regulation
4
5
6 The graphic below in Figure 15 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of Deleted: 16
7 this example scenario within an ISO market into the SGRIM IT-IAP Perspective.
8
9
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Formatted: Normal
Moved down [1]: —IT-IAP Example, Frequency
Regulation¶
Deleted: ¶
1
LEGEND Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
Domain Field Code Changed

Deleted: ¶
Entity
ITXX
Data
Flow
2
3 —— Moved (insertion) [1]
Formatted: IEEEStds Level 5 Header
4 Figure 15 IT-IAP Example, Frequency Regulation
5 Formatted: IEEEStds Regular Figure Caption,

Indent: Left: 0"
6
7
8
9
10 An example of data characteristic and performance requirements from an ISO mapped into the IEEE Standard 2030-
11 2011 data characteristics table (based on IEEE 2030 Std Table D5) is provided below.
12 .
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1
2
3 Figure 16 —Example of Data Characteristics Organized in IEEE 2030 Table D format,

4 Frequency Regulation
5
6
7 An example of Table C.2 filled out for this example application scenario is shown below in Figure 17 It displays an Deleted: 8.
8 example of a filled-in application table with this scenario’s data characteristics shown in detail. The table identifies
9 power systems interfaces, communication interfaces, IT data flows, a description of what needs to be communicated, Deleted: interfaces
10 and the appropriate data characteristics for each of these interfaces.
11
12
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Power systems Data characteristics Communications IT

Entity
Communications
Communications
e
al
tim
Entity
Power system
D P, I ran ity)
rv
H of a reli ity
(to)
description
)
data path
ity
er
t
ri br nte
(from)
il
as
il
path(s)
EM ss ab
sf
ve ity ab
M e
ur
and Data IT data
dc
i
c
an
ce
Le bil reli
and IT description
ec
oa
A rity lity
tr
en
number type paths
(s
ity
Se volu I
(
u
e
la n
n
rr
number of
g tia
y
m
ic
io
io
lit
io of
M ccu
of
on
Power systems
In iden
at
A mat
bi
C ity
cy
High >160 ms L ty
Pr od
Points
rm
hr
o
ila
ch
en
description
r
points
l
h
f
a
nc
a
i
cu
fo
fo
on
va
va
te
et
ea
at
at
at
Sy
In
In
R
Smart Meter or Customer Access

IT13 to
Operations
Important
Monitoring/ Control
Utility Control/Operation/
10 sec to
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
minutes
CT3 then CT52 or CT12

IT27,
Bytes
hours
Distribution Operation
High
High
ALL
Low
and Control (1 Point)
Point(s) of Interface
No No by Distribution
Enterprise LAN to
millions of points)
Provides information exchange and IT26
Point via NAN

Up to 75 miles
Operations
(thousands to
control of customer equipment by (to EMS)

PS13 Distribution Operations and Control.
High >160 ms
Logical connections include those for IT16 Smart meter

Reporting
Important
Multicast
Medium
Medium
Medium
control, monitoring.
Hours
(to IT25 or Energy

hours
Low
Low
Low
Low
No No kB
in some Management
cases) System interface
High >160 ms
Nameplate
Important
Multicast
Customer Point of Interface (thousands to millions of points)
Medium
Hours
hours
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
No No kB
Distribution Substation Network to Backhaul/ WAN

Distribution Substation (tens to hundreds of points)
to NAN to Smart Meter or Customer Access Point

CT5 to CT65 then CT12 or CT52
milliseconds
10 seconds
Operations
to seconds
Multicast
Yes in
<3 ms to
<3 ms to
<160 ms
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Critical
High
High
Low
some No kB
cases Provides for protection coordination
Up to 5 miles
and customer information that is IT27 and

Distribution System
PS6 desired at the substation. Logical IT26
Management
High >160 ms
connections include those for (to EMS)

Reporting
Important
Multicast
Medium
Medium
Medium
protection, control, and monitoring

Hours
hours
Low
Low
Low
Low
No No kB
milliseconds
and Control
10 seconds
to seconds
Protection
Multicast
Yes in
<3 ms to
<3 ms to
<160 ms
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Critical
High
High
High
some No kB
cases
1
2
3 Figure 17 —Example of Data Characteristics Organized into IEEE 2030 Table C.2 Format,
4 Frequency Regulation
6 9.2. Voltage Regulation
7 Voltage regulation is necessary to keep the user voltage within specified tolerances. The performance of a
8 transmission/distribution system and quality of the service provided are not only measured in terms of frequency of
9 interruption but also in the maintenance of satisfactory voltage levels at the customer’s premises. This is achieved by
10 controlling the reactive power that is flowing at the transmission/distribution grid.
11 When the ESS is performing solely the voltage regulation function, there is only a flow of reactive power between
12 the grid and the system; there will be no charging or discharging of the batteries. The power will only flow through
13 the connection equipment (transformer, protection equipment) and the power electronics (PCS).
14 In this application scenario, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is installed at the point where the
15 transmission grid connects with the grid. An Electric Cooperative purchases power from other utilities. The
16 cooperative also generates power locally. When bringing power up to the local communities from the remote
17 generation sites, if one of the generators loses power, some members may experience an outage. Similar outages
18 may happen if the Electric Cooperative loses one of its own generators.
19 If this happens the BESS activates instantly and can cover on the order of 27 megawatts of power. This provides
20 time to start up local generation and that means fewer outages.
21
22 In addition to that functionality, the BESS also helps to regulate the voltage, controlling the reactive power that
23 is flowing at the transmission/distribution grid.
24
25
26
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1 The graphic below in Figure 18 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of this example Deleted: 9
2 scenario into the SGRIM PS-IAP perspective.
3
Field Code Changed
LEGEND
Domain
Entity
PSxx Interface
4 Figure 18 —PS-IAP Example, Voltage Regulation
5
6
7
8
9 The graphic below in Figure 19 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of this example Deleted: 20
10 scenario into the SGRIM CT-IAP perspective.
11
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1
2
Field Code Changed
LEGEND
Domain
Entity
CTXX Interface
3 Figure 19 —CT-IAP Example, Voltage Regulation
4
5
6 CT31/CT39: Ethernet
7 CT30/CT36: RS232
8
9
10 The graphic below Figure 20 illustrates the translation of the physical implementation of this example scenario Deleted: 21
11 into the SGRIM IT-IAP perspective.
12
13
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1
Field Code Changed
LEGEND
Domain
Entity
ITXX
Data
Flow
2 Figure 20 —IT-IAP Example, Voltage Regulation
3
4
5
6 Communication Protocol:
7
8 Using DNP 3.0 as the communication protocol, the various exchanges of information for voltage regulation are
9 illustrated in this subsection.
10
11 A Signal List
12
13 1) ISO/RTO operation with Energy Management (IT # IT7):
14 a) Not really involved in the voltage application but communicates information like real-time
15 measurements of voltage, current, MW, MVAR, and the operational status of various equipment.
16 2) Energy Management:
17 a) This entity controls breakers and the VAR output of FACTs devices.
18 3) Transmission Asset Management receives from the Energy Management entity signals such as (IT # IT2):
19 a) Battery string and cell voltage.
20 b) Battery temperature, spill alarm, electrolyte level, etc.
21 c) Equipment malfunction alarm
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1 d) Equipment status signals (e.g. state of breakers and switches: On/Off
2 e) Operating temperatures
3 f) Event reports from various intelligent electronic devices.
4
5 4) Transmission asset management send signals to the energy management block regarding (IT# IT2):
6 a) Response curve parameters for VAR output vs. voltage
7 b) Control signals to open breakers and switches as required for maintenance
8 c) Setpoints for alarms.
9 d) Setpoints for operation limits
10 e) Setpoints for transition between different operating modes.
11 f) Setpoints for protective trips.
12
13 5) The signals exchanged between the Energy Storage Control and the Energy management blocks include
14 (IT # IT5):
15 a) Storage medium state of charge (SoC), and/or voltage as SoC proxy Deleted: Battery string and cell voltage
16 b) Storage medium temperature, spill alarm, electrolyte level, and other physical Deleted: Battery
17 measurement Deleted: etc.
18 c) Equipment malfunction alarms
19 d) Equipment status signals.
20 e) Response curve parameters for VAR output vs voltage
21 f) Setpoints for alarms
22 g) Setpoints for operation limits
23 h) Setpoints for transitions between different operating modes.
24 i) Setpoints for protective trips.
25 j) Analog quantities that show the current state of operation for MW, MVAR, Volts, Amps,
26 temperature, etc.
27 k) Event notification (e.g. breaker trip).
28
29 6) The signals exchanged between the Transmission Substation and Energy Management (IT # IT3) are similar
30 to those on IT# 5, except that battery related signals are not included.
31
32 7) The signals exchanged between the Transmission Substation and the Transmission Field devices (IT# IT4)
33 include:
34 a) Volts & Amp
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1 b) Breaker position
2 c) Health monitoring of breakers (gas pressure, temperature, DC & AC control voltage, etc.)
3 d) Control signals (open/close breaker, change output of FACTs device)
5 9.3. Renewable Integration
6 While renewable energy resources such as solar and wind provide clean energy to the grid, the power they produce
7 is often intermittent which introduces undesirable circuit characteristics. In addition, power from these sources is
8 often generated at times when it is needed the least. Energy storage can be used to address both of these problems.
9 The “ESS for Renewable Integration” application details the use of ESS to smooth the power output from renewable
10 energy sources such as wind and solar. It also discusses the benefits of storing renewable energy when it is
11 produced (e.g. at night in a wind farm) and then dispatching energy when it is needed most.
12 Renewable energy resources such as solar and wind provide clean, replenishable energy that can be fed directly into
13 the distribution grid to power homes and businesses. The desirable characteristics of these renewable resources have
14 led to a proliferation of wind and solar generators worldwide. This increase can be seen not only in commercial,
15 grid-connected solar arrays and wind farms, but also in distributed forms, such as rooftop PV.
16 Unfortunately, the power produced by these resources is often intermittent, which leads to integration challenges.
17 Furthermore, the power is not always generated when it is needed most, which leads to losses and inefficiencies.
18 ESS can be used to address both of these problems.
19 Power Smoothing
20 The power output from wind and solar generators is quite often intermittent, which can lead to problems with circuit
21 power quality and reliability. In the case of solar, cloud transients can cause significant power spikes throughout a
22 typical day. Similar intermittency can be seen in wind turbines, which often must be located offshore or at high
23 altitudes to maximize wind strength and constancy.
24 When paired with ESS, the intermittent power produced by these renewable resources can be smoothed. In this
25 application, the ESS monitors the power output in real time, and either dispatches or consumes power to offset the
26 spikes that naturally occur in variable output resources including PV and wind generation. The combined result is
27 power output that contains both fewer and smaller spikes, which is therefore better for circuit health.
28
29 The speed of the ESS is a key enabling characteristic. Battery energy storage systems with appropriate operating
30 characteristics or other technologies including some electro-mechanical storage technologies can often respond in a Deleted: based on lithium-ion
31 small number of milliseconds, which makes them ideal for power smoothing.
32 Peak Shifting
33 In addition to the intermittency issues mentioned above, wind and solar resources typically generate maximum
34 power at times that are less than optimal. In the case of solar, peak power is generated midday when the sun is
35 shining the brightest. Additionally, power output from PV is generally ramping down in the evening when there is
36 often the largest demand for power.
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1 Many wind farms, on the other hand, generate a significant amount of power in the middle of the night, when it is
2 generally needed the least. Because of this, wind power is sometimes curtailed to ensure that the grid remains in
3 balance.
4 Energy storage systems can be used in these cases to “shift” the energy from the time of generation to an alternate
5 time. In this application (called “Peak Shifting”) the energy storage system is directed to storage energy from wind
6 or solar generators during times of peak output, and to then dispatch that energy at a later time, when demand is
7 highest. This helps maximize the value of the renewable energy source.
8 SGIRM Interfaces
9 The SGIRM interfaces listed in the following sections cover multiple types of ESS for renewable integration. As
10 mentioned above, the ESS may be centrally located (e.g. at a utility substation) or it may be located close to the
11 renewable resource. ESS may also exist on both the transmission and distribution grids.
12 Table 9 - CT-PAP, Energy storage for renewable integration

13
Interface Entity 1 Entity 2 Comments
PS2 Distribution Substation Distribution Operation

and Control
PS3 Distribution Sensors Distribution Operation

and Measurement and Control
Devices
PS4 Distribution Protection Distribution Operation

and Control Devices and Control
PS5 Distribution Substation Distribution Protection
and Control Devices
PS6 Distribution Substation Customer Point(s) of
Interface
PS7 Distribution Substation Distribution Sensors
and Measurement
Devices
PS14 Distribution Distribution
Distributed Energy Operations and
Resources Control
PS15 Distribution Substation Distribution
Distributed energy
Resources
PS19 Distribution Operation Customer Distributed
and Control Energy Resources
PS22 Transmission Transmission
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Substation Operation and Control

PS24 Transmission Transmission
Substation Protection and Control
Devices
PS25 Transmission Transmission Sensors
Substation and Measurement
Devices
PS26 Transmission Generation Substation
Substation
PS27 Transmission Bulk Storage
Substation
PS28 Transmission Bulk Generation
Substation
PS30 Transmission Sensors Transmission
and Measurement Operation and Control
Devices
Distributed Energy Distributed Energy
Resources Resources
PS33 Transmission Sensors Generation Substation
and Measurement
Devices
PS35 Transmission Sensors Bulk Storage
and Measurement
Devices
PS36 Transmission Sensors Bulk Generation
and Measurement
Devices
PS38 Transmission Generation Substation
Protection and Control
Devices
PS40 Bulk Generation Transmission
Operation and Control
PS41 Bulk Generation Generation Substation
PS42 Bulk Generation Bulk Storage
PS43 Bulk Storage Transmission
PS44 Bulk Storage Generation Substation
PS45 Generation Substation Transmission
PS53 Generation Operation Generation Substation
and Control
PS54 Generation Operation Bulk Generation
and Control
PS55 Generation Operation Bulk Storage
and Control
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PS79 Electric Service Distribution

