Contents-

1. DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………………………. 1
2. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………… 2
3. DEFINATION .………………………………………………………………………… 3
4. TYPES OF WASTE ………………………………………………………………………… 4
5. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ……………………………………. 5
6. SOURCE OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………………………… 6
7. BENEFITS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………………………. 7
8. SEGRIGATION ……………………………………………………………………………… 8
9. CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………………….. 9
10.BIOMEDICAL WASTE IN SURYA HOSPITAL …………………………………… 10
11. NEEDS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………………………….. 11
12. STAPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE …………………………………………………. 12
13. HOSPITAL COLLECTION SEGRIGATION ……………………………………….. .13
14. LABLE FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE .………………………………………………….14
15. WASTE TREATMENT ……………….…………………………………………………… 15
16. BIOMEDICAL WASTE PROCESS ………………………………………………………16
17.BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT LABORATORY ……………………… 17
18. CHANNEL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………………………. 18
19. TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE …………………………………………………… .19
20. TRANSPORT TO FINAL DISPOSABLE SITE ………………………………………. 20
21.AUTOCLAVE AND MICROWAVE TREATMENT ………………………………….21
22.LAND DISPOSABLE …………………………………………………………………………. 22
23. INCINERATION ……………………………………………………………………………… 23
24. CHEMICAL METHODS …………………………………………………………………… 24
25. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE ………………………………….. 25
26.WASTE TYPE NOT TO BE INCINERATED …………………………………………...26
27. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES …………………………………. 27
28. PROBLEMS RELATED TO BIOMEDICAL WASTE…………………………………28
29. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOMEDICAL WASTE ……………………...29
30. RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………………………. 30
31.SAFTY MEASURES …………………………………………………………………………...31
32.CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………….… 32
33.REFERANCES ………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the topic entitled “HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MULTI
SPECIALITY HOSPITAL has been carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. Neil
Castellino towards partial fulfillment of the regulation for the award of the degree of
PHDHHM.

This project or any part has not been submitted to any other university for any
pervious degree or diploma.

Mrs. Vrushali p . Lotlikar

Department Of SCHC,Pune
 INTRODUCTION
“Medical care is vital for our life and health, but the waste generated from
medical activities represents a real problem of living nature and human world.
Improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes a direct
health impact on the community, the health care workers and the environment every
day, relatively large amount of potentially infectious and hazardous waste are
generated in the health care hospital and facilities around the world. Indiscriminate
disposable if Bio-Medical Waste or hospital waste and exposure to such waste
possess serious threat to environment and to human health that requires specific
treatment and management prior to its final disposal. The present review article deals
with the basic issues as definition, categories, problems relating to biomedical waste
and procedure of handling and disposal method of Biomedical Waste Management. It
also intends to create awareness amongst the personal involved in health care
industries”.

“Bio-Medical Waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major

concern not only to hospital, nursing homes authorities but also to the environment.
The Bio-Medical Waste generated from health care units depend upon a number of
factors such as waste management methods, type of health care unit, occupancy of
healthcare units, specialization of healthcare units, ratio of reusable items in use,
availability of infrastructure and resources”.

“The proper management of Bio-Medical Waste has become a worldwide

humanitarian topic today. Although hazards of poor management of Bio- Medical
Waste have aroused the concern world over, especially in the light of it’s far reaching
effects on human, health and the environment. Now it is well established fact that
there are many adverse and harmful effects to the environment including human
beings which are caused by the “Hospital waste” generated during workers, public
and flora and fauna of the area. The problems of the waste disposal in the hospital
and other health-care institutions have become issues of increasing concern”.
 Definition
According to Bio-Medical Waste Rules, 1998 of India

“Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of

human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining there to or in the
production or testing of biological”.

