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in
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Dr. Y.N. RAO

.co
LEARN SANSKRIT - - MODULE-46

o
ho
ÉUtkal> - ‘l'œ
l'œ lkar>’
lkar> (PAST IMPERFECT TENSE)

ya
l'œ lkar>’
lkar>

@
1.1. The Past Tense is of three kinds in Sanskrit, viz., ‘l'œ

lu'œ lkar>’
(The Past Imperfect Tense), ‘lu lkar> (The Past Aorist Tense) and

ao
ilqœ lkar>’
‘ilqœ l'œ
lkar> (The Past Perfect Tense). Of these three kinds, the ‘l'œ

lkar>’
nr
lkar> (The Past Imperfect Tense) is the most commonly used Past
ry
Tense in Sanskrit.
cto

1.2. In this Module, let us learn how to use the Pronoun of the
do

%Ämpué;>)
First Person (%Ämpu ;> in Sanskrit in Singular Number in the Past

l'œ lkar>’
lkar> ).
O"

Imperfect Tense (‘l'œ

RA

1.3. The following are the Pronouns of First Person in

Sanskrit:
Ahm! (M/F/N)* = I (Singular)
N.

Aavam! (M/F/N)* = We Two (Dual)

Y.

vym! (M/F/N)* = We Many (Plural)

r.

(M/F/N)* = Common for all the three Genders.

"D

1
 2. The Verb for the Pronoun of First Person in Singular Number

.in
-’ to
in the Past Imperfect Tense is formed by adding the Prefix ‘
the Root-Verb followed by the Suffix ‘--
’,
subject to certain

.co
exceptions.

o
ho
For Example:

ya
Prefix + Root-Verb + Suffix = ?

@
 + Ac!R + 
= AacRm!

ao
 + gCDœ + 
= AgCDm!

nr
ry
3. i³ya>
i³ya> --%Ämpu
%Ämpué;> (ÉU
ÉUtkale) – VERBS -- FIRST PERSON (In
cto

Past Tense):
xatu> @kvcne iÖvcne
iÖvcne b÷vcne
do

Root Verb In Singular In Dual In Plural

Number Number Number
O"

Ahm! = I Aavam! = We two vym! = We many

* *
RA

Ac!R = to worship AacRm!

Aj!R = to earn AajRm! * *

N.

Aqœ = to wander Aaqm! * *

Y.

Anus&/Anusrœ = to Aanusrm! * *

follow
r.

Avéhœ/Avraehœ = to Avaraehm! * *
"D

climb down

2
 As! = to be Aasm! * *

.in
Aa+gm! * *
Aa gm!)/AagCDœ
(Aa AagCDœœ = AagCDm!

.co
to come
Aa+nI * *
Aa nI)/Aany!
(Aa nI Aany! = to AanIym!

o
ho
bring
Aaéhœ/Aaraehœ = to Aaraehm! * *

ya
climb up

@
Aaþe/Aaþy! = to Aaþym! * *

ao
call
#;!/#CDœ = to @eCDm! * *

wish/want nr
ry
%Twa/%Twapy! * *
%Twa %Twapy! = to %dSwapym!
cto

lift
%t!-Swa)/%iÄóœ * *
(%t! Swa %iÄóœ = to %ditóm!
do

stand/get-up/
wake-up
O"

%˜qœ/%˜aqy! = to %˜aqym! * *
RA

open
%pivz! = to sit %paivzm! * *

kw!/kwy! = to tell Akwym! * *

N.

ka'œ]! = to wish Aka'œ]m! * *

Y.

k…p!/k…Py! = to get Ak…Pym! * *

r.

angry
"D

kªj! = to chirp/hum Akªjm! * *

3
 k«/krœ = to do Akrvm! * *

.in
k«;!/k;!R = to Ak;Rm! * *

.co
attract/pull
³Ndœ = to A³Ndm! * *

o
ho
weep/cry
³I/³I[! * *
³I ³I[! = to buy A³I[m!

ya
³Ifœ = to play A³Ifm! * *

@
i]p! = to throw Ai]pm! * *

ao
on! = to dig Aonm! * *

oadœ = to eat Aoadm! nr * *

ry
oel! = to play Aoelm! * *
cto

g[!/g[y! = to Ag[ym! * *
do

count
gm!/gCDœ = to go AgCDm! * *
O"

gj!R = to AgjRm! * *
RA

roar/shout
g&hœ/g&þ‰ = to take Ag&þm! * *

* *
N.

gE/gay! = to sing Agaym!