Providers Distributed Energy
Resources
1
2 Table 10 - CT-IAP, Energy storage for renewable integration
CT1 Utility Operation and Backhaul
Control/Enterprise
CT3 Utility Operation and Neighborhood Area
Control/Enterprise Network
CT5 Backhaul Distribution Substation
Network
CT6 Backhaul Feeder Distributed
Energy
Resources/MicroGrids
Network
CT9 Feeder Distributed Neighborhood Area
Energy Network
Resources/MicroGrid
Network
CT10 Distribution Substation Feeder Network
Network
CT20 Bulk Generation Transmission Substation
Network
CT28 Backhaul Feeder Distributed
Energy
Resources/MicroGrid
Network
CT39 Grid Scale Energy Wide Area Network
Resources
CT43 Grid Scale Energy Transmission Substation
Resources Network
CT46 Field Area Network Feeder Distributed
Energy
Resources/MicroGrid
Network
CT49 Backhaul Field Area Network
CT60 Bulk Generation Wide Area Network
3
4 Table 11 - ITIAP, Energy Storage for Renewable Integration
Data Flow Entity 1 Entity Comments Deleted: Interface
IT3 Energy Management Transmission
Substation
IT4 Transmission Transmission Field
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Substation Device
IT5 Energy Management Plant Control
IT6 Distribution Operations Energy Management
IT8 Transmission Operation Energy Management
IT12 Distribution Operation Demand Management
IT13 Distribution Operation Distribution
Management
IT26 Distributed Energy Customer Energy
Resources (Local Management and
Generation) Control
IT27 Distribution Distributed Energy
Management Resources (Local
Generation)
IT28 Dispatch Plant Control
IT29 Distribution Substation Distribution Field
Device
IT30 Distribution Distribution Substation
Management
1 9.4. Multiple Services, Substation Sited
2 Energy storage systems are versatile assets which can provide multiple services to electric utilities. When sited at a
3 utility substation, energy storage systems can provide energy arbitrage, power smoothing, renewables firming, load
4 and generation following, volt/VAR support, and more. Direct integration into the electric utility’s SCADA and/or
5 DMS systems provides the utility with an easy way to access the different services and to determine how they best
6 fit into the overall operating model.
8 Overview
9 Substation-sited energy storage systems provide many potential benefits for electric utilities. In addition to core
10 services that may be most accessible and beneficial within a specific project setting (e.g. ancillary services when that Deleted: like energy arbitrage
11 market service is available to compete for, or transformer deferral when ESS can be rate based as a grid asset), grid-
12 scale energy storage systems may provide operating additional modes that may have less direct control and/or
13 compensation mechanisms power factor correction, load and generation following, volt/VAR support, and more. Deleted: which enable
14 While other energy storage systems may be dedicated to one application (e.g. Frequency Regulation), the energy
15 storage systems described here highlight how flexible and dynamic energy storage systems can be.
16
17 A key characteristic of the substation sited energy storage system is the multiplicity of applications (i.e. operating
18 modes) that it provides. These applications may include:
19
20 Table 12 — Example of Services That Can Be Combined for Multiple Services Application
21
Services/Operating Modes Description

Energy Arbitrage Charged when power is inexpensive, and discharge when power is
expensive.
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Power Factor Correction Produce a fixed power factor or will dynamically adjust to hold the
power factor constant given a monitored point of reference.
Load Following Autonomously discharge in response to the load measured at an
externally monitored point of reference.
Generation Following Autonomously charge in response to the generation measured at an
externally monitored point of reference.
Peak Limiting Autonomously limit the power level at a monitored point of reference.
Power Smoothing Autonomously produce or absorb real power (Watts) in order to
compensate for changes in the power level of a remotely monitored
reference point.
Volt/Watt Autonomously adjust the power output of the inverter based on the
voltage at a monitored reference point.
1
2 Additional operating modes are also envisioned. These modes may be selected for isolated operation by utility
3 personnel, or they may be combined in some cases. For example, a real power mode such as Load and Generation
4 Following may be combined with the Power Factor Correction application.
5
6 Each of the applications provided by a substation sited energy storage system is designed to operate autonomously.
7 For example, when the system is in Power Factor Correction mode, it will autonomously monitor the measured
8 power factor at a reference point, and adjust the real or reactive output of the power conversion system accordingly.
9 Additionally, each of these applications may require one or more parameters to function properly. Again using
10 Power Factor Correction as an example, the desired power factor is generally specified by the operator prior to mode
11 execution.
12
13 Many of the applications provided require measurements or other live inputs from the distribution grid. This data
14 may come in the form of power meter readings (e.g. the ESS may communicate directly with connected power
15 meters), SCADA signals (e.g. SCADA may send power meter data down via the primary communication interface),
16 or historical data files. Furthermore, the data provided to the applications can take multiple forms. A Load and
17 Generation Following application will generally require real power readings, while an Energy Arbitrage application
18 may require market price signals.
19
20 Energy Storage Operation, Multiple Services, Substation Sited

21 Substation sited energy storage systems are integrated directly into the electric utility’s SCADA and/or DMS
22 system. This allows for direct monitoring and control of the energy storage system from the utility’s control center.
23 This integration generally involves the use of standards and protocols such as IEC 61850 and DNP3.
24
25 This direct integration allows electric utility personnel to easily choose to use one or more of the different
26 applications based on time of day, time of year, energy price, or other factors. Operators are also able to easily
27 configure the different applications as their needs change.
28
29 Energy Storage Scheduling, Multiple Services, Substation Sited
30 To maximize the value of the energy storage system, a scheduling facility is provided which allows utility personnel
31 to control the energy storage system’s behavior over a period of up to 48 hours. Multiple schedules can be created,
32 saved, and recalled on demand. This functionality is especially important to power scheduling personnel who must
33 ensure that generation matches load throughout the day.
34 It may be the case that a power scheduler at the utility provides a schedule which must be overridden by the control
35 center dispatcher due to current grid conditions. To resolve these sorts of conflicts, the energy storage system
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1 provides an operating model that allows a dispatcher to override scheduled behavior in a reliable and predicable
2 manner.
4 Interfaces, Multiple Services, Substation Sites

5 Table 13 - PS-IAP Interfaces for Multiple Services application
6
PS2 Distribution Substation Distribution Operation

and Control
PS3 Distribution Sensors Distribution Operation

and Measurement and Control
Devices
PS4 Distribution Protection Distribution Operation

and Control Devices and Control
PS5 Distribution Substation Distribution Protection
and Control Devices
PS7 Distribution Substation Distribution Sensors
and Measurement
Devices
PS10 Distribution Protection Distribution Sensors
and Control Devices and Measurement
Devices
PS11 Distribution Markets
Distributed Energy
Resources
Distributed Energy Operations and
Resources Control
PS16 Distribution Distribution Sensors
Distributed Energy and Measurement
Resources Devices
PS17 Distribution Protection Distribution
and Control Devices Distributed Energy
Resources
PS49 Markets Generation Operation
and Control
PS65 Electric Service Markets
Providers
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Providers Operations and
Control
PS77 Electric Service Distribution Sensors
Providers and Measurement
Devices
PS78 Electric Service Distribution Substation
Providers
Providers Distributed Energy
Resources
1
2
3
4 Table 14 - CT-IAP Interfaces for Multiple Service application
5
CT1 Utility Operation and Backhaul
Control/Enterprise
CT5 Backhaul Distribution Substation
Network
CT10 Distribution Substation Feeder Network
Network
CT26 Markets Public Internet/Intranet
CT27 Utility Operation and Public Internet/Intranet
Control/Enterprise
CT28 Backhaul Feeder Distributed Energy
Resources/MicroGrid
Network
6
Deleted: Interfaces
7 Table 15 - IT-IAP Dat Flows for Multiple Services Application
Data Flow Entity 1 Entity Comments Deleted: Interface
IT5 Energy Management Plant Control
IT12 Distribution Operation Demand Management
IT13 Distribution Operation Distribution
Management
IT19 Energy Market Clearing Demand Management
IT20 Dispatch Energy Market Clearing
IT26 Distributed Energy Customer Energy
Resources (Local Management and
Generation) Control
IT28 Dispatch Plant Control
IT29 Distribution Substation Distribution Field Device
IT30 Distribution Distribution Substation
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Management
IT34 Distribution Geographic Information
Management Management
1
2 9.5. Distributed Energy Storage Systems
3 A Distributed Energy Storage System (DESS) combines batteries, power electronics, and renewable generation into
4 a highly optimized Energy Storage appliance that is remotely managed and controlled by a software-as-a-service
5 platform.
6 DESS appliances, installed behind the meter, can be deployed at places of residence and business on the utility grid
7 where needed. Each DESS system is sized according to the specific needs of the customer and the site, minimizing
8 component and installation costs. At the same time, reserve energy from each DESS unit under management is
9 pooled in a “virtualized” pool cloud from which utilities can reserve energy in advance, and also request energy in
10 real time.
11 A ‘value-optimizing’ algorithm determines when renewable energy generation and storage are required and where
12 energy should be delivered, ensuring the greatest possible return on investment.
13 The software platform aggregates systems together in a real-time network for the delivery of both energy and
14 information. Software services pool and dynamically scale energy resources across the grid upon demand.
15 Multiple applications are delivered to multiple customer segments from this single platform.
16 This software platform orchestrates and optimizes:
17 Delivery of energy services to the customer, (cost reduction, UPS, and power quality).
18 Delivery of energy support services to the utility grid.
19 The vendor’s product offerings sit on top of these services and deliver value by enabling utilities, energy consumers,
20 and third parties to buy and sell energy each according to their interest.
21 The following examples assume the general deployment architectures depicted in the diagrams below. Note that in
22 the examples below where a “DESS platform” and a “HAN platform” are referenced, the software platform that is
23 formed by the combinations of the “DESS” and the “DESS Cloud” components, and the “HAN Gateway” and
24 “HAN Cloud” components, respectively, are delineated.
25 Solution Data Architecture (See corresponding IT-IAP Diagram below).
26
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1
2
3 Figure 21 – IT architecture Example, DESS application
5 See corresponding CT-IAP diagram below.
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1
2 Figure 22 – Example Communications Architecture, DESS Application
3
4 See corresponding PS-IAP Diagram below.
6
7 Figure 23 — Example Power Architecture, DESS Application
8
9
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1 The following table key data types and associate polling intervals for the DESS application.
2
3 Table 16 — Example data polling intervals, DESS Application
4
5
6
7
8
9 The mapping of the above architectural descriptions map to the following SGIRM Interoperability Architectural
10 Perspectives, IT-IAP, CT-IAP and PS-IAP are illustrated below.
11 —
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2 9.6. ESS for MicroGrid
3 Microgrids may employ some form of energy storage to ensure uninterrupted supply to loads. Many forms of energy
4 storage can dynamically balance real and reactive power requirements between continuously varying loads and
5 variable (non-dispatchable) supply resources. The need for energy storage in a microgrid application is increased
6 when the microgrid’s resources have constraints on load following capability due to being variable in nature (e.g.
7 PV and wind), or when resources are restricted to base load output (e.g. fuel cells). Forms of energy storage that
8 may provide service in a microgrid context include electro-chemical, mechanical, and thermal energy storage.
9 Definition of a Microgrid
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1 To introduce the discussion of energy storage and microgrids it is helpful to have a concept of the microgrid itself.
2 The Borrego Springs microgrid is a good example, as it operates both connected and islanded from the distribution
3 utility.
4 A conceptual illustration of the Borrego Springs microgrid 3 is shown in Figure 24 below. Deleted: 25
5
6 Figure 24 —Borrego Springs Microgrid
7 DR Island Systems
8 The microgrid is defined in IEEE Std 1547.4™-2011 4. The term “DR island systems”, sometimes referred to as
9 microgrids, is used for electric power systems that:
10 have distributed energy resources (DR) and load

11 have the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area electric power system (EPS)
12 include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and
13 are intentionally planned.
14 DR island systems can be either local EPS islands or area EPS islands as illustrated in Figure 25 below. Deleted: 26
3
Courtesy of San Diego Gas & Electric
4
IEEE Std 1547.4™-2011, IEEE Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island
Systems with Electric Power Systems
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1
2 Figure 25 —DR Island System
3
4
5 Advanced Microgrid
6 The concept of an advanced microgrid expands on the IEEE definition above to recognize specific characteristics or
7 features such as:
8 Geographical boundaries
9 Connection to the main grid at one point – the point of common coupling (PCC) – fed from one substation
10 Islanded operations
11 Distributed resources , but being generator agnostic according to needs of customer – renewables (inverter
12 interfaced) and fossil fuel based (synchronous generators)
13 Energy management system – controls for power exchanges, generation, load, storage and demand response
14 and load management controls to balance supply and demand fast
15 Power and information exchanges take place on both sides and across the PCC in real time.
16
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1 Physical Microgrid Schematic

2 Microgrids employ a wide range of technologies – including generation, storage and advanced controls, metering
5
3 and communications. A physical microgrid schematic that includes energy storage is shown in Figure 26 below. Deleted: 27
4
5
6 Figure 26 —Physical Microgrid Schematic
8 Energy Storage in Microgrid

9 The ESS that resides in microgrids presents unique technical challenges both within the microgrid and its
10 relationship of the microgrid to the Area EPS. When connected to the Area EPS, microgrids present challenges (and
11 opportunities) with respect to be-directional power flows. These power flows are stabilized by having an ESS
12 component in the microgrid. Bi-directional power flows require information transfers.
13 For the DR and load in the microgrid, ESS provides compensation for intermittency, supplying voltage and
14 frequency control.
15 For connect/disconnect, ES provides
16 Seamless transfer
17 PQ to critical loads during transition
5
Microgrids: An Assessment of the Value, Opportunities and Barriers to Deployment in New York State,
NYSERDA 10675. September 2010.
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1 Buffer in case of switch malfunction
2 For local EPS and portions of the Area EPS, ES provides a buffer against transients which is critical for stability
3 across the PCC.
4 ESS can provide for multiple levels of power quality in a microgrid, as seen in the Sendai microgrid.
5 The amount of ES in a microgrid is influenced by the mix of renewable generation and critical/non-critical loads.
6 For example, the dynamic load following capability of ESS supports PV and wind and enables them to be
7 dispatched.
8 Typically, ESS is included as a major component in microgrids that are configured to support critical loads or where
9 there is a high amount of generation from renewable energy sources.
10
11 Scalability and Controls
12 ESS is aa useful component of microgrids. The architecture for the microgrids often has a single controller, scalable
13 with respect to ES. The figure below shows a schematic of a scalable architecture.
14 Microgrids controlled in this way have the features of connecting and adjusting to the main grid intelligently,
15 showing and using the input and output status of batteries, and controlling power smoothly in an emergency
16 (including isolating the microgrid from the main grid if needed). These are the characteristics needed in microgrids,
17 regardless of ES scale or applications.
18
19
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1 Figure 27 —Scalable architecture for ES applications in a Smart Microgrid (Sanyo, IEC