The Government of India (notification, 1998) specifies that Hospital Waste specifies
that Hospital Waste Management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenances
activities. This involves management of range of activities, which are mainly
engineering factions, such as collection, transportation, operation and treatment of
processing systems, and disposal of waste. One of the India’s major achievements has
been to change the attitudes of the operators of health care facilities t incorporate
good HCW management practices in their daily operations and to purchase on-site
waste management services from the private sector. World Health Organization
states that 85% of hospital waste is actually non-hazardous, whereas 10% are
infectious and 5% are non- infectious but they are included in hazardous waste. About
15% to 35% of Hospital waste is regulated as infectious waste. This range is
dependent on the total amount of waste generated.
 Types of Waste
As per WHO, the Bio-Medical Waste could be classified into eight categories on the
basis of the type of waste and the risk of transmission of infectious material in them.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Non- Hazards Hazardous

(75-90%) (10-25%)

Infection other hazardous

 Non- sharps Radioactive Waste

 Sharps
 Plastic disposable
 Liquid waste
Discarded Gloves
Pressurized containers
Chemical Waste
Cytotoxic Waste
Incineration Aspect
 Classification of Bio Medical Waste
The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified medical waste into
eight categories:

General Waste House Holds

Pathological Pathology Waste

Radioactive Radio Departmental Waste

Chemical factories Waste Chemical factories Waste

Infectious to potentially infectious Hospital ,Nursing Clinic , or

Waste Dental Dispensary

Sharps Hospital, Factories Waste

Pressurized
Hospital Containers Hospital,
 SOURCE OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
Hospital produces waste, which is increasing over the years in its
amount and type. The hospital waste, in addition to the risk for patient’s
and personal who handles them also poses a threat to public health and
environment.

There are two types of source of Bio-Medical Waste-

1) Major Sources—
 Govt. Hospital/ private Hospital/Nursing homes/ Dispensaries.
 Primary health centers
 Medical collages and Research centers/ Paramedical services.
 Veterinary collages and animal research centers.
 Blood banks/ Mortuaries/Autopsy centers.
 Biotechnology institutions.
 Production units.
2) Minor Sources—
 Physicians/ dentists clinic
 Animal houses/ slaughter houses
 Blood donation camp
 Vaccination centers
 Acupuncturists/ psychiatric clinic/cosmetic piercing
 Funeral services
 Institutions for disabled persons.
 BENEFITS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Cleaner and healthier surroundings.

 Reduction in the incidence of hospital acquired and general

infections.

 Reduction in the cost of infection control within the hospital.

 Reduction in the possibility of disease and death due to reuse and

repacking of infectious disposable.

 Low incidence of community and occupational health hazards.

 Reduction in the cost of waste management and generation of

revenue through appropriate treatment and disposal of waste.

 Improved image of the healthcare establishment and increase the

quality of life.
 PROBLEMS RELATING TO BIOMEDICAL WASTE
A major issue related to current Bio-Medical Waste management in many
hospitals is that the implementation of Bio- Medical Waste regulation is
unsatisfactory as some hospital are disposing of waste in a haphazard,
improper and discriminate manner. Lack of segregation practices results in
mixing of hospital wastes with general waste making the whole waste
stream hazardous. Inappropriate segregation ultimately results in an
incorrect method of waste disposal.
Inadequate Bio-Medical waste management thus will cause environment
pollution, unpleasant smell, growth and multiplication of vectors like
insects, rodents and worms and may lead to the transmission of diseases
like typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and AIDS through injuries from syringes and
needles contaminated with human.
Various communicable diseases, which spread through water, sweat, blood
body fluids and contaminated organs, are important to be prevented. The
Bio-Medical waste scattered in and around the hospitals invites flies,
insects, rodents’ cats and dogs that are responsible for the spread of
communicable diseases like plague and rabies. Rag pickers in the hospital,
sorting out the garbage are at a risk of getting tetanus and HIV infections.
The recycling of disposable syringes, needles, IV sets and other articles like
glass bottles without proper sterilization are responsible for Hepatitis, HIV,
and other viral diseases. It becomes primary responsibility of Health
administrators to manage hospital waste in most safe and eco-friendly
manner.
The problem of Bio-Medical waste disposable in the hospital; and other
healthcare establishments has become an issue of increasing concern
prompting hospital administration to seek new ways of scientific, safe and
cost effective management of the waste, and keeping their personal
informed about the advances in this area. The need of proper hospital
waste management system is of prime importance and is an essential
component of quality assurance in hospital.
 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal

Category Human Anatomical Waste incineration /deep burial
No. 1 (human tissues, organs, body parts)

Category Animal Waste incineration/deep burial

No. 2 (animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses, bleeding
parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in
research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals,
colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses)
Category Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste local autoclaving/micro-vaving/
No. 3 (Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or micro- incineration.
organisms live or vaccines, human and animal cell culture
used in research and infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from production of
biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of
cultures)
Category Waste Sharps Disinfection (chemical treatment
No. 4 (needles, syringes, scalpels, blade, glass, etc. that may /auto claving/microwaving and
cause punture and cuts. This includes both used and mutilation/shredding.
unused sharps)
Category Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs incineration /destruction and
No. 5 (Waste comprising of outdated, contaminated and drugs disposal in secured
discarded medicines) landfills.
Category Soiled Waste incineration
No. 6 (items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including autoclaving/microwaving
cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, bedding, other
material contaminated with blood)
Category Solid Waste Disinfection by chemical
No. 7 (Waste generated from disposal items other than the treatment
sharps such a tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc.) autoclaving/microwaving and
mutilation/shredding.
Category Liquid Waste Disinfection by chemical
No. 8 (Waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, treatment and discharge into
housekeeping and disinfecting activities) drains
Category Incineration Ash disposal in municipal landfill
No. 9 Ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste)
Category Chemical Waste chemical treatment and discharge
No. 10 (Chemicals used in production of biological, chemicals used into drains for liquids and secured
in production of biological, chemicals used in disinfection, landfill for solids
as insecticides, etc.)
Note :
1 There will be no chemical pretreatment before incineration. Chlorinated plastics shall not be
incinerated.
2 Deep burial shall be an option available only in towns with population less than five lakhs and
in rural areas.
3 Chemicals treatment using at least 1% hypochlorite solution or any other equivalent chemical
reagent. It musts be ensured that chemical treatment ensures disinfection.
4 Multilation/shredding must be such so as to prevent unauthorised reuse.
 SURYA HOSPITAL BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Every wards, every passage, corridors, staircases, basement, operation
theater have some different types of dustbins and different colors of
plastic bags. There is different site like-

1. Main lobby- There is two dustbin with different black bags-

1) Dry dustbin- to throw waste paper Stationery like papers, Dry cotton
bandages without socked, disposable operation theater cloths,
Gloves, wrappers of tablets.
2) Wet dustbin- to throw Food, Coconut, fruit pills.Near water purifier
black bag to throw disposable glasses.
2. Stair cases- Every stair case we placed black bag dustbins
3. Wards- Every ward there is dustbin as per color code like two types of
black bag, yellow dustbin with yellow bag, red dustbin with red bag.
There is can near nursing station and in treatment room to throw all
sharp. In this can there is 1% of sodium hydrochloride. This can have to
be change in every 24 hrs.
4. Ward pantries- black bag to throw all wastage food.
5. Special room’s bathroom- There is two types of dustbin placed in
bathroom like yellow color and black color. In room there is two black
dustbins to throw wet and dry waste. All instruction has written near
dustbin.
6. Canteen area- there is black color big size dustbin placed to throw all
wastage food and kitchen wastage.
7. Outside of hospital- There is big size black bag dustbin to throw all dry
leaf and etc.
 NEEDS OF BIO- MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOSPITAL

The reasons due to which there is great need of management of hospital

personal waste such as:
I. Injuries from sharp leading to infection to all categories of hospital
personal and waste handler.
II. Nosocomial infection in patient from poor infection control practices
and poor waste management.
III. Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers
and at time general public living in the vicinity of hospital.
IV. Risk associated with hazardous chemicals, drugs to persons handling
wastes at all level.
V. Disposable being repacked and sold by unscrupulous elements without
even being washed.
VI. Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to
unsuspecting buyers.
VII. Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to
defective incineration emissions ash.
 Steps of BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-

STEP 1

SEGREGATION

STEP 2

Collection & Storage

STEP 3

Transportation

STEP 4

Treatment & Disposable

.
 LABLE FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS
CYTOTOXIC HAZARD SYMBOL HANDLE WITH CARE
.