"&;!/";!R = to rub A";Rm! * *

Y.

ºa/ijº! * *
ºa ijº! = to smell Aijºm!
r.

crœ = to go/move Acrm! * *

"D

4
 cv!R/cvRy! = to chew AcvRym! * *

.in
cl! = to walk Aclm! * *

.co
icNt!/icNty! = to AicNtym! * *

o
think

ho
curœ/caery! = to steal Acaerym! * *

ya
jp! = to mutter Ajpm! * *

@
ij/jy! * *
ij jy! = to Ajym!
conquer

ao
}a/jan! * *
}a jan! = to know Ajanm!

jIv! = to live AjIvm! nr * *

ry
Jvl! = to burn AJvlm! * *
cto

tfœ/tafy! = to Atafym! * *
do

strike/beat
tp! = to heat Atpm! * *
O"

t&;!/t&:y! = to At&:ym! * *
RA

become thirsty
t¨/trœ = to Atrm! * *

cross/overcome
N.

Tyj! = to give ATyjm! * *

Y.

up/let go
taedœ/tudœ = to Atudm! * *
r.
"D

hit/push

5
 dz!/d<z! = to bite Adzm! * *

.in
dhœ = to burn Adhm! * *

.co
da = to give Addam! * *

o
†z!/pZy! = to see ApZym! * *

ho
xav! = to run Axavm! * *

ya
nNdœ = to be AnNdm! * *

@
glad/rejoice

ao
nm! = to Anmm! * *

salute/bow down
ingRm!/ingRCDœ = to AingRCDm! nr * *
ry
come out
cto

inÔ‰/inÔa = to sleep AinÔm! * *

inNdœ = to AinNdm! * *
do

condemn/blame
O"

invs! = to live Ainvsm! * *

inóIv! = to spit NyóIvm! * *

RA

nI/ny! * *
nI ny! = to Anym!
take/take
N.

away/lead
Y.

n&t!/n&Ty! = to AntRm! * *

dance
r.

pc! = to cook Apcm! * *

Apcm!
"D

6
 pQœ = to ApQm! * *

.in
read/study

.co
pt! = to fall Aptm! * *

à+]l!
(à ]l!)/à]aly!
à]aly! = àa]alym! * *

o
ho
to wash/clean
àCDœ/p&CDœ = to ask Ap&CDm! * *

ya
à[m! = to salute Aà[mm! * *

@
àvhœ = to flow Aàvhm! * *

ao
pa/ipb! * *
pa ipb! = to drink Aipbm!

pUj!/pUjy! = to ApUjym! nr * *
ry
worship
cto

bux!/baex! = to Abaexm! * *

understand
do

É]!/É]y! = to eat AÉ]ym! * *

O"

Éj! = to worship AÉjm! * *

ÉU/Év! = to be AÉvm! * *
RA

É&/Érœ = to fill AÉrm! * *

* *
N.

æm! = to roam Aæmm!

iml! = to meet Aimlm! * *

Y.

r]! = to Ar]m! * *
r.

save/protect
"D

7
 rs!/rsy! = to taste Arsym! * *

.in
éhœ/raehœ = to grow Araehm! * *

.co
ilo! = to write Ailom! * *

o
vdœ = to speak Avdm! * *

ho
vp! = to sow Avpm! * *

ya
vs! = to live Avsm! * *

@
vhœ = to flow Avhm! * *

ao
vaÁDœ = to wish AvaÁDm! * *

ivks! = to blossom Aivksm! nr * *

ry
ivz! = to enter Aivzm! * *
cto

z<s! = to praise Az<sm! * *

do

zuc!/zaec! = to Azaecm! * *

suffer/grieve
O"

ïu/z&[! = to Az&[uvm! * *
RA

hear/listen
sax!/saxy! = to Asaxym! * *

accomplish
N.

sUc!/sUcy! = to inform AsUcym! * *

Y.

s&j! = to create As&jm! * *

r.

Sp&z! = to touch ASp&zm! * *

"D

8
 Sm&/Smrœ = to ASmrm! * *

.in
remember

.co
Swa/itóœ * *
Swa itóœ = to Aitóm!
stand/stay

o
Swa/Swapy! * *
Swa Swapy! = to ASwapym!

ho
put/keep

ya
õa = to take a bath Aõam! * *

@
SvIk« = to accept SvIk…rvm! * *

ao
hs! = to laugh Ahsm! * *

ù/hrœ
hrœ = to steal Ahrm! nr * *
ry
cto

4. vaKyàyaeg> (SYNTAX):
do

Ahm! Aasm!, = I was.