2 MSB/EES Workshop, 2011)
3
4 Microgrids and Renewable Energy
5 As the integration of renewable energy sources into medium and low voltage distribution systems increases with
6 RPS, the need for a framework for microgrids to participate in power and ancillary service markets arises. ESS can
7 play a major role, but to be effective it needs to be integrated in the microgrid through control and dispatch
8 capabilities and have communications links to markets.
9 Penetration of renewable energy can trigger need for more frequency control capability in the power system. ESS
10 can be used to enhance the capability through the control of charging and discharging from network operators, so
11 that the imbalance between power consumption and generation is lessened.
12 Load leveling in certain areas at times of peak demand. ESS within the microgrid for this purpose may also be used
13 to enhance frequency control capability.
14 When used for high quality power applications where a seamless transfer to “islanded mode” is required during
15 transmission voltage sags or power interruptions, high-power inverters with short-duration energy storage can be
16 used to support the load until the generation can be adjusted to the proper output level. The inverters can also be
17 used to help stabilize the micro-grid voltage and frequency during islanded and transitional operation.
18
19 Energy Storage to Control Multiple Microsources
20 A basic issue for distributed generation is the technical difficulties related to control of a significant number of
21 microsources. A system with clusters of microsources designed to operate in an island mode requires some form of
22 storage to ensure initial energy balance.
23 Virtual Energy Storage

24 Multiple energy storage facilities in multiple microgrids aggregated to provide grid support (example Yokohama use
25 case).
26
27 Other Applications of Storage in Microgrids
28 Sometimes microgrids are described as simply energy storage, usually a lead –acid battery, and photovoltaic panels
29 usually deployed in remote locations; other times as having generation such as PV, along with controls, metering
30 and communications. Thermal energy storage is sometimes added to the mix.
31 Then again there is storage in electric vehicles or portable energy storage systems (ESS). While both are movable
32 the times they are stationary and available also present opportunities for energy storage as described herein, although
33 assurances that they would be stationary when needed would have to be addressed.
34
35 ESS Applications – Microgrid
36 Microgrids can shield the local loads from various problems in the main grid by operating in island mode. However,
37 this requires storage units when the DRs are based on intermittent sources, such as solar and wind energy. While
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1 connected to the grid, the micro-grid can maximize its revenue or minimize its operating cost by optimally
6
2 scheduling the battery to be available when needed by the grid.
3
4 Microgrid stability
5 Stability depends on a balance between the loads to be served and the power available at any time those loads are
6 present. Load changes quickly and more traditional power generation equipment does not load follow instantly.
7 Renewables are intermittent and variable. For these and other reasons there is an opportunity to more precisely tune
8 power availability with load and storage is a significant resource that can address that opportunity.
9 Other advantages that storage offers are,
10 For low voltage ride-through ( LVRT) storage allows for wider voltage ranges
11 Storage is an enabler for black start within the microgrid and supports the microgrid as a black start resource
12 for the area EPS.
13 Storage is an enabler for stability during transitions from connected to islanded operating modes and for
14 synchronization for reconnection.
15 Storage can provide required standby power for certain building types in lieu of currently required on-site
16 diesel generators and fuel supplies.
17
18 One of the most critical functions of energy storage in microgrids is as back-up power for the
19 microcontroller.
20
21 Additional detail on ESS use in microgrids in context of deployed projects is provided in Annex
22 C.
23
6
A Micro-Grid Battery Storage Management, Mahat, P., Escribano Jiménez, J., Rodriguez Moldes, E., Iren Haug,
S., Szczesny, I. G., Eide Pollestad, K., & Totu, L. C. (2013). A Micro-Grid Battery Storage Management. In
Proceedings of the IEEE PES General Meeting 2013. IEEE Press.
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1 ESS for Microgrid Interfaces

2 What follows is a complete set of PS-IAP CT-IAP SGIRM interfaces and IT-IAP data flows for a microgrid Deleted: ,
3 bounded by the customer domain. A PS-IAP diagram and interfaces representing advanced microgrid functionality Deleted: ,
4 is included at the end of this section.
Deleted: IT-IAP SGIRM
5
6
7
8 Figure 28 —PS-IAP for Microgrid
9
10 Table 17 - PS-IAP – ESS for MicroGrid
Entity Description Comments
AC Loads Loads on customer site using an electric power. —

Customer Point(s) The customer point(s) of interface is a common Can be a physical interface box, meter, EMS,
of Interface point for the on-premises devices that may generator controller, controllable load devices, or
communicate with the entities outside of the directly connected. A single customer may have more
customer domain. than one point of interface.
DC Loads Loads on customer site using dc electric power. —
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Customer Customer DER includes demand response, Customer generation or storage that is connected to
Distributed Energy generation, and energy storage located on and the transmission system is considered in the Bulk
Resource connected to the customer electrical system. Generation domain. Customer DER may include
PEVs.
1
PS61 Customer Substation Customer Distributed Provides for information exchange and control of DERs by
Energy Resources substation control. Interfaces include those for protection,
control, and monitoring.
PS62 Customer Point(s) of Customer Distributed Provides for information exchange and control of DERs by
Interface Energy Resources entities external to customer. Interfaces include those for
protection, control, and monitoring.
PS63 Customer Distributed AC Loads Provides for information exchange and control of DERs and
Energy Resources ac loads internally at the customer. Interfaces include those
for protection, control, and monitoring.
PS64 Customer Distributed DC Loads Provides for information exchange and control of DERs and
Energy Resources dc loads internally at the customer. Interfaces include those
for protection, control, and monitoring.
PS69 Customer Distributed Customer Distributed Interfaces between two or more customer DERs. Interfaces
Energy Resources Energy Resources include those for protection, control, monitoring, reporting,
and SCADA.
2
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2
3 Figure 29 — CT-IAP ESS for Microgrid Diagram
4
5 Table 18 - CT-IAP – ESS for Microgrid
Distributed Customer generation and storage systems are Customer energy resources can be used to balance
Energy connected to CPN (HAN, BAN, IAN) through the utility’s electricity load. Energy can be supplied
Resources energy services interfaces (ESIs) and/or electric by customers back to the grid. It is expected that
Network submitters, using either wire line and/or wireless customers will have a balanced portfolio of energy
networks. generated locally (in their premises) and supplied by
the utility, with an energy supply ratio that can be
dynamically changed during outages or peak energy
periods.
Energy ESIs are a special class of device. It is network- It permits applications such as remote load control,
Services centric and can also be thought of as logical monitoring and control of DER, in-home display of
Interfaces/ gateways. CPN represents HAN, BAN, or IAN. customer usage, reading of non-energy meters, and
Customer integration with building management systems. It
Premises also provides auditing/logging functions that record
Network transactions to and from HAN devices.
Loads Loads can communicate through local networks Loads can be appliances, pump controls, HVAC,
using a variety of technologies. These networks PEVs, etc. Loads can be located in industrial
provide functionality to exchange information for facilities, commercial facilities, or homes.
load management.
6
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Interface Entity 1 Entity 2 CT Type Comments
CT14 Smart Energy Line In general, the ESI is the gateway between the smart
Meter/ Services Wireless meter and the end-use devices and loads. By definition,
Energy Interfaces/ the physical communication links between the ESI and
Services Customer Or IP the loads are part of the CPN (see CT68, CT15, CT16).
Interfaces Premises In many cases, the ESI is physically located within the
Network smart meter (i.e., the meter and ESI are one in the
same). However, this may not always be the case.
CT14 describes the properties of the link in this latter
case.
CT16 Energy Distributed Line This provides connectivity between the ESI (which
Services Energy Wireless may be a stand-alone device or could be integrated into
Interfaces/ Resources the smart meter itself) and the DER network via the
Customer Network Or IP CPN to the DER in order to support functions such as
Premises charging, billing, load shedding, generation, and
Network storage. Here (CT16), we only consider the case where
the DER is capable of communication with the ESI.
CT68 Energy Loads Line This provides connectivity between the ESI (which
Services Wireless could be physically located on the smart meter itself)
Interfaces/ and the various loads (possibly thousands) within the
Customer Or IP customer premises in order to support functions such
Premises as energy management, lighting control, solar
Network protection, HVAC control, security/access control,
control of audio/video services. The physical links
associated with CT68 are generally considered a part
of the HAN/BAN/IAN. Also, note that some of the key
customer premises systems and controls such as
HBES, BACS (building automation and control
system), and EMS could physically reside in the ESI,
or in a separate device connected directly to the ESI
via CT68.
1
2
3 Figure 30 — IT-IAP ESS for Microgrid Diagram
4
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1 Table 19 - IT-IAP – ESS for MicroGrid
Customer Energy — Typically called home EMS (HEMS), business EMS

Management and Control (BEMS), or industrial EMS (IEMS). The energy
management function may be distributed (e.g., between
smart meter and HEMS) or may be provided by a service
provider.
Demand Management Provides load control based on the Utilizes usage data and pricing to encourage load control by
state of the power system. the customer. Load control may be achieved via customer
action, controlled outages, etc.
Distributed Energy DERs at the customer site Includes generation and storage. May or may not be
Resources (Local dispatchable.
Generation)
2
Data Data Type Network Path
Entity 1 Entity 2 Comments
flow
IT23 Demand Customer Control Being Developed… Demand response

Management Energy signaling, price signals,
Management and detailed load usage, etc.
Control
IT26 Distributed Customer Control Monitoring, status, and
Energy Energy control of the DERs by the
Resources (Local Management and EMS.
Generation) Control
IT27 Distribution Distributed Control Power system monitoring
Management Energy Metering (capacity, availability, etc.)
Resources (Local of distributed (customer)
Generation) generation. Possible
reactive power control.
3
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1 PS-IAP Advanced Microgrid Perspective
2
3 Advanced microgrids extend their coordination to include some amount of coordinated operation within and across
4 the Area EPS to which it connects. This allows for enhanced economic value through participation in selling market
5 services. The integration between a microgrid and the Area EPS in advanced micrgrid scenarios also allows
6 additional system support scenarios where the microgrid can be actively used to support wider area reliability, as in
7 the case of pre-emptive islanding in advance of severe weather or other power system stress conditions. However,
8 the integration of the microgrid adds significant ICT complexity. Below the PS-IAP is used to provide an example
9 of the expanded complexity when the communications and control of a microgrid extends to and across the Area
10 EPS to which it connects.
11 As shown in Figure below, the “Customer” domain block on the Advanced Microgrid power systems IAP is a
12 microgrid with generation (Customer Distributed Energy Resources - CDER) and DC and AC loads (PS64+PS63).
13 ESS would be included in the microgrid as a component of the CDER, along with renewable generation (wind and
14 solar).
15 Power System Interoperability
16 Communication between the distribution system and the microgrid would be Distribution Operation and Control
17 (DOC) through the Customer Point of Interface (CPI)7 to the Customer Distributed Energy Resources - CDER)
18 (PS 66 to PS 68) or directly from DOC to CPI (PS13) Market data would flow between Markets and the Customer
19 Point of Interface (CPI) through PS-52. The Distribution Operation and Control (DOC) communicates with the
20 distribution substation through (PS-2).
7
The Customer Point of Interface would be where the microgrid microcontroller would reside.
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1 Figure 31 — PS-IAP ESS for MicroGrid – Advanced Microgrid Perspective Diagram
2
3 Table 20 - PS-IAP – ESS for Advanced Microgrid
AC Loads Loads on customer site using an electric power. —

Customer Point(s) of The customer point(s) of interface is a common point Can be a physical interface box, meter, EMS, generator
Interface for the on-premises devices that may communicate with controller, controllable load devices, or directly connected. A
the entities outside of the customer domain. single customer may have more than one point of interface.
DC Loads Loads on customer site using dc electric power. —
Customer Distributed Customer DER includes demand response, generation, Customer generation or storage that is connected to the
Energy Resource and energy storage located on and connected to the transmission system is considered in the Bulk Generation
customer electrical system. domain.
Customer DER may include PEVs.
Distribution Centralized facility that contains infrastructure Facility may include transformers, voltage regulating
Substation necessary to control, monitor, transformers, circuit breakers, capacitor banks, etc.
and protect the electrical distribution system. Distribution substations may be located at the same facility
as a transmission substation. May include distribution
switching stations.
Distribution Devices on a distribution circuit external to a Examples include capacitors, sectionalizers, circuit
Protection and distribution substation that control and interrupters, voltage regulators, surge protective devices, etc.
Control Devices protect the electrical distribution system.
Distribution Facility/function that may include real-time control and May include oscillography, event records, equipment
Operation and monitoring. diagnostics, etc.
Control
Electric Service An organization that contracts to provide electric Service providers can be electric utilities or other parties.
Providers power-related services. They may provide market-oriented services, equipment
management, or troubleshooting services, etc.
Markets Markets are entities that signal changes in Markets discussed are wholesale market, retail market, and
ancillary services. Wholesale electricity markets can have
the operation of the system based on market extremely high price volatility at times of peak demand and
economic variables. supply shortages. The particular characteristics of this price
risk are highly dependent on the generation supply portfolio
to the market such as the mix of types of generation plants
and relationship between demand and weather patterns.
Retail electricity pricing varies based on time of day but
follows fairly regular daily and seasonal cycles. Retail prices
are generally segmented by customer type: residential,
commercial, and industrial. Ancillary services are used to
provide spinning reserve, frequency control, and other
functions not directly related to the amount of energy
consumed by the customer. This could include the
aggregation of DER into larger blocks for marketing
purposes. Includes capacity markets.
4
PS2 Distribution Substation Distribution Operation Provides substation data and for direct control of distribution
and Control substations. Interfaces include those for control, monitoring, SCADA,
reporting, and telephony.
PS5 Distribution Substation Distribution Protection Provides for monitoring of devices, controlling devices, and updating
and Control Devices settings to devices as well as coordination between substation and
field devices. Interfaces include those for protection, control,
monitoring, reporting, and SCADA.
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PS9 Distribution Protection Customer Point(s) of Provides customer information to protection and control devices and
and Control Devices Interface certain protection and control information to customer devices.
Interfaces include those for protection, control, and monitoring.
PS13 Distribution Operation Customer Point(s) of Provides information exchange and control of customer equipment by
and Control Interface distribution operations and control. Interfaces include those for
control and monitoring.
PS52 Markets Customer Point(s) of Provides for optimization of distributed generation, storage, and load
Interface control (i.e., demand response) on the customer domain. Interfaces
include those for control, monitoring, and reporting.
PS61 Customer Substation Customer Distributed Provides for information exchange and control of DERs by substation
Energy Resources control. Interfaces include those for protection, control, and
monitoring.
PS62 Customer Point(s) of Customer Distributed Provides for information exchange and control of DERs by entities
Interface Energy Resources external to customer. Interfaces include those for protection, control,
and monitoring.
PS63 Customer Distributed AC Loads Provides for information exchange and control of DERs and ac loads
Energy Resources internally at the customer. Interfaces include those for protection,
PS64 Customer Distributed DC Loads Provides for information exchange and control of DERs and dc loads
Energy Resources internally at the customer. Interfaces include those for protection,
PS66 Electric Service Providers Distribution Operation Provides for information exchange of expected loading and aggregate
and Control control mechanisms. Interfaces include those for monitoring.
PS68 Electric Service Provider Customer Point(s) of Provides for monitoring information and control of customer
Interface generation, storage, and loads. Interfaces include those for monitoring
and control.
PS69 Customer Distributed Customer Distributed Interfaces between two or more customer DERs. Interfaces include
Energy Resources Energy Resources those for protection, control, monitoring, reporting, and SCADA.
1
2
3 10. System Level Design, Testing and Deployment