BIOHAZARDS SYMBOL CYOTOXIC HAZARDS SYMBOL

Note: Label shall be non‐washable & prominently

 WASTE TREATMENT

The term 'treatment' refers to the process that modifies the waste in some
way before it is taken to its final resting place. Treatment is mainly
required to disinfect or decontaminate the waste, right at source so that it
is no longer the source of pathogenic organisms. After such treatment, the
residue can be handled safely, transported and stored.

 Needles and syringe nozzle - shredded in needle destroyer and

syringe cutters
 Scalpel blades/ Lancet/ Broken glass should be put in separate
containers with bleach, transferred to plastic/ cardboard boxes;
sealed to prevent spillage and transported to incubators
 Glassware should be disinfected, cleaned and sterilized
 Culture plates with viable culture should be autoclaved; media are
placed in appropriate bags and disposed off. The plates can be reused
after sterilization
 Gloves should be shredded / cut / mutilated before disposal.
 Swabs should be chemically disinfected followed by incineration. If
they contain only a small amount of blood that does not drip, they
can be placed in the garbage.
 Disposable items are often recycled and have the risk of being used
illegally. Dipping in freshly prepared 1% sodium hypochlorite for 30
min. - one hour, followed by mutilation before disposal should be the
policy adopted for such items.
 Under no circumstances, should heat be used for disposal of
amalgam. The heat will cause mercury to volatize and be released to
the environment. So teeth with amalgam restoration should be
treated by immersion in high-level disinfectant (e.g. Gluteraldehyde)
for 30 min. Treated teeth can then be rinsed.
 Liquid waste generated by the laboratory is either pathological or
chemical in nature. Non-infectious waste should be neutralized with
reagents.
 Liquid infectious waste should be treated with a chemical disinfectant
for contamination and then neutralized.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT LABORATORY
 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
• The waste may be temporarily stored at the central storage area of the hospital and
from there it may be sent in bulk to the site of final disposal once or twice a day
depending upon the quantum of waste. During transportation following points should
be taken care of.
• Ensure that waste bags/containers are properly sealed and labeled.
• Bags should not be filled completely, so that bags can be picked up by the neck again
for further handling. Hand should not be put under the bag. At a time only one bag
should be lifted.
• Manual handling of waste bags should be minimized to reduce the risk of needle prick
injury and infection.
• BMW should be kept only in a specified storage area.
• After removal of the bag, clean the container including the lid with an appropriate
disinfectant.
• Waste bags and containers should be removed daily from wards / OPDs or even
more frequently if needed (as in Operation Theatres, ICUs, labour rooms). Waste bags
should be transported in a covered wheeled containers or large bins in covered trolleys.
• No untreated bio ‐medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours
TRANSPORATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE-
 TRANSPORT TO FINAL DISPOSAL SITE

• Transportation from health care establishment to the site of final disposal

in a closed motor vehicle (truck, tractor‐trolley etc.) is desirable as it
prevents spillage of waste on the way.
• Vehicles used for transport of BMW must have the “Bio‐Hazard” symbol
and these vehicles should not be used for any other purpose.
16. DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
• Deep burial: – Category 1 and 2 only – In cities having less than 5 lakh
population & rural area.
• Autoclave and microwave treatment – Standards for the autoclaving and
microwaving are also mentioned in the Biomedical waste (Management and
Handling) Rules 1998. – All equipment installed/shared should meet these
specifications. – Category 3, 4, 6 and 7 can be treated by these techniques.
• Shredding: – The plastic (I.V. bottles, I.V. sets, syringes, catheters etc.),
sharps (needles, blades, glass etc) should be shredded but only after
chemical treatment/microwaving/autoclaving. – Needle destroyers can be
used for disposal of needles directly without chemical treatment.
 AUTOCLAVE AND MICROWAVE TREATMENT-