O"

aham äsam
RA

Ahm! AÉvm!
AÉvm!, = I was.
N.

aham abhavam
Y.

Ah< devm! AacRm!, = I worshipped the God.

r.

ahaà devam ärcam

"D

9
 Ah< xnm! AajRm!, = I earned the money.

.in
ahaà dhanam ärjam

.co
Ah< )lain AanIym!, = I brought the fruits.

o
ahaà phaläni änéyam

ho
ya
Ahm! AXyynm! Akrvm!, = I studied.
aham adhyayanam akaravam

@
ao
Ah< puStkm! A³I[m!, = I bought the book.
ahaà pustakam akréëam
nr
ry
Ahm! Aaharm! Aoadm!, = I ate the food.
cto

aham ähäram akhädam

do

Ah< êPykai[ Ag[ym!, = I counted the rupees.

O"

ahaà rüpyakäëi agaëayam

RA

Ah< ¢amm! AgCDm!, = I went to the village.

ahaà grämam agaccham
N.

Ah< ganm! Agaym!, = I sang the song.

Y.

ahaà gänam agäyam

r.
"D

10
 Ah< balkm! Atafym!, = I beat the boy.

.in
ahaà bälakam atäòayam

.co
Ah< ³aexm! ATyjm!, = I gave up the anger.

o
ahaà krodham atyajam

ho
ya
Ah< icÇm! ApZym!, = I saw the picture.
ahaà citram apaçyam

@
ao
Ah< balkay )lm! Addam!, = I gave the fruit to the boy.
ahaà bälakäya phalam adadäm
nr
ry
Ah< guém! Anmm!, = I saluted the teacher.
cto

ahaà gurum anamam

do

Ah< raiÇsmye AinÔm!, = I slept in the night time.

O"

ahaà rätrisamaye anidram

RA

Ah< devalye AntRm!, = I danced in the temple.

ahaà devälaye anartam
N.

Ahm! Aaharm! Apcm!, = I cooked the food.

Y.

aham ähäram apacam

r.
"D

11
 Ah< paQm! ApQm!, = I read the lesson.

.in
ahaà päöham apaöham

.co
Ah< ÊGxm! Aipbm!, = I drank the milk.

o
ahaà dugdham apibam

ho
ya
Ahm! %*ane Aæmm!, = I roamed in the garden.
aham udyäne abhramam

@
ao
Ahm! AasNde %paivzm!, = I sat in the chair.
aham äsande upäviçam
nr
ry
Ah< sTym! Avdm!, = I spoke the truth.
cto

ahaà satyam avadam

do

Ah< ganm! Az&[uvm!, = I heard the song.

O"

ahaà gänam açåuëuvam

RA

Ah< àat>kale Aõam!, = I took a bath in the morning.

ahaà prätaùkäle asnäm
N.

Ah< devm! ASmrm!, = I remembered the God.

Y.

ahaà devam asmaram

r.
"D

12
 Ah< bIjm! Avpm!, = I sowed the seed.

.in
ahaà béjam avapam

.co
Ahm! A* say<kale devalye AÉvm!, = I was in the temple today in the evening.

o
aham adya säyaìkäle devälaye abhavam

ho
ya
Ah< leoNya paQm! Ailom!, = I wrote the lesson with the pen.
ahaà lekhanyä päöham alikham

@
ao
Ahm! A* say<kale devalye devm! AacRm!, = I worshipped the God in the

nrtemple today in the evening.

aham adya säyaìkäle devälaye devam ärcam
ry
cto

Ah< mm pirvaray xnm! AajRm!, = I earned the money for my family.

ahaà mama pariväräya dhanam ärjam
do

Ah< iÖci³kya paQzalam! AgCDm!, = I went to the school by bicycle.

O"

ahaà dvicakrikayä päöhaçäläm agaccham

RA

Ah< karyanen ¢amm! AgCDm!, = I went to the village by car.

ahaà kärayänena grämam agaccham
N.

Ah< relyanen pÄnm! AgCDm!, = I went to the city by train.