4 A desired attribute of the Smart Grid architecture is to support a broad range of technology options - both from existing “legacy”
5 systems and new technology.
6 The electric generation and distribution systems are immensely complex systems. Until 1992, most generation was performed by
7 regulated, integrated electric utilities. Focus was on reliability and safety in a regulated environment. As the stage was set for
8 deregulation by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Federal Energy Regulatory Council (FERC) orders 888 and 999 of 1996,
9 certain elements of the value chain began developing communication systems, standards and established business practices
10 between the domains of Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Customer.
12 Meeting the needs of smart grid stakeholders requires consideration not only of the smart grid vision, but also the evolutionary
13 period to that state during which the legacy infrastructure will be used side-by-side with new technologies. To transition legacy
14 networks into intelligent and more secure electrical infrastructures, electric utilities will need to define the smart grid objectives
15 best suited to their own customers and community and develop the best path to achieving standards-based smart grids based on
16 interoperable solutions and flexible business processes.
17 Because the implementation of the smart grid blends skills from the generation, transmission, distribution, and end user groups
18 with the skills of information technology and communication technology, it is important that all parties take the time to understand
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1 the history and evolution of the electric power system and define how those principles can be adapted in a highly-interoperable
2 Smart Grid system.
3 10.2. Communications Technology Advances
4 Advances in communication technology continued as the industry evolved and communication methods and data storage capability
5 improved. In the 1950s, a movement took place in electric utilities to move away from manned substations to installation of local
6 automated control and the application of SCADA. Further advances occurred in the 1980’s as discrete “smart devices” such as
7 smart protective relays and RTU’s could further automate the data management and communication of the Electric Power System.
8 Throughout this evolution vital equipment, such as transformers, capacitors, and batteries have been equipped with monitoring
9 devices that were connected to a local annunciator system that communicated the urgency of any deviation: Immediate, Urgent,
10 Delayed. The evolution of communication technology has allowed these SCADA and annunciator systems to be more efficient and
11 flexible at a lower cost. As enhanced technology is implemented by industry stakeholders the principle of interoperability of the
12 applications will accelerate meaningful change.
13 10.3. Safety issues
14 Safety of the public is always a prime concern. This was an issue in the 1960’s, when the substation operator was replaced by
15 SCADA. The knowledge that the substation operator had of local conditions was now missing. The addition of DER to the
16 distribution system created additional concerns of safety for linemen. As interoperability emerges from the applications created by
17 this standard, emphasis must be placed on physical safety coupled with existing operating procedures of the electric power system
18 operator.
19 10.4. Technology aspects
20 Conventional Bulk generation sources (Fossil Fuel and Nuclear,) make up the bulk of the electric power generated today.
21 Increasing construction costs and scrutiny on environmental aspects of new operations have slowed the growth of adding capacity
22 from these sources. These are extremely efficient at producingtypically used as base loaded resources providing a constant level of Deleted: These are extremely efficient at
23 electric power. The demand for electricity is cyclical and exhibits peak periods that require the use of peaking plants to provide producing a constant level of electric power
24 additional capacity during these periods of high demand. Distribution system and customer sited generation sources (Reciprocating Deleted: .
25 Engines, Turbines, Storage Devices) represents a significant portion of capacity that exists in the electric infrastructure. The cost
26 of accessing this capacity has been greatly reduced, through advances in communication technology, the use of modular systems,
27 and consistent application of interconnection standards. Renewable energy sources (e.g. Solar PV, Wind) are becoming an
28 increasing proportion of generation capacity. These sources are generally treated preferentially by rate tariffs and incentives are
29 provided for their implementation. In many locations utilities have been given targets for percentage of generation that must come
30 from renewable sources, thus supporting growth in this technology. Most renewable energy sources produce electricity in the form
31 of DC. The power conversion devices (inverters) that convert DC to AC have greatly increased in efficiency, come down in cost,
32 and have higher level of control over the state of the interconnection with the electric power system than conventional or end user
33 generation sources.
34 ESS provides extra value to renewable energy sites by leveling power output from the site. The combination of ESS and renewable
35 energy provides the opportunity for better operation of the EPS.
36 10.5. Market aspects
37 The historical focus of operation of the electric power system and its supporting organizations has been on maintaining reliability,
38 safety and power quality at the lowest possible cost. This resulted in relatively rigid and complex pricing structures with annual
39 rate changes based on sales revenue, installed assets, and relative price of inputs and electric power set regionally.
40 Electric utility deregulation in the late 1990’s created more dynamic market activity at the wholesale level and resulted in
41 opportunities for intermediary business entities. The supporting organizations and information systems that were developed to
42 manage market information were critical to this change. Specifically in California, significant efforts were made to develop open
43 metering and data communications standards and move away from proprietary, internal utility systems, culminating in California’s
44 Electric Rule 22.
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1 At the retail level of electric power consumption, the information systems to support the market have not dramatically changed.
2 The introduction of smart meters and consumer energy information displays have set the stage for more market based behavior and
3 understanding of electric power, its use and constraints.
4 Market operations are likely to change more at the retail level as a direct result of smart grid implementation. Over time, the
5 indirect impact will be felt by transmission and operations as smart grid communication enables management of the peak demand
6 and variations in overall demand.
7 Wholesale market pricing

8 Wholesale electricity markets can have extremely high price volatility at times of peak demand and supply shortages. The
9 particular characteristics of this price risk are highly dependent on the generation supply portfolio to the market (i.e. the mix of
10 types of generation plants) and demand characteristics. Demand characteristics are determined by customer activity as well the
11 relationship between demand and weather patterns. Historically, it has been difficult to align accurate forecasting for demand and
12 capacity for electric power due to the system complexity, coupling and regional variations. The introduction of substantial amounts
13 of DER, load shedding, and intermittent power sources (e.g. solar and wind) may have an impact on market prices.
14 Hedge contracts between retailers and generators are intended to reduce the market volatility impact on operating decisions. Other
15 hedging arrangements, such as swing contracts, Virtual Bidding, Financial Transmission Rights, call options and put options are
16 traded in sophisticated electricity markets. In general they are designed to transfer financial risks between participants.
17 There are many other adjacent markets such as coal and oil as well as ancillary markets that will not be discussed in this document,
18 but have some impact on the system in setting the base rates for generation. It is anticipated that these market mechanisms will not
19 be significantly affected by implementation of the smart grid.
20 Retail pricing schemes
21 Electricity Pricing and Peak Demand Constraints. Demand for electricity varies on a second-by-second basis, but
22 follows fairly regular daily and seasonal cycles. Retail prices are traditionally segmented by customer type: residential,
23 commercial, and industrial. In some jurisdicitions, residential rates are tiered (i.e., As their monthly consumption
24 increases: in some jurisdictions consumers pay more per kWh as and in other jursidictions consumers pay less per kWH).
25 Time-of-Use Pricing. Given the issues associated with meeting peak demand, there is increasing use of electricity meters
26 that not only measure the quantity of power supplied to a customer, but also when it is consumed. Time-of-use (TOU)
27 metering enables utilities to use price signals to help reduce peak demand. Retail tariffs that encourage consumers to
28 reduce consumption during peak demand times are a result of this metering capability. Many utilities have begun installing
29 smart meters that supply TOU data dynamically using a number of different communication channels.
30 Net Metering. Net metering is another way to encourage on-site DER, by enabling customers with small DER capacity,
31 usually from solar or wind facilities, to upload excess power onto the grid. These customers generally receive credit for
32 any power they supplied. The credit is applied to their electricity bill.
33 Demand Response. Demand response refers to systems designed to transfer wholesale price signals to retail markets and
34 enable end-user response to those prices, thus helping induce reductions in electricity usage by consumers at critical times.
35 TOU pricing and signals indicating high demand, together with price-sensitive load shedding or generation control are
36 specific examples of demand response.
37 Carbon Cost: Cap and Trade or Taxes. Legislative actions can put a price on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas
38 (GHG) emissions.
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1 10.6. Future Implications of ESS
2 New markets will emerge as new sources of value are manifested in retail markets due to DER and ESS.
3 There will be increasing focus on alternative approaches to load shedding during peak times. Some potential methods include.
4 Distributed energy storage will become more common.

5 There will be increased use of micro grids (community energy systems) or islands within a facility
6 Voltage regulation and power factor correction will be permitted at the PCC
7 There exists a potential market for "commodity brokerages" to purchase access to individual energy storage rights and do
8 intra-day trading of energy based on local spot market pricing. This would allow less sophisticated or small scale users to
9 participate in system load and price leveling.
10 The addition of dis-incentives to produce carbon emissions are likely to have a significant market impact and will affect
11 local and regional prices, depending on the generation mix.
12 10.7. Regulatory aspects
13 Electric power rate design process may evolve from a statistical and after-the-fact bookkeeping basis, to a more dynamic, rational,
14 market mechanism. Balancing area authorities are already contemplating 5-minute and real-time energy schedules, instead of the Deleted: (i.e., 4-second)
15 present 1-hour schedules.
16 Utilities are being regulated or managed in a manner that allows their revenue requirement to not be determined solely by sales
17 volume. Other determinates of utility revenue may include reductions in energy demand from consumer-funded energy efficiency
18 programs, sustainable building practices, appliance controls, and end user generation.
19 Critical elements that drive market structure that may be addressed in the future: Deleted: need to be
20 Regulatory oversight of transition to smart grid will support necessary change. Currently, organizations are at cross-
21 purposes of some regulatory agencies.
22 Electric utilities will be faced with clear criteria for interfaces and open applications
23 Utilities will have less control or even oversight of equipment installed “behind the fence”
24 Defining of responsibility for operating decisions for the EPS.
25 The stage is set for true interoperability of the electric power system as this guideline standard unleashes the market forces to
26 develop the applications to create the true openness. This enhanced access to market incentives will drive a dramatic leveling of
27 the peak demand and reduction in overall cost of electricity, while paving the way for more environmentally friendly methods of
28 electric power production.
29 10.8. System Level Testing
30 Electric energy storage systems involve complex control, communication and coordination of multiple devices and subsystems.
31 Because of this complexity and ongoing evolution of control software and communication, it’s increasingly important to
32 acknowledge the importance of commissioning and systems integration testing as well as ongoing maintenance testing. Effective
33 execution of these allows all parties involved in a project to know that the system will perform its intended function and that
34 critical failures are unlikely to occur.
35 Testing is commonly undertaken at different levels during the commissioning of a facility depending on the critical nature of the
36 equipment installed and the effect of downtime on the facility owner’s business. Additionally, testing is done on a recurring basis
37 depending on the maintenance guidelines set by company policies, specific industries or regulatory agencies. Finally, testing is
38 often done to validate corrective actions resulting from a facility power system failure or downtime of the facility owner’s
39 business.
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1 After many years of experience in commissioning and load testing generators, best practices to design the test, integrate testing into
2 the building project plan, test all of the subsystems that will affect the performance of the electric power system, and use load
3 testing that produce actionable information and confidence in the validation as it is obtained.
4 Trends that Drive the Increasing Importance of Load Testing

5 Although the frequency and breadth of load testing upon the commissioning of a substation or critical facility power system has
6 increased in the last 15 years, there are several trends that are driving this to an increased level of importance.
7 Changing Interconnection Standards

8 IEEE 1547 – “IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems” gave a clear path to what
9 was needed to increase the reliability and availability of the local power system by enabling synchronization with the grid and
10 multiple connections from the utilities’ distribution or transmission system. This standard is undergoing a modification, which
11 allows voltage regulation and frequency regulation at the point of common coupling (PCC). To support this, UL is developing
12 safety standards for a “special purpose utility interactive inverter” in addition to standards included in UL1741. This is a
13 significant change in the typical system topologies that were used in the past. These topologies will increase again the complexity
14 of power systems and critical facilities, but also drive added revenue streams from the exchange of ancillary services such as power
15 factor correction, voltage regulation, and frequency regulation.
16 Micro-Grids and Complex Systems

17 Micro-grids are being used as a solution in areas where power quality and reliability is low, or unique load requirements require
18 higher level of PQ and/or reliability. Examples include remote areas, in campus settings, and critical facilities. These systems Deleted: , such as in
19 often include ESS. Although a common terminology that describes micro-grid operations still has not emerged, it is generally Deleted: and
20 viewed as the viable way to increase the penetration of renewable energy in an electric power system. Additionally, the concept of
21 a micro-grid allows for expansion and modification over time as needs change. The obvious complexity and interaction of multiple
22 loads and sources will drive the increased importance of load testing in the actual environment.
23 Interoperability of Software and Communication

24 With the EPS, a roadmap and guideline to achieving the “smart grid" was enacted in 2009 which was valid through 2011. A
25 collaborative effort from electric utilities, standards making organizations, and industry produced a guide for interoperability of the
26 electric power system with communication technology and information technology (IEEE Std 2030 - 2011). This guide mapped
27 the communication protocols and data flows required to perform the functions on the grid and within the customer’s facility.
28 Integration of Renewables and Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