The autoclave operates on the standard pressure cooker. The process involves using at
high temperatures.
The steam generated at high temperature penetrates waste material and kills the
entire micro organism.
These are also of three types: Gravity type, pre-vacuum type and Retort type.
In the first type (Gravity type) air is evacuated with the help of gravity alone. The
system operates with temperature of 21 0 C. and steam pressure of 15 psi. for 60-90
minutes.
Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air form the Pre vacuum autoclave system s that
the time cycle is reduced to 30-60 minutes. It operates at about 132OC Retort type
autoclaves are designed much higher steam temperature and pressure. Autoclave
treatment has been recommended for microbiology and biotechnology waste, waste
sharps, soiled and soiled wastes. This technology renders certain categories (mentioned
in the rules) of bio-medical waste innocuous and unrecognizable so that the treated
residue can be land filled.
Microwave Irradiation- The microwave is based on the principle of generation of high
frequency waves. These waves caused the particles within the waste material to
vibrate, generating heat. This heat generated from within kills all pathogens.
 LAND DISPOSAL

Open dumps – Secured/Sanitary landfill: advantages. – The incinerator ash, discarded

medicines, cytotoxic substances and solid chemical waste should be treated by this
option.
 INCINERATION
• A high temperature dry oxidation process, which reduces organic and combustible
waste to inorganic incombustible matter.
• Usually used for the waste that cannot be reused, recycled or disposed of in landfill
site.
• The incinerator should be installed and made operational as per specification under
the BMW rules 1998.
• Certificate may be taken from CPCB/State Pollution Control Board.
• Category 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 can be incinerated.

After Incineration ash to be-

 CHEMICAL METHODS
1% Hydrochloride solution can be used chemical disinfection.

Plasma Pyrolysis- Plasma paralysis is a state of the art technology for safe disposable
of medical waste. It is an environment friendly technology, which converts organic
waste into commercially useful by products. The intense heat generated by the
plasma enables it is dispose all type of waste including municipal solid waste,
biomedical waste and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner. Medical waste
is pyrolysed into CO, H2 and produce a high temperature (around 1200OC).
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE FOR INCINERATION
1. Low heating volume above 2000 Kcal/Kg (8370kJ/Kg) for Starved air incinerators
2. Above 3500 Kcal/Kg (14640kJ/Kg) for Excess air incinerators.
3. Content of combustible matter above 60%.
4. Content of non combustible matter below 50%.
5. Content of non combustible fines below 20%.
6. Moisture content below 30%.
1. Double chamber pyrolytic incinerators --

