Cuticle: It is an outer thick waxy, water-repelling layer which covers

Photosynthesis Cellular
leaves and protects them from drying out by reducing water loss. This
layer does not allow gases like oxygen or carbon dioxide to pass Respiration
through it. It also protects from invading bacteria, insects, and
fungi. This layer is secreted by the epidermis and guard cells and
becomes thinner in inner side of leaves. Function Produces food Produces
Epidermis – Like cuticle this is also a protective layer of cells on the
surface of leaves. It consists of guard cells and stoma which play an into plants ATP for the
important role in various activities of a leaf. This layer is covered by cell
waxy cuticle. It acts as skin of leaf and can be divided in two layers;
upper epidermis and lower epidermis. Upper epidermis consists of a
single layer of cells which covered by cuticle. Lower epidermis is Location Chloroplast Mitochondrion
located below mesophyll and mainly contains vascular bundle and
stomata which allow gas or water molecule to pass through it.
Spongy Mesophyll: This is the second type of mesophyll tissue which
is composed of closely Compare to palisade tissues, they have less
amount of chloroplast but act as storage of carbohydrates made by
Reactants Carbon Oxygen and
photosynthesis. These cells communicate with the guard cells of dioxide, water Glucose
stomata and responsible for their movements. and sunlight
Stomata: The pores like openings in the inner side of leaf are known
as stoma or stomata. Products Oxygen and Carbon
Each pore is guarded by two guard cells which control the opening and
closing of pore. The movement of guard cell depends upon water Glucose dioxide,water
pressure, like at high water pressure guard cells open and low and energy
pressure cause them to close. Stoma allows the transfer of carbon
dioxide, oxygen and water vapor across the leaf by opening and
closing.
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants,
phloem being the other. The basic function of xylem is to transport
CONCEPT NOTES
water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports nutrients.
Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem
is composed of still-living cells that transport sap. The sap is a water- CONCEPT NOTES
based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts: It is mainly found in palisade mesophyll and contain
chlorophyll. They are surrounded by selective permeable membrane
for water, CO2 and oxygen gas.
CONCEPT NOTES

ATP- (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy carrying

molecule in cells of living things.

Mitochondrion- acts as a digestive system that takes

nutrients.

Photosynthesis- the process by which green plants

create their own food by turning light energy to
chemical energy.

Cellular Respiration- is the process by which living

things convert oxygen and glucose to carbon dioxide
and water.

Krebs Cycle- also known as Citric Acid Cycle or

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Calvin Cycle- another term for dark reaction

Materials are recycled through the

processes of photosynthesis in the
chloroplast and respiration in the
mitochondrion. However, the flow of
energy is one-way.
Species- A group of organisms that have certain
characteristics in common and are able to
interbreed.
Biodiversity- refers to the variety of life in an area.
Population- the total number of organisms of the
same species inhabiting a place at the same time.
Population density- the number of individuals in an
area
Limiting factor- environmental conditions that keep
a population from over increasing in size and thus
help balance ecosystems
Carrying capacity- number of organisms of one
species that an environment can support.
Endangered species- a species in which the
number of individuals falls so low that extinction is
possible.
Threatened species- species that have rapidly
decreasing numbers of individuals
Deforestation- removing or clearing of a forest to
include the cutting of all trees, mostly for
agricultural or urban use
Eutrophication- the process by which a body of
water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients
(such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of
aquatic plant, life usually resulting in the depletion
of dissolved oxygen
PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)- toxic wastes
produced in the making of paints, inks and
electrical insulators
Acid rain- broad term referring to a mixture of wet
and dry deposition (deposited material) from the
atmosphere containing higher than normal
amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
How do plants manufacture their
own food?
What are the factors that affect
the rate of photosynthesis?
How do cells convert stored
energy in food into chemical
energy?
How do materials and energy
flow in the ecosystem?
Plants make food in their leaves. The
leaves contain a pigment called
chlorophyll, which colors the leaves
green. Chlorophyll can make food
the plant can use from carbon
dioxide, water, nutrients, and energy
from sunlight. This process is called
photosynthesis.
The factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis are temperature,
carbon dioxide, water, and light.
Cells convert the stored energy in into
chemical energy through cellular
respiration where food is being
burned in the presence of oxygen.