29 There has long been a desire to integrate renewable energy sources into the electric power system. Many attempts have been made
30 to integrate through distributed energy sources located at customer facilities. However the high cost of historical approaches has
31 limited the adoption of this application. In light of the trends discussed above, the power industry can expect the emergence of
32 more creative and cost-effective ways to integrate renewable energy sources into electric power. ESS are viewed as an enabler of
33 adopting this technology by increasing availability. As these development move forward, there will be retrofit and upgrade
34 opportunities that will drive an increasing need to do more load testing.
35 10.9. Types of Testing
36 10.9.1.1. Commissioning Testing
37 The purpose of commissioning is to provide documented confirmation that the systems function in compliance with the criteria set
38 forth in the project documents to satisfy the owner’s operational needs.
39 10.9.1.2. Commissioning Test Design Goals
40 Commissioning testing may be performed in the following areas:
41 Power quality – Testing for the presence of harmonics, voltage, or frequency abnormalities.
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1 Grid interconnection – Testing of the paralleling switchgear and other interconnection subsystems to ensure that the system
2 meet required codes and standards, and perform in accordance with the electric power provider. Additionally, testing for
3 the generators to perform under load and load transients and load transfer management.
4 10.9.1.3. System Testing
5 During this phase, testing is performed to evaluate the performance of the system. In addition, any anomalies or issues identified
6 in earlier Investigations that have not previously been resolved will be evaluated. Steps should be considered for further evaluation
7 during system testing to determine root causes and possible solutions. It is recommended that the testing process include the
8 verification and calibration of critical sensors. Typically, critical sensors are those sensors which are essential to the effective and
9 efficient operation of the system.
10 10.9.1.4. Performance Assurance
11 This testing will evaluate methods of measuring system performance and verifying proper implementation to demonstrate the
12 success of specific performance criteria. Each measure should have a verification methodology appropriate to the size and
13 complexity of the measure. The identified verification methodology is then incorporated into a Measurement and Verification
14 (M&V) Plan. The M&V plan is intended to provide a comprehensive protocol to verify the performance of the measure/system and
15 confirm that the predicted performance have been achieved upon the completion of implementation.
16 10.9.1.5. Recurring Maintenance Testing
17 Maintenance tests are performed on regular intervals as determined by the facility owner's policies, the industry's recommended
18 practices, and the regulatory agencies requirements. As a general rule, recurring testing comparable to commissioning tests can be
19 performed on a scheduled basis and serves the purpose to ensure that all of the subsystems in a complex facility are operating as
20 intended by the designers.
21 10.9.1.6. Predictive Maintenance Testing
22 Predictive maintenance bases maintenance requirements on the actual condition of the machine rather than on some preset
23 schedule. Predictive maintenance is used to define the required maintenance task based on the quantified material/equipment
24 condition.
25 The optimum predictive maintenance approach for any specific plant, system, and/or piece of equipment depends on a variety of
26 factors, including the following:
27 Safety impact of equipment failure

28 Productivity and profitability impact of equipment failure (including costs of lost production as well as failed
29 equipment repair or replacement)
30 Cost of Predictive Maintenance
31 Failure rate and/or anticipated life of equipment
32 Predictability of failure (either from accumulated operating time or cycles or from discernible clues to impending failure)
33 Likelihood of inducing equipment damage or system problems during maintenance and testing
34 Technical sophistication of the plant maintenance staff
35 Availability of equipment reliability data to support Predictive Maintenance
36 10.9.1.7. Execution of a System Functional Test
37 The following outlines the steps taken in performing a system test at a Utility Substation.
38 A power system simulation is used to test overall functionality of protection and metering per system design, logic drawings and
39 PLC/HMI programming. Documentation of this dynamic test satisfies NERC and FERC audits.
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1 Under this method a load bank is used to create current flow through primary equipment and into the protective relays. This test
2 can be performed within the substation even if a customer’s transmission line is not connected. This test can also be performed by
3 secondary injection into the current transformer. Substation equipment and components that are tested should include:
4 High voltage circuit breakers

5 Transformer ratio, polarity and excitation tests
6 Power transformers and tertiary shunt reactors
7 Line reactors
8 Switchyard CCVTs, lightning surge arrestors, TRVMDs
9 Station light and power, emergency diesel generators
10 Station grounding grid
11 Current transformer primary and secondary overall tests
12 Protective relay element and end to end tests
13 Protective relay input/output tests of components:
14 Switchyard breakers
15 Digital fault recorders
16 Local programmable logic controller/ HMI unit
17 Remote switching center SCADA controls including digital and analog points
18 10.10. Integration of ESS with EPS – Protection
19 The ESS, other DR, and EPS form an integrated power system. The protection of the EPS, and all connected equipment, requires
20 appropriate protection systems for each ESS along with EPS and protection systems for other equipment. Each ESS has several
21 protection requirements that are needed to properly protect the ESS and the EPS. These protection systems may be standalone
22 systems or may communicate with other systems. But in all cases they are coordinated in such a way to provide protection of the
23 system.
24 Requirements
25 There are several protection requirements when an ESS is connected to an EPS. These requirements require proper protection for
26 the EPS and the ESS. Proper protection includes protecting the EPS and ESS from the potential damaging effects of short circuits,
27 overloads, voltage deviations, frequency deviations, and anti-islanding. Basic protection requirements include anti-islanding
28 protection, over/under voltage protection, over/under frequency protection, and overcurrent/short circuit protection.
29 Since the operation of the ESS may be critical for EPS operations, the EPS may require particular voltage or frequency settings for
30 the ESS to coordinate properly with operating requirements of the EPS.
31 Standard Practices
32 Standard protection typically consists of overcurrent protection, short circuit protection, under/over voltage protection and
33 frequency protection. In some cases protection may include automatic reclosing. These devices as outlined are stand alone devices
34 that require no or limited interoperability.
35 Other common practices include transfer trip schemes that result in fast operating opening of the ESS breakers when certain events
36 occur such as the opening of a breaker or sensing of a fault.
37 Communication (Interoperability) Needs
38 Communication needs can be thought of as on several levels of speed. The first level is extremely fast communications
39 (milliseconds) that is needed for as close to as instantaneous tripping of circuit breakers and disconnecting.
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1 The second level of communications is that of slower acting communications (seconds) for monitoring system status and
2 identifying alternative settings.
3 The third level is for communicating data required from and to the protective devices and for monitoring data provided by the
4 protective devices. These include settings and alternate settings, downloading settings actually in place, uploading settings to
5 protective devices, implementing settings, getting event data and transient data, and state of the system data.
6 Opportunities
7 Protection issues are of critical importance in order to avoid outages and operation out of acceptable ranges. The more information
8 provided to the protective devices, the more adaptable they can be to properly protect for complex operating and fault situations.
9 The combination of traditional protection systems, communications, and IT can create levels of protection and reliability that are
10 not feasible with traditional protection schemes.
11 Protection types, interconnection technology, and system location requirements are discussed in Annex D. Deleted: E
12 10.11. Power System Simulations and Interoperability
13 Importance of power system simulation to interoperability?

14 Interoperability of ESS requires that a product from any vendor should be able to easily integrate into the existing power system
15 infrastructure, which includes the existing IT systems, communication systems and the physical grid (the wires). Power system
16 simulations ensure the ESS is controlled in a suitable manner (dispatch of active and reactive power) though the control and
17 communications systems and that it interacts with the existing grid as envisioned.
18 Fundamentals of power system simulations

19 The power generation and transmission system is not traditionally designed to store energy and its operation requires the rate of
20 conversion of energy at the generating plants to be equal, within a very tight tolerance, to the rate of consumption by the loads. The
21 power system does, nevertheless, naturally store some energy in its electrical and mechanical components. The natural energy
22 stored in the power system, while insignificant in relation to the demands of the loads, is a critical factor in the dynamic behavior
23 of the system. There are three ways the power system naturally stores energy:
24 The inductances and capacitances of the transmission lines, transformers, and shunt devices (electromagnetic and
25 electrostatic).
26 The rotating inertia of the turbine-generators and motor-driven loads.
27 The thermodynamic processes of the power plants, particularly within the boiler drums.
28 The amount of natural energy stored by each of these phenomena can be estimated in terms of the length of time its discharge
29 could maintain full-load system power flows as described in Table 17 below.
30 Table 21 – Time required to discharge power-system stored energy
31
32 Following are typical categories of power system modeling as described below: Deleted: In general there are five main
33 Electromagnetic transients.
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1 Electrical control and mechanical dynamics.

2 Steady state power flow.
3 Stochastic steady state.
4 Short circuit calculations.
5 Harmonics
6 Note: It is assumed all ESS chemical reaction dynamics occur around the peco seconds (10-12) time frame and as such they are
7 considered instantaneous in terms of electrical performance and thus do not require modeling.
8 The most suitable simulation model required for an ESS depends on the application of the ESS and the technology being
9 implemented. For example, flywheel technology has time response characteristics of around 10-1 to 10 seconds due to the nature
10 of the technology and application (frequency regulation). As such it is generally assumed electromagnetic transients of between
11 10-6 to 10-1 seconds time frame will be too fast to affect the operation of this technology and vice versa. Therefore, a dynamic
12 model that captures the electro-mechanical time-dependent characteristics would be the most suitable model to simulate the
13 interaction between the flywheel energy storage and the power grid for frequency regulation.
14 Figure 32 and Figure 33 below show each type of power system phenomena with the associated simulation programs and power Deleted: 36
15 system controls involved and their respective time frames. Note, there is some overlap between the different phenomena and the Deleted: 37
16 types of controls employed and thus also in the simulation models available for their analysis.
System Reinforcement
Operator
Actions
POWER LFC
SYSTEM
CONTROLS Prime Mover Control
Generator Control
Protection
HVDC, SVC
Planning
Operations Planning
POWER Economics
SYSTEM Frequency Variations
PHENOMENA
Power Swings
Surges
10-4 10-3 10-2 .1 1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 107 108 109
Time Period
in Seconds
1 cycle 1 min. 1 hr 1 day 1 wk 1 yr
17
18 Figure 32 - Time domain system phenomena following a disturbance on the power system and the
19 power control controls involved 1
20
1
Source: Siemens PTI PSEC 600 Introduction to Power System Dynamics Course notes
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1
2
3 Figure 33 - Time domain system phenomena following a disturbance on the power system and the
4 simulation tools available
5
6 Source: Siemens PTI PSEC 600 Introduction to Power System Dynamics Course notes
7
8 Power System Simulations and ESS
9 In order to determine the most appropriate type of simulation to be performed and the associated models, there are several key
10 issues that need to be understood:
11 The time period the problems of concern occur within and therefore the associated potential solutions.
12 The physics of the energy storage technology (i.e. battery with inverter, mechanical flywheel etc.).
13 The application of the ESS, i.e. load following, frequency regulation, voltage control etc.
14 Time latencies of any communication systems used within the control loop.
15 Need for power system simulations of energy storage

16 It is common in the industry to perform power system simulations before any changes/additions to the physical power grid are
17 made, to ensure the following:
18 The anticipated performance is verified.

19 The optimal configuration and specifications are determined.
20 No adverse impact is caused to the system operation.
21 Accurate economic evaluations are made, based on simulated performance.
22 Energy storage is often implemented to provide benefit to the power system, for example by reducing voltage flicker due to
23 variations in PV generation active power output. Therefore, it is advantageous to perform power system simulations using an
24 accurate and verified (actual recorded results match the simulated results) model representation of the physical ESS technology.
25 The simulation enables the anticipated benefits before going to the expense of physical installation and operation.
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1 Power system simulations allow decisions to be made on optimal location with respect to the power grid, system specifications
2 (e.g. energy and power), type of technology and control methodology. The variables can be optimized through system model
3 adjustments or through an automatic optimization process.
4 More detailed information on the details of power system simulations can be found in Annex E.
5 10.12. Asset Management
6 Asset Management Overview

7 Asset management is a systematic process of operating, maintaining, upgrading, and disposing of assets cost-effectively. Asset Deleted: An asset is defined as “physical or logi
8 management applies to both tangible (physical) assets such as buildings, equipment and to intangible concepts such as data, object owned by or under the custodial duties of a
9 software, applications, reputation, and intellectual property. Asset management is supported by an infrastructure management. An organization, having either a perceived or actual
value to the organization” [IEC 62443-1-1]
10 asset is defined as “physical or logical object owned by or under the custodial duties of an organization, having either a perceived
11 or actual value to the organization” [IEC 62443-1-1]
12 Infrastructure Asset Management

13 Infrastructure asset management is the combination of management, financial, economic, engineering, and other practices applied
14 to assets with the objective of providing the required level of service in the most cost-effective manner.
15 Benefits of ESS Asset Management