2. Single chamber furnaces-

 WASTE TYPES NOT TO BE INCINERATED ARE
1. Pressurized gas containers.
2. Large amount of reactive chemical wastes.
3. Silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes.
4. Halogenated plastics such as PVC.
5. Waste with high mercury or cadmium content such as broken
thermometers, used batteries.
6. Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals lead-lined wooden
panels.
7. Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals.
 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES
In India, in view of the serious situation of biomedical waste management,
the Ministry of Environment and Forests, within the Government of India,
ratified the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, in July
1998. The present paper provides a brief description of the biomedical
waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998.
Healthcare waste management should go beyond data compilation,
enforcement of regulations, and acquisition of better equipment. It should
be supported through appropriate education, training, and the commitment
of the healthcare staff and management and healthcare managers within an
effective policy and legislative framework. The waste was quantified based
on random samples collected from each ward. It was found that, although
the Polyclinic in general abides by the prescribed regulations for the
treatment and disposal of biomedical waste, there is a need to further build
the capacity of the Polyclinic and its staff in terms of providing state-of-the-
art facilities and on-going training in order to develop a model biomedical
waste management system in the Polyclinic.
(i) Strict implementation of biomedical waste management rules is the
need of the hour.
(ii) It should be made compulsory for healthcare facilities to get their
healthcare personnel trained from accredited training centers. These
training sessions should not become merely a one-time activity but
should be a continuous process depending upon the patient input in
different healthcare facilities.
(iii) Training of sanitary staff should be specially emphasized, and
(iv) It should be ensured that the injuries happening to the healthcare
personnel are reported to the person in-charge of biomedical waste
management or to the biomedical waste management committee.
 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. For the use of INCINERATION Training should be given to some number
of persons from staff.
2. Specific fund should be allocated for the use of incinerator.
3. Every hospital should have special boxes to use as dustbin for
biomedical waste.
4. Biomedical waste should not be mixed with other waste of Municipal
Corporation.
5. Private hospital should also be allowed to use incinerator, which is
installed, in govt. hospital. For this purpose as specific fee can be
charged from private hospitals.
6. Special vehicle i.e. biomedical waste vehicle should be started to
collect waste from private hospitals and private medical clinics and
carry it up to the main incinerator.
7. As provided by biomedical waste rules, the whole of the waste should
be fragmented into colors due to their hazardous nature.
8. Biomedical waste Management Board can be established in each
District.
9. Either judicial power should be given to the management board of
special court should be established in the matter of enviourment
pollution for imposing fines and awarding damages etc.
10. Housekeeping staff wear protective devices such as gloves, face
mask, gowned, while handling the waste.
11. There is biomedical waste label on waste carry bags and waste carry
trolley and also poster has put on the wall adjacent to the bins (waste)
giving details about the type of waste that has to dispose in the
baggage as per biomedical waste management rule. Carry bags also
have the biohazard symbol on them.
 SAFETY MEASURES
• All the generators of biomedical waste should adopt universal precautions

and appropriate safety measures while handling the bio‐medical waste.

• It should be ensured that: Drivers, collectors and other handlers are aware
of the nature and risk of the waste.
 Written instructions provided regarding the procedures to be adopted in
the event of spillage/ accidents. (page no-13)
 Protective gears provided and instructions regarding their uses are given.
Workers are protected by vaccination against tetanus and hepatitis B
 CONCLUSION
Medical wastes should be classified according to their source, typology and risk factors
associated with their handling, storage and ultimate disposal. The segregation of waste
at source is the key step and reduction, reuse and recycling should be considered in
proper perspectives. We need to consider innovative and radical measures to clean up
the distressing picture of lack of civic concern on the part of hospitals and slackness in
government implementation of bare minimum of rules, as waste generation
particularly biomedical waste imposes increasing direct and indirect costs on society.
The challenge before us, therefore, is to scientifically manage growing quantities of
biomedical waste that go beyond past practices. If we want to protect our environment
and health of community we must sensitize ourselves to this important issue not only
in the interest of health managers but also in the interest of community.
RESULTS: Doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians have better knowledge than
sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management. Knowledge regarding the color
coding and waste segregation at source was found to be better among nurses and
laboratory staff as compared to doctors. Regarding practices related to biomedical
waste management, sanitary staffs were ignorant on all the counts. However, injury
reporting was low across all the groups of health professionals.
REFERENCES—

1. Biorisk Assessment of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories

2. Sharma M (2002): Hospital waste management and its monitoring,

(1 st ed.), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publication.

3. Available from: http.//www.plasticsresource.com. for more

information.

4. Bio medical waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998, Ministry

of
Environment and Forests, Notification, New Delhi, 20th July 1998.

5. Balrampur Hospital, Center for Environment Education, Indira Nagar,

Lucknow, India,

6. Department of Environmental Science, MDS University, Ajmer

305 009( India)
__________________________________________________________