16 An energy storage system is comprised of primary components - storage medium, power conversion system, and balance of plant,
17 which all include other subcomponents and devices. Since energy storage systems must be able to realize multiple operations
18 across the energy value chain, the costs of storage (e.g. battery cost, power electronics, balance of plant, etc) can be tracked with
19 asset management applications.
20 Besides real-time benefits such as updating and maintaining the asset inventory, as assets are acquired and/or disposed of
21 throughout the asset life cycle, the latest technological advances that are influencing asset management practices include successful
22 integration of well-known technologies (telecommunications, faster and parallel computation), lab experiments and statistical
23 techniques and analytics intended to predict failures of assets, detect trends, patterns, and unusual events. For example, inventories
24 of cyber assets assist in ensuring that effective asset protection takes place and are key to the risk assessment process.
25 An inventory and a classification of assets have the potential to help an enterprise to efficiently maintain the assets and design
26 applications [Rastler, D., 2012]. In DR application, information required for different activities include DR resources and assets
27 management, registration and certification of a DR resource, updating and removal of a DR resource or asset, event notification,
28 submission of emergency signals, etc.
29 The various data collected and recorded about an asset depends on energy storage technology and the services that asset
30 management will provide for an enterprise. In addition, the asset data may be collected from the perspective of type of application.
31 Understanding the different categories of applications is essential on determining the asset data. At minimum, the energy storage
32 assets should include:
33 ID number, type of technology, description of asset, make or manufacturer, model, serial number, the owner,
34 location of physical or logical asset, installation date, expected service life, controls and protection schemes associated
35 with each asset (if applicable), operating mode, last-failure-type, last-failure-date, planned-maintenance-
36 date, last- maintenance start-date, last-maintenance-end-date, failure-date, last-audit-date, energy storage parameters
37 (power capacity, energy storage capacity, efficiency, response time, round-trip efficiency), comments, etc.
38 Asset data can be used for online inventory search and analytics. The asset management information combined with data collected
39 by an energy storage monitoring system can be used for detecting various off-normal degradation effects and estimating battery
40 life. One particular issue is the memory effect when aging over different temperatures or degradation due non-uniform utilization.
41 The aging behavior could directly impact applications [DOE FY 2011] or the purpose of state-of-health assessment, the asset data
42 for electrochemical battery storage system should include both actual and manufacturer’ parameters for charge-to-discharge ratio,
43 depth-of-discharge, memory effect.
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1 The asset management analytics can be used for the development of operations, maintenance and capital improvement projects:
3 Operational: Analytics can forecast a battery storage system short-term failure by using information from probes correlated
4 with their use, health state and history to inform the control center of pending failure avoiding a blackout. Analytics can be
5 used to predict capacity utilization due to current distribution associated with size and location, predict optimum energy
6 capacity in terms of electrical performance, cooling requirements, life, safety, and cost. For example, operating personnel
7 and local fire personnel should be notified of particular safety issues and the appropriate response in case of an
8 emergency.
9
10 Maintenance: Analytics can help determine if a maintenance scheme has impact on asset health and can help pinpoint
11 precisely which maintenance procedure to focus on for each asset, which results in lower maintenance costs and yielding
12 the potential of longer asset life. In some situations, subsystems such as power electronics modules or energy storage banks
13 (ac or dc connections), may be identified as non-serviceable by the supplier in the field, so these subsystems may be
14 removed and replaced by maintenance team. Also, all consumable or degradable parts, such as air filters, should be
15 classified by replacement interval.
16 Capital improvement: Analytics can help determine the best replacement scheme for an asset by factoring variables like
17 use growth, increased charging time, decreasing voltage, risk of failure and degradation to ensure that replacements are
18 neither too soon nor too late. Combined with improved maintenance strategy, this will help extend equipment life cycles
19 and cut costs significantly.
20 One requirement is that all components of a battery storage system must be safe, reliable, low-cost and seamlessly integrated. One
21 benefit of asset management is support for this requirement. Another benefit could be support for proper sizing and location of
22 equipment. Detailed and accurate data of the technical characteristics may support installation requirements as well as design and
23 implementation of specific applications. To address each application, energy storage systems will vary in cost, depending on size,
24 location, and system power-to-energy ratio. Patterns of connects/disconnects frequency and charges/discharges time support a
25 maintenance program and could help on identifying repairs, depletion of battery, upgrades, replacements, etc. Also, it could
26 support operational managers when defending their requests for capital investment in distribution equipment. Executive
27 management could easily see the impact in terms of increased debt /capital spending. Also, asset management provides information
28 that can be used to model the benefits and risks of not investing. The benefits of using the information for scheduling appropriate
29 maintenance schedules, developing models to discover reliability trends, and avoiding failures of the battery storage systems
30 outweigh the costs of implementing and maintaining an asset management application. Another key asset management benefit
31 provided is the ability for enterprises to more efficiently monitor and maintain the battery storage equipment necessary to reliably
32 deliver power to customers. Other benefits of leveraging the asset information and value added services include:
33 Cyber risk management, threat detection and control
34 Outage management
35 Remote connect/disconnect
36 Enhanced customer service.
37
38 In addition, the asset management improves the capability of the grid to incorporate variable generation. The most notable
39 improvement comes from asset management is the information regarding the availability of energy storage and renewable and the
40 ability to adjust maintenance timed to a generation schedule that can change very quickly.
41
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1 Effective asset management methods help ensure successful adherence to enterprise reliability metrics like SAIDI, CAIDA and
2 SAIFI. Typically, the traditional maintenance approach focuses on assets, and then tries to consolidate the benefits. Strategic asset
3 management uses a top down approach, meaning it starts with the corporate responsibility goals, and then finds the assets that
4 contribute to them and proposes specific action for those assets.
5
6 Asset Management Services
7 With a broad a broad range of asset management services for energy storage systems, enterprises can optimize performance,
8 identify opportunities for change, and ways to reduce asset life cycle costs and extend asset life, prioritize their investments to
9 make sure they earn their allowed rate of return, identify business process improvements and enhance operations via information
10 management and communications. Services can be provided at each stage of the asset life cycle. The services range from business
11 transformation and change management at the strategic level, to asset condition assessment and deterioration modeling at the
12 tactical level. Examples of asset management benefits from a strategic perspective include [Berst, J, 2012]. Achieving lower total
13 life cycle costs
14 Improving the enterprise performance
15 Optimizing use of assets
16 Improving response to emergencies by eliminating non-value added activities.
17
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1 Annex A (Informative) Bibliography
3 Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to
4 be understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use only.
5 [B1] IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms and Definitions.
6 [B2] EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission & Distribution Applications Final Report, December 2003
7 [B3] Rastler, D., 2012, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options: System Cost Benchmarking
8 http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Seville_11-12/Workshop/Presentations/Session%201/1.4_IPHE%20workshop_Rastler.pdf].
9 [B4]. Roberts, B.P., Sandberg, C., 2012, The Role of Energy Storage in Development of Smart Grids,
10 http://www.altairnano.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/EnergyStorageSmartGridsWP.pdf
11 [B5] Sandia Report, 2013, DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
12 [B6] Connolly, D., October 2010, A Review of Energy Storage Technologies for the Integration of Fluctuating Renewable Energy,
13 version 4, http://dconnolly.net/files/A%20Review%20of%20Energy%20Storage%20Technologies.pdf
14 [B7] [Rastler, D., December 2010, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs,
15 and Benefits,
16 http://www.electricitystorage.org/images/uploads/static_content/technology/resources/ESA_TR_5_11_EPRIStorageReport_Rastler
17 .pdf
18 [B8] Sandia National Laboratory report - “ Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential Assessment
19 Guide” -SAND2010-0815, Printed February 2010.
20 Clause 8 - Security References
21 Fernandes, P.M., Introduction to Smart Grid Security, Chapter in the book Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and
22 Security, Editors: Berger, L.T., Iniewski, K, Wiley, 2012.
23 NIST SP 800-53 rev 4
24 P2030 IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation With the Electric
25 Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/2030/2030_index.html
26 FERC, 2009, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Smart Grid Policy, 128 FERC ¶ 61,060 (2009), July 2009, http:
27 http://www.ferc.gov/whats-new/comm-meet/2009/071609/E-3.pdf
28 SGIP DR Requirements, PAP09 Wholesale Business Requirements: http://www.naesb.org/pdf4/smart_grid_ssd011410w3.doc
29 OASIS, Cybersecurity Working Group & Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), OASIS Energy Interoperation Version 1.0
30 (Working Draft 38), http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPCosSIFOASISEnergyInterop
31 DR Data, Wholesale Data Requirements: http://www.naesb.org/pdf4/smart_grid_ssd121010w3.doc
32 IRC, IRC Wholesale Interaction Demand Response & Energy Storage, Technical Requirements:
33 http://www.isorto.org/atf/cf/%7B5B4E85C6-7EAC-40A0-8DC3-003829518EBD%7D/IRC-DR-Non-
34 Functional_Requirements_Rev1_20100930.pdf
35 DR Comm, Wholesale Demand Response (DR) Communication Protocol, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
36 sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP19WholesaleDR
37 DR Signals, Standard DR and DER Signals, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP09DRDER
38 DR cybersecurity,
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1 Interoperation, OASIS Energy Interoperation, http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-

2 sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPCosSIFOASISEnergyInteropRef7, Carpenter, T. Goodspeed, B. Singletary, E. Skoudis, and J.
3 Wright, .2009, “Advanced Metering Infrastructure Attack Methodology.” version
4 1.0,http://inguardians.com/pubs/AMI_Attack_Methodology.pdf, Jan. 5, 2009
5 Survey, Westby, J.R., 2012, Governance of Enterprise Security: CyLab 2012 Report How Boards & Senior Executives Are
6 Managing Cyber Risks, May 16 2012, http://www.rsa.com/innovation/docs/CMU-GOVERNANCE-RPT-2012-FINAL.pdf
7 DR-Assessment, FERC Report, 2012, Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering, http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-
8 reports/12-20-12-demand-response.pdf
9 Geer, D., 2005, ZigBee, Industry Trends: Chip Makers Turn to Multicore Processors
10 IEEE Computer 38(4), pp.16-18.
11 Fouda, M.M., Fadlullah, Z.M., Kato, N., 2010, Assessing attack threat against ZigBee-based home area network for Smart Grid
12 communications, Proceedings of Computer Engineering and Systems ICCES 2010 International Conference , pp. 245-250.
13 DHS, 2009, Recommended Practice: Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-In-Depth Strategies,
14 https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/practices/documents/Defense_in_Depth_Oct09.pdf
15 Masica, K., 2007, Recommendedc Practices Guide for Securing ZigBee Wireless Networks in Process Control System
16 Environments, https://ics-cert.us-
17 cert.gov/practices/documents/Securing%20ZigBee%20Wireless%20Networks%20in%20Process%20Control%20System%20Envir
18 onments.pdf
19 DHS, 2011, Common Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Industrial Control Systems, https://ics-cert.us-
20 cert.gov/practices/documents/DHS_Common_Cybersecurity_Vulnerabilities_ICS_2010.pdfVirus, 2012, https://ics-cert.us-
21 cert.gov/pdf/ICS-CERT_Monthly_Monitor_Oct-Dec2012.pdf
22 FERC, 2012 REPORT ON ENFORCEMENT, Docket No. AD07-13-005, http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/11-15-12- Formatted: Left, No bullets or numbering
23 enforcement.pdf
24 National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report (NISITR) 7628, Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber
25 Security ,2013
26 NIST-framework 2, NIST Special Publication 1108R2, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Deleted: ¶
27 Release 2.0, 2012, http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/NIST_Framework_Release_2-0_corr.pdf
28 Gartner-Quadrant, Firstbrook, P., Girard, J., MacDonald, N., 2013, Magic Quadrant for Endpoint Protection Platforms, 2 January
29 2013, http://www.gartner.com/technology/reprints.do?id=1-1DFHJZW&ct=130102&st=sb
30 NIST SP 800-53, 2013 Revision 4 (final draft), Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations,
31 http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-53-rev4/sp800_53_r4_draft_fpd.pdfGAO-Report, 2011, CRITICAL
32 INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION Cybersecurity Guidance Is Available, but More Can Be Done to Promote Its Use,
33 http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587529.pdf
34 CIP-Updates, Complete Set of Reliability Standards, http://www.nerc.com/page.php?cid=2%7C20
35 EPRI/NESCOR DER cyber security report to the references: http://smartgrid.epri.com/doc/der%20rpt%2007-30-13.pdf
36 Clause 9 References
37 Connolly, D., October 2010, A Review of Energy Storage Technologies for the Integration of Fluctuating Renewable Energy,
38 version 4, http://dconnolly.net/files/A%20Review%20of%20Energy%20Storage%20Technologies.pdf
39 Taylor, J., 2012, PART I – WHAT WE DISCOVERED: Bulk System Reliability Assessment and the Smart Grid,
40 http://www.electricenergyonline.com/?page=show_article&article=681.Feng, X., Stoupis, J., Mohagheghi, S., Larsson, M., 2012,
41 Chapter Introduction to Smart Grid Applications, Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, Editors: Berger, L.T.
42 and Krzysztof, I., Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
43 Clause 9 Asset Management Section References
44 IEC 62443-1-1, Industrial communication networks – Network and system security –Part 1-1: Terminology, concepts and
45 modelsRastler, D., 2012, Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options: System Cost Benchmarking
46 http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Seville_11-
47 12/Workshop/Presentations/Session%201/1.4_IPHE%20workshop_Rastler.pdf
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1 DOE, FY 2011 Progress Report for Energy Storage R&D, http://tdworld.com/go-grid-

2 optimization/distribution/energy-storage-progress-report-0312/
3 Berst, J, 2012, ebook, Strategic Asset Management A Primer for Electric Utilities,
4 http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/uploads/1/SAM_ebook_V4_1.pdf
5
6
7
8 Standard and Publication References
9 ANSI/NETA MTS-2011 - STANDARD FOR MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS for Electrical Power Equipment
10 and Systems
11 ANSI/NETA ATS-2009 - STANDARD FOR ACCEPTANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS for Electrical Power Equipment and
12 Systems
13 ANSI C84.1-1995 (R2001, R2005)
14 American National Standard For Electric Power Systems and Equipment— Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)
15 ISO 9001 – 2009 Quality Management Systems
16 AN-960: Application Note, 2012
17 ASTM Designation: E2204 – 11a Standard Guide for Summarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-Related Projects1
18 EERE O&M Best Practices -- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy , 2010
19 Electric Power System Maintenance and Testing – 2nd Edition – Paul Gill CRC Press – Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken
20 Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742, © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
21 Electrical Motor Diagnostics, Second Edition, Howard W. Penrose, 2008
22 Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing, Second Edition, Paul Gill, 2009
23 Experience and Benefit of Using EL-CID for Turbine Generators, G. Klempner, 1995
24 Handbook for Electricity Metering, Edison Electric Institute, 2010
25 IEEE “Gold Book” 493 -IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial PowerSystems., 2007
26 SystemsIEEE C37.111: Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for Power Systems (1999),
27 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1999
28 IEEE C57.93: IEEE Guide for Installation and Maintenance of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers (2007), Institute of Electrical
29 and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2007
30 IEEE C57.104: IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers (2008), Institute of Electrical
31 and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2008
32 IEEE C57.106: IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (2006), Institute of Electrical and
33 Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2006
34 IEEE C57.125: IEEE Guide for Failure Investigation, Documentation, and Analysis for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors
35 (1992), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1992
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1 IEEE Std 1409-2012 Guide for the Application of Power Electronics for Power Quality Improvement on Distribution Systems
2 Rated 1 kV Through 38 kV
3 IEEE 37.2 (2008), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2008
4 IEEE 43: Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Rotating Machinery (2000), Institute of Electrical and
6 IEEE 62: IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power Apparatus-Part 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers, Regulators,
7 and Reactors, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
8 IEEE/ANSI ANSI C84.1-1995 (R2001, R2005) American National Standard For Electric Power Systems and Equipment—
9 Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) ), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2001
10 IEEE 141: Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (1993), Institute of Electrical and
12 IEEE 142: Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (2007), Institute of Electrical and
14 IEEE 242: Recommended Practice for Protection and Coord. of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems – IEEE Buff Book
15 (2001), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2001
16 IEEE 400.1: IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Laminated Dielectric, Shielded Power Cable Systems Rated 5 kV and Above With
17 High Direct Current Voltage (2007), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2007
18 IEEE 400.2: IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Shielded Power Cable Using Very Low Frequency (VLF) (2004), Institute of
19 Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2004
20 IEEE 400.3: IEEE Guide for Partial Discharge Testing of Shielded Power Cable Systems in a Field Environment(2006), Institute
21 of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2006
22 IEEE 450: Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary
23 Applications (2002), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2002
24 IEEE 519-1992: IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems (1992),
25 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1992
26 IEEE 1048-2003: IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines (2003), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
27 Inc., 2003
28 IEEE 1159-2009: IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality (2009), Institute of Electrical and
30 1547™-2003 - IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, Institute of Electrical and
32 IEEE 1547.1-2005 --IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with
33 Electric Power Systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2005
34 NEMA 250: Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum) (2003), National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
35 2003
36 NEMA MG 1-2011: Motors and Generators (2011), National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2011
37 ANSI/NETA ATS: Standard for Acceptance Testing for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems (2009), InterNational Electrical
38 Testing Association (NETA), 2009
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1 ANSI/NETA MTS: Standard Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems
2 (2007), InterNational Electrical Testing Association (NETA), 2007
3 NECA 405-2001 - Recommended Practice for Installing and Commissioning Interconnected Generation Systems
4 NFPA 70: National Electrical Code, 2011, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 2010
5 NFPA 70B: Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, 2010, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
6 2009
7 IEEE 2030-2011, P2030.1, P2030.3
8 IEEE 1547 series (which ones: e.g., 1547.2, 1547.3
9 SCC21 (PV) Battery standards
10 IEEE 1679 Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies in
11 Stationary Applications
12 IEEE P1680 Environmental assessment of electronic products
13 DOE Energy Storage Handbook of ESS
14 NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy, Emergency and Standby Power Systems
15 UL1973, Outline of Investigation, Batteries for Use in Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications and Stationary Applications, subject
16 1973
17 SAE standards including J2847, J2836, J2293, communications and energy transfer for V2G/G2V. SAE J2836/1 Use Cases for
18 Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility Grid, see SGIP PAP 11
19 EPRI - Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs, and Benefits 1020676.
20 EPRI - Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Applications on the Power System Grid 1022544.
21 PNNL Energy Storage 2010 Modeling Review.pdf
22 DNVKEMA-ESCostEffectivenessMethodology_Mar25'13-F2b.pdf
23 Siemens PTI PSS®E and PSS®SINCAL documentation.
24 EPRI-DOE Energy Storage 2003 Handbook.pdf
25 Wave Power Flicker and Energy Storage Solution Using DIgSILENT.pdf
26
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1 Annex B (Informative) Glossary
2 Area Control Error (ACE):

3 The instantaneous difference between a Balancing Authority’s net actual and scheduled interchange, taking into account the effects
4 of Frequency Bias and correction for meter error.
5 C rate:
6 A charge rate that, under ideal conditions, is equal to the energy storage capacity of an electricity storage device divided by 1 hour.
7 For example, an ESS device that can store 5 kilowatt-hours of electric energy has a C rate of five kilowatts, also known as a C rate
8 of 1. And, a C rate of 5 means energy storage divided by 12 minutes.
9 Contract path:
10 An agreed upon electrical path for the continuous flow of electrical power between the parties of an Interchange Transaction. (per
11 NERC)
12 Control Performance standard:

13 The reliability standard that sets the limits of a Balancing Authority’s Area Control Error over a specified time period. (Per NERC)
14 NOTE—The following three definitions are referenced from IEEE 2030-2011: Formatted: IEEEStds Single Note
15 Data Flow
16 Application-level communications from a producer of data to a consumer of data Formatted: Font color: Auto
17 Data Link Formatted: Font color: Auto
18 A physical communication connection (wireless, cabled [including wire and fiber optic], etc.) from a source to a destination:
19 Interface
20 A logical connection from one entity to another that supports one or more data flows implemented with one or more data links Formatted: Font color: Auto
21 Derating Factor:
22 Multiplier on energy capacity or power rate to account for ESS requirements, temperature, altitude, life cycle requirements etc.
23 Direct Access:
24 Affording generators, marketers and large users of electricity the ability to receive transmission services to serve load directly
25 without exercising the traditional method of going through the utility.
26 ESS Availability Status:

27 The operational condition of the ESS.
28 Available under control of RTO or ISO
29 Available due to owner decision
30 Unavailable due to owner decision
31 Available due to manufacturer decision.

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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Unavailable due to manufacturer restrictions.
3 Forced Outage:
4 1. The removal from service availability of a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility for emergency reasons.
5 2. The condition in which the equipment is unavailable due to unanticipated failure. (per NERC)
7 I²R losses:
8 Energy losses associated with current flow through electric transmission and distribution systems. Also known as resistive losses..
9 As the name implies: I²R energy losses (pronounced I squared R) are a function of the square of the current flowing through the
10 system and the system's resistance. Given that; for a given power level, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the I²R losses.
11
12 Joint control:
13 Automatic generation control (AGC) of jointly owned units by two or more balancing authorities.
14
15 Nominal rating:
16 The rating as defined by the equipment owner that specifies the level of electrical loading, usually expressed in megawatts (MW)
17 or other appropriate units that a system, facility, or element can support or withstand through the daily demand cycles without loss
18 of equipment life.
19
20 Open access:
21 Markets in which energy end-users can pay to have energy that purchased from a third party transmitted via transmission systems
22 owned by other entities. Open access prevents a transmission owning utility from controlling the energy supply. Open access
23 differs from direct access in that direct access refers to acquisition of actual energy, whereas open access refers only to access to
24 transmission systems used to transport it.
25
26 Transfer capacity:
27 The measure of the ability of interconnected electric systems to move or transfer power in a reliable manner from one area to
28 another over all transmission lines (or paths) between those areas under specified system conditions. The units of transfer
29 capability are in terms of electric power, generally expressed in megawatts (MW). The transfer capability from “Area A” to “Area
30 B” is not generally equal to the transfer capability from “Area B” to “Area A.” (per NERC)
31 Deleted: ¶
¶
¶
32 ¶
¶
33
112
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Annex C (Informative) Sample SGIRM Application Tables
This annex presents Tables C.2 and D.1 from IEEE Standard 2030-2011 in order to provide the templates to complete the SGIRM process.
Table C.1 displays an example of a filled-in application table with data characteristics shown in detail. The table identifies power systems interfaces,
communication interfaces, IT data flows, a description of what needs to be communicated, and the appropriate data characteristics for each of these interfaces. Deleted: interfaces
Table D.1 is a detailed interface template for any of the PS-IAP, CT-IAP interfaces or IT-IAP data flows. Here we show the example applied to CT-IAP interface Deleted: interfaces
“CT##”.
113
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Table C.1—Sample application table displaying typical data characteristics
Power systems Data characteristics Communications IT

Entity Entity e al
im v y y) )
(from) (to) rt e r st li t l it i ty
sfe nt a bi bi e
and and Data an ce i adc l ia e lia nc cur IT data
tr n o y e IT description
number number type n ity n
re (r ura I e lit (s paths
path(s)
r e f br ic
io io ity ss EM m ti a ity
data path
at ur o on
description
of of cy r at bil of a P, I olu i ty de n ity bil Power systems
Power system
ch r m o cc od i ty
n h r m ila l v r f i r
g il a
te
Communications
Communications
Points points ea nfo at
a e th ior nc fo va eve EM ata ecu on nte va description
R I D M Pr La Sy In A L H D S C I A
IT13 to M onitoring/
IT27, Control by
No No
Low
ALL
High
High
hours
Bytes
Provides information exchange and IT26 Distribution
minutes
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
10 sec to
Important
Operations
control of customer equipment by (to EM S) Operations
High >160 ms
PS13 Distribution Operations and
Control. Logical connections include IT16 Smart meter
(thousands to
Up to 75 miles
those for control, monitoring. Point via NAN (to IT25 or Energy
millions of points)
Enterprise LAN to
Point(s) of Interface
No No kB
and Control (1 Point)

Low
Low
Low
Low
Distribution Operation
hours
Hours
in some M anagement
CT3 then CT52 or CT12

Utility Control/Operation/
Medium
Medium
Medium
Reporting
Multicast
Important
cases) System interface
High >160 ms
Smart Meter or Customer Access
No No kB
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
hours
Hours
Medium
Multicast
Important
Nameplate
High >160 ms
Yes in
some No kB
Low
High
High
Provides for protection coordination
Critical
<160 ms
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
<3 ms to
<3 ms to
cases
Multicast
to seconds
Operations
10 seconds
milliseconds
and customer information that is IT27 and Distribution
PS6 desired at the substation. Logical IT26 System
connections include those for (to EM S) M anagement
Up to 5 miles
protection, control, and monitoring
No No kB
Low
Low
Low
Low
hours
Hours
Medium
Medium
Medium
Reporting
Multicast
Important
High >160 ms
CT5 to CT65 then CT12 or CT52
Yes in
to NAN to Smart Meter or Customer Access Point
Distribution Substation (tens to hundreds of points)

Distribution Substation Network to Backhaul/ WAN
some No kB
High
High
High
Customer Point of Interface (thousands to millions of points)

Critical
<160 ms
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
<3 ms to
<3 ms to
cases
Multicast
Protection
to seconds
10 seconds
and Control
milliseconds
114
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Table D.1—Detailed interface description template
General Interface ID CT##

information Description
Objective Confidentiality Integrity Availability
Security
Level
Protocols
Connection medium type(s)
Latency
Standards
Bandwidth
Bit rate
Payload
Quality of service
Reliability
Limitations/Constraints
Data occurrence interval
Broadcast method
115
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1 Annex D (Informative) Protection Types, Interconnection
2 Technology and System Location Requirements
3 Standard protection typically consists of overcurrent protection, short circuit protection, under/over voltage
4 protection and frequency protection. In some cases protection may include automatic reclosing. Short
5 circuit protection must take into account the different types of short circuits including three phase, phase to
6 phase, and phase to ground. These devices as outlined are stand alone devices that require no or limited
7 interoperability. In some cases the implementation of directional overcurrent protection can provide an
8 extra degree of protection and more selective tripping of units. Phase sequence or phase balance voltage
9 relays also provide an added degree of protection against single phase operation of a three phase ESS. This
10 is especially important in circumstances where single phase operation may affect either the ESS or may
11 have large affects in the successful operation of the EPS (i.e.; single phasing, under or over voltage on
12 some phases, overloading of equipment, large imbalances on three phase equipment, etc.)
13 More sophisticated protection will look at change in frequency at times where quick changes in frequency
14 are a sign of critical situation, such as an islanding situation. In some cases impedance type detecting
15 protection is used. This is a standard relaying package and is not overly affected by interoperability
16 concerns.
17 Transfer trip is another method of protection that uses communications. This method trips all relevant
18 circuit breakers by sending a high speed signal.
19 Interconnection Technologies
20 The type of protection that is needed is dependent on the type of interconnection technology. This is due to
21 the inherent characteristics of each technology as well as how the technology is applied.
22 The most common type of interface for ESS’ is inverters. Inverters have several advantages in the
23 application of ESS to the EPS. The controls in an inverter can provide flexibility in operation of the inverter
24 both during normal operation and when events occur. The capability of these controls is a matter of design
25 and implementation of the inverter. It should be particularly noted that inverters typically limit the short
26 circuit current to 150% or less of the full load current.
27 Inverters can use active anti-islanding protection to provide a better degree of protection against unintended
28 islands. This is typically a self-contained package that provides a more sensitive means for detecting
29 islands. Communication based protection can also provide a higher degree of anti-islanding sensitivity.
30 If more flexible voltage capabilities are needed, protection can be set to allow voltages beyond normal
31 limits as identified in IEEE 1547. Lower short circuit levels may make it difficult to differentiate between
32 short circuit locations (especially short circuit to ground) and whether the ESS needs to separate from the
33 EPS. Anti-islanding protection beyond simple voltage and short circuit protection is often implemented. It
34 is also unlikely that inverters could support an islanded system unless parameters are correct.
35 Synchronous machines are occasionally used for pumped hydro and compressed air storage. The major
36 issue is that of short circuit levels being large, often 6 to 12 times full load current. Besides the potential for
37 damage if the ESS protection does not properly clear the fault, this large short circuit current can cause EPS
38 protection systems to not operate properly. This may increase the protection requirements that may include
39 additional protective devices, transfer trips (using a fast communication channel), and more sensitive
40 protection that may require alternate setting or reconfiguration of protection depending on ESS and
41 distribution line configurations. Synchronous machines can provide voltage support and have the capability
42 of supporting islands in some circumstances. Anti-island protection needs to determine if an island is being
43 supported.
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Induction machines are occasionally used for pumped hydro and compressed air storage. These machines
2 usually require minimal protection (i.e. overcurrent protection) since they provide very little short circuit
3 current and produce no VARS’s or voltage control.
4 System Location
5 The type of protection required is also dependent on the system location. Major criteria include whether the
6 system is a strong system or weak system. It is also important what other DER are located on the EPS in
7 the area of the ESS. Interaction among the ESS and DER can be designed and protected to support each
8 other or can be in opposition to each other causing operational issues. The level of reconfiguration is also
9 an important issue. (i.e.; ESS that are on a strong system may find themselves in weak systems after
10 reconfiguration.)
11 The location and interacting DRs will help to determine the level and type of protection that is needed. As
12 systems are reconfigured alternative settings may need to be put in place or adaptive protection systems
13 may be needed that take into account the basic issues.
14 Protection Interoperability
15 A common practice is to use high speed communications (i.e. transfer trip) to protect the EPS. For many
16 system implementations this a substantial cost for the project. However, properly implemented, it is one
17 means to provide a high degree of protection.
18 Modern protection systems can often have settings downloaded or changed from a remote location. The
19 methods and protocols differ for different implementations but typically the bandwidth of the protection
20 device is limited and therefore setting downloads can take minutes. An alternate setting is often used so that
21 protection systems can be quickly switched from one setting to another when the protection circumstances
22 change. These changes can be communicated by local equipment, remote equipment, or by the EPS
23 operations.
24 Slower communication systems are often used to confirm the state of equipment located throughout the
25 EPS. The protection devices are often a convenient device to provide data not only about the protective
26 device but also measurement data and status of associated equipment (i.e. circuit breakers). This type of
27 communication is typically updated in the range of 1 to 10 seconds.
28 Protection systems may also record vast amounts of data when events occur. This data (i.e., oscillographs)
29 provide a picture of the electrical system operating and protection before, during, and after the event. This
30 data may take a fairly large amount of bandwidth and may be needed with a few minute time span or on an
31 exception type report basis. In either case, the communication and IT system must be able to communicate
32 this data within minutes as it may be essential to solving the critical electric power issues at hand.
33 The application of the ESS may also be a consideration in the protection system related to the ESS. ESS
34 protection systems may be tied into an associated DER (e.g., wind turbine) in order to provide support for
35 the energy source. Therefore the protection system may be needed to be tightly coordinated with that of the
36 DR while meeting EPS requirements.
37 Communications and coordination with the associated DR can help optimize not only the control of the
38 ESS but the protection of the ESS/DR system.
39 In other cases the ESS may provide a service to the EPS (i.e. frequency regulation). The coordination of
40 the protection system with both the protection and operation of the EPS is essential. In this case it would be
41 expected that the protection would communicate with the EPS operation center in order to provide the
42 optimum protection, but keep the ESS on line during essential situations where the ESS can help keep the
43 EPS energized.
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1 Annex E (Informative) Power Systems Simulation
2 Before deciding to install an ESS, usually a very high level economic analysis is initially performed.
3 However, at some point a more detailed and concise economic study will be required which depends
4 significantly on the performance of the ESS. As such, economic analysis based on power system network
5 simulations will provide a much more accurate financial picture of the overall investment. As described
6 previously it is important to select the correct simulation model according to the domain impacted by the
7 ESS. Table E.1 describes the different power system simulation models according to the domain of study
8 and the specific ESS solutions.
9 Note: sometimes different simulation models somewhat overlap for the same phenomena of interest and the
10 simulation descriptions are simplified.
11
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1
2 Table E.1 – Power system simulation models according to time frame being studied and potential applications
Snapshot of the
10 to 6HFRQGV (Steady State & Frequency Domain
Study Domain 10-6 - 10-1 Seconds (EMT) 10-1 to 100 Seconds (Dynamics) system during a
Stochastic Steady State) (Harmonics)
fault (Short Circuit)
All chemical technologies with All energy storage technologies. All chemical technologies with All energy storage Potentially all energy
fast switching solid state inverter minute to hour’s energy capacity. technologies. storage technologies.
and the ability to charge/discharge Pumped hydro
y
in a very short time. CAES
ESS
High power supercapacitor
Technolog
SMES
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Potential solution to fast transient Potential solution of problems occurring in the Potential solution of long term challenges Short circuit contributions Potential to cause or solve
problems whilst grid tied or islanded seconds time frame whilst grid tied or whilst grid tied or islanded (e.g. black start, from energy storage (via filtering) indefinite
(e.g. black start, microgrid or UPS): islanded (e.g. black start, microgrid or UPS): microgrid or UPS: technology are usually distortional harmonics,
close to nominal load commonly caused by arc
x Voltage flicker, caused by industrial x Frequency regulation and current for inverter based furnaces and power
x Immediate voltage sags caused
loads or intermittent generation such as production costing balance load and technology and up to five to electronics (due to
by faults, industrial arc furnaces,
solar PV or wind. generation in minutes-hours-days time seven times nominal load modulated waveforms).
induction motor or transformer
frame. current for rotating
inrush etc.
Voltage Sags, caused by industrial arc machines. Harmonics can cause
furnaces, induction motor or transformer x Voltage stability problems caused by numerous problems with
inrush etc. high power transfers and limited The low short circuit grid connected equipment.
x Transient over voltages caused
reactive power reserves. contributions from inverter
by switching (i.e. lines, cables or
based energy storage can be
capacitors), unfaulted phases for
Transient instability, potentially a protection coordination
single phase faults etc.
leading to tripping of generation units, problem whilst in islanded
x Intermittent generation challenge
slow voltage recovery and sustained operation.
the long term operation and control of
system oscillations following a large the power system.
x Large asymmetrical currents disturbance (i.e. 3-phase faults/generator For rotating machine short
caused by faults and inrush failure/large generation power circuit contributions,
currents. fluctuations). equipment ratings need to
x Critical peak problems traditional be checked (i.e. circuit
solution is large T&D and generation breakers, transformers etc).
capital expenditures plus and load
Frequency regulation (AGC), assist in shedding.
ESS Solution/Problem
maintaining 60 Hz by helping to balance
load and generation in seconds time
frame.
x Cost effectiveness and the need to
assess energy storage solutions in a
cost effective manner based on the
simulation results.
x Reliability problems are commonly

assessed using a probabilistic method
based on steady state power system
simulations.
Electromagnetic Transient model Electrical and mechanical dynamic Power flow model, available in most power IEC, ANSI and G74 are the Software programs such as
(EMT) for use in software programs performance simulated in software programs system software programs. most commonly used PSS®SINCAL, EMTP-RV
such as PSS®SINCAL, EMTP-RV and such as PSS®E, PSS®SINCAL, PSLF, industry short circuit and PSCAD have this
PSCAD. PSCAD, EMTP-RV Digsilent, Power-World calculation standards used, capability.
etc. and are supported by most
simulation programs.
PSS Model
and Program
120
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Models the interaction of the storage Models the interaction of the energy storage Models the interaction of the energy storage A snapshot of the System modeled as
technology (i.e. the inverter switching technology in the second’s time frame for technology in the minutes to hour’s time asymmetrical fault current frequency dependant power
and fast charge/discharge dispatch the fundamental frequency only (60 Hz) frame for the fundamental frequency level (immediately after the system impedances with the
cycles) with the power system in the following a change/disturbance in the system only (60 Hz) assuming all electromagnetic, fault) or a snapshot of the source of harmonics
sub cycle time frame for all assuming all electromagnetic transients have electrical control and mechanical variances symmetrical fault current modeled as current
frequency components. settled. have settled. level (several cycles later) injections.
The charging and discharging of Energy storage charging and discharging at different locations within
naturally occurring capacitances and dispatch dynamics are captured typically Sources and loads modeled as constant P the power system being Results analyzed in the
inductances in the system are captured accounting for the following elements: and Q values for each steady state studied. frequency domain for nth
in this model. x Min, max and ramp rate limits for simulation. frequency contributions and
Plots the per phase waveforms for V power, energy, current, voltages etc. All sources represented as their associated amplitudes.
and I. x Simplified inverter operation Models the steady state system providing either current or voltage
x Governor & excitation controls for the constant P, Q, V and I values at the sources and loads
synchronous machines. power system frequency only (60 Hz). represented as equivalent
x Induction machine controls such as rotor constants.
current. Stochastic steady state simulation uses
the power flow model to perform numerous The model is made up of
steady state simulations to capture long the positive network for
I = Current
All sources represented as either current or
V = Voltage
term variances in the power system i.e. three-phase balanced faults,
Ĭ 3KDVHDQJOH
voltage sources, with associated dynamic
P = Active Power
Q = Reactive power
models (sources can also be modeled as intermittent generation, energy storage and the positive, negative
negative loads, therefore no dynamic model). charging/discharging dispatch cycles, and zero sequence networks
PSS Model Description

Loads are represented as constant Z, constant changes in load etc. for unbalanced faults (i.e.
P, constant I models and/or a detailed dynamic single phase faults).
model. Usually an interval between one minute to
The model is either positive, or positive, one hour is used depending on the Results are provided in
negative and zero sequence representation resolution required, were a steady state either a network diagram
depending on the software and the nature of simulation is performed at each time step. form showing fault current
the system (unbalanced or balanced). contributions or in a
Plots RMS values for P, Q, V, I and numerous tabulated form.
other time varying values can also be plotted
e.g. machine speed, rotor angle, system
frequency, control signals etc.
1
121
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 The figures below provide a sample of the type of results that can be obtained from each type of simulation
2 model previously described in the table above.
[kV] Voltage at Fault Node

150
100
50
0 t [s]
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
-50
-100
-150
SUB-2: U - L1 [kV]
3
4 Figure E.1 - Sample EMT Simulation Plot of Sinusoidal Voltage Waveform
5
6
7 Figure E.2 – Sample Dynamics Simulation Plot of Per Unit RMS Voltage
122
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1
2 Figure E.3 - Sample Stochastic Steady State Simulation Plot of Active Power Over a 24
3 hour Period
4
5
6 Figure E.4 - Sample Short Circuit Simulation Results
7
123
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Example Harmonic
u rel [%] Harmonic - Network Level: 0.5KV

100
10
THD, U < 69 kV
THD
0.1 n [1]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
0.5KV
1
Siemens PTI 17.05.2013
2 Figure E.5 - Sample Harmonics Results of Voltage in the Frequency Domain

3
4 Figure E.6 below show a simplified example of the ESS model required for EMT, electrical control and
5 mechanical dynamics, and stochastic steady state simulations.
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P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
Upper Limits i.e.

Pmax, Emax, I max...
System control Active P TF’s Active P charge/

inputs i.e. feeder (dx/dt discharge
Pload, Pconst, description i.e. Charge status
Stability signal... ramp rates) and other
auxiliary signals
Lower Limits i.e.

Pmin, Emin, Imin...
Example TF
Upper Limits i.e.

Qmax, I max, Vmax
System control
Reactive Q TF’s Active Q
inputs i.e.
(dx/dt lagging/
Vset, remote
description) leading
Vset, const Q,
const PF
Key:
TF = Transfer Function
Lower Limits i.e. dx/dt = time dependant variables
P = Power
Qmin, Imin, Vmin Q = Reactive Power
1
2 Figure E.6 – Simplified Active Power Control Model
3 Current Status of power system simulations of energy storage
4 The following summarizes the research of the most popular commercially available power system
5 simulation programs with ESS models:
6
7 PSS®E
8 EPRI Battery Energy Storage (CBEST) electrical control dynamics model (shown below inFigure
9 7).
10 EPRI SMES Energy Storage (CSMEST) electrical control dynamics model.
11 AMSC D-SMES Energy Storage (CDSMS1) electrical control dynamics model.
12 Beacon Flywheel electrical control and mechanical dynamics model.
13 Multiple synchronous machine (i.e. for pumped storage) dynamic models.
14 Induction machine dynamics models.
15 PSS®SINCAL
125
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1 Stochastic (also known as load curve) steady state generic battery, synchronous machine (i.e.
2 pumped storage) and induction machine storage models.
3 Dynamics generic battery, synchronous and induction machine storage models.
4 ES-SelectTM
Deleted: all
5 Economic models of major energy storage technologies plus the ability to assign values for
6 modeled services. Provides for long term (years) NPV calculations. Does not account for the
7 detailed electrical network.
8 Energy Storage Valuation Tool (ESVT)
9 Economic models of major energy storage technologies plus the ability to assign values for
10 modeled services. Provides for long term (years) NPV calculations. Does not account for the
11 detailed electrical network.
12 PLEXOS/PROMOD/MAPS Deleted: ¶
Formatted: Font: Bold
13 Economic models of all major energy storage technologies for economic based (unit commitment)
14 generation dispatch used for wholesale market operations. Usually the results are then passed on to
15 a power flow simulation program for the security constrained part of the wholesale market analysis.
16 This happens in an iterative manner.
17 KERMIT
18 Energy storage frequency behavior over a time horizon of 24 hours. Pseudo steady-state conditions
19 associated with Automatic Generation Control (AGC).
20 DIgSILENT
21 Dynamics generic battery and synchronous machine storage models.
22 HOMER
23 Economic models of battery energy storage technologies for long term (years) NPV calculations.
24 Does not account for the detailed electrical network.
25
126
P2030.2/''HFHPEHU 2014
1
2
3 Figure E.7 – PSS®E CBEST Transient stability model
4 It is often difficult to obtain manufacturer specific ESS simulation models. Software developers often build
5 generic models that closely match the most common technologies available based on the physical electrical,
6 mechanical and chemical components. For example the CBEST model in PSS®E is an example of such a
7 generic model. The data parameters would be modified to suit the ESS device being studied and the results
8 should be very close to using a manufacturer specific model.
9 When a manufacturer specific model is developed it is usually best practice to compare the simulated
10 results to physical ESS test results, either in a lab or whilst interconnected to the power system. The model
11 and/or parameters within the model transfer functions are modified to obtain a model that accurately
12 captures the real life behavior. This process is commonly known as “model tuning”.
13 r
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1 P2030.2™/D9.0Draft Guide for the

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-0-XXXX-XXXX-X STDXXXXX

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

1 Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents

19 Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

20 Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

23 Laws and regulations

1 Updating of IEEE Standards documents

4 Mark Siira, Chair

8 3. Definitions and acronyms 4

11 4. Energy Storage Systems 6

20 5. Power systems interoperability, the PS-IAP 19

25 6. Communications technology interoperability, the CT-IAP 30

33 7. Information technology interoperability, the IT-IAP 39

37 8. Security and Privacy 43

1 Draft Guide for the Interoperability of Energy

25 1.3. Why and how to use this guide

10 How to Use this Guide

21 1.4. SGIRM & the three IAP Perspective

32 markets, control/operations, and customers.

1 3. Definitions and acronyms

7 Cycle (Charge/Discharge cycle):

28 Energy capacity (available from ESS):

30 Energy capacity (available to store in ESS):

2 Energy Storage System (ESS):

16 Power available from ESS:

18 Power available to store in ESS:

22 Round trip efficiency:

2 AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure

3 BES Battery Energy Storage

4 CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage

5 CT-IAP Communications Technology Interoperability Architecture Perspective

6 DER Distributed Energy Resource

7 DESS Distributed Energy Storage Systems

8 DOD Depth of Discharge

10 EPS Electric Power System

11 ESS Energy Storage System

12 FAN Field Area Network

13 GWAC GridWise Architecture Council

15 IT-IAP Information Technology Interoperability Architecture Perspective

17 LAN Local Area Network

18 NAN Neighborhood Area Network

19 PCC Point of Common Coupling

20 PS-IAP Power Systems Interoperability Architecture Perspective

22 SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

23 SGIRM Smart grid interoperability reference model

24 SOC State of Charge

25 WAN Wide Area Network

26 4. Energy Storage Systems

9 4.1. Energy Storage Technologies

26 Expanded discussion of the most commonly used technologies follows:

11 Pumped Hydro Deleted: Interoperability requirements for Super

19 Adiabatic Compressed Air Deleted: Interoperability requirements for

25 Thermal Storage Deleted: The interoperability requirements are

28 Super Conductive Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

30 4.2. Energy Storage Systems’ Major Components

31 An energy storage system is comprised of three primary components [B6]:

16 4.3. Energy Storage System (ESS) Characteristics

1 4.3.1. ESS Unique Characteristics

4 ESS fixed characteristics include:

17 Grid connection location (domain)

4 Range of characteristics for most applications

16 Power Conversion Systems (PCS)

21 No typical operating profile or load shape that can be applied prospectively

1 PS19 – to Distribution Distributed Energy Resources

20 PS27 – to Transmission Substation

1 Quality of Service – Low to High

15 CT6 - Feeder Distributed Energy Resources to Backhaul