Y.

ahaà relayänena pattanam agaccham

r.
"D

13
 Ah< ivmanen ivdezm! AgCDm!, = I went to the foreign country by aeroplane.

.in
ahaà vimänena videçam agaccham

.co
Ah< say<kale sÝvadne kayaRlyat! g&hm! AagCDm!, = I came to the home from

o
the office at 7 o' clock in the evening.

ho
ahaà säyaìkäle saptavädane käryälayät gåuham ägaccham

ya
Ah< ý> àat>kale ceÚE pÄnm! AgCDm!, = I went to Chennai City yesterday in

@
ahaà hyaù prätaùkäle cennai pattanam agaccham [the morning.

ao
nr
***
ry
cto

ब – to be continued]
do

[ब
O"
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

14
 A_yas>-
A_yas>-abhyäsaù):
LEARN SANSKRIT--MODULE-46 :: EXERCISE(A_yas>

.in
[NOTE: Please complete this Exercise and keep it with you. The ‘KEY’

.co
for this Exercise will be sent along with the next Module, when you can
verify the Correctness or Otherwise of your Answers!]

o
Q.1. Fill in the blanks in the following table with the suitable Verbal

ho
Forms in Past Imperfect Tense:-
xatu> @kvcne iÖvcne
iÖvcne b÷vcne

ya
Root Verb In Singular In Dual In Plural

@
Number Number Number
Ahm! Aavam! vym!

ao
01. k«/krœ = to do * *

02. g&hœ/g&þ‰ = to take

nr * *
ry
* *
cto

03. da = to give

04. inóIv! = to spit * *

do

05. àCDœ/p&CDœ = to ask * *

O"

06. éhœ/raehœ = to grow * *

* *
RA

07. vaÁDœ = to wish

08. z<s! = to praise * *

N.

09. õa = to take a bath * *

Y.

10. SvIk« = to accept * *

r.
"D

15
 Q.2. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit:-

.in
01. I earned the money.

.co
……………………………………………………………......

o
ho
02. I studied.

ya
……………………………………………………………......

@
03. I ate the food.

ao
……………………………………………………………......

04. I went to the village.

nr
ry
cto

……………………………………………………………......
do

05. I beat the boy.

……………………………………………………………......
O"

06. I gave the fruit to the boy.

RA

……………………………………………………………......
N.

07. I cooked the food.

Y.

……………………………………………………………......
r.

08. I roamed in the garden.

"D

……………………………………………………………......

16
 .in
09. I heard the song.

.co
……………………………………………………………......

10. I sowed the seed.

o
ho
……………………………………………………………......

ya
@
***

ao
nr
ry
cto
do
O"
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

17
 ‘KEY’

.in
A_yas>-
A_yas>-abhyäsaù):
LEARN SANSKRIT--MODULE-45 :: EXERCISE (A_yas>

.co
Q.1. Fill in the blanks in the following table with the suitable Verbal
Forms:-
xatu> @kvcne iÖvcne
iÖvcne b÷vcne

o
ho
Root Verb In Singular In Dual In Plural
Number Number Number

ya
s>(M.S.)=He(That)
s> taE(M.D.)=They(Those)two te(M.P.)=They(Those)many

@;>(M.S.)=He(This)
@;> @taE(M.D.)=They(These)two @te(M.P.)=They(These)many

@
Aym!(M.S.)=He(This) #maE(M.D.)=They(These)two #me(M.P.)=They(These)many

sa(F.S.)=She(That)
sa te(F.D.)=They(Those)two ta>(F.P.)=They(Those)many
ta>

ao
@;a(F.S.)=She(This)
@;a @te(F.D.)=They(These)two @ta>(F.P.)=They(These)many
@ta>
#ym!(F.S.)=She(This) #me(F.D.)=They(These)two #ma>(F.P.)=They(These)many
#ma>
tt!(N.S.)=It(That)

@tt! (N.S.)=It(This) nrte(N.D..)=They(Those)two

@te(N.D..)=They(These)two
tain(N.P.)=They(Those)many
tain
@tain(N.P.)=They(These)many
@tain
ry
#dm!(N.S.)=It(This) #me(N.D..)=They(These)two #main(N.P.)=They(These)many
#main

01. k«/krœ = to do * * kir:yiNt

cto

02. g&hœ/g&þ‰ = to take * * g&þiy:yiNt

do

03. da = to give * * daSyiNt

O"

04. inóIv! = to spit * * inóIiv:yiNt

05. àCDœ/p&CDœ = to ask * * àúyiNt

RA

06. éhœ/raehœ = to grow * * raeih:yiNt

* *
N.

07. vaÁDœ = to wish vaiÁD:yiNt

08. z<s! = to praise * * z<SyiNt

yiNt
Y.

09. õa = to take a bath

* * õaSyaiNt
r.

10. SvIk« = to accept * * SvIkir:yiNt

"D

18
 Q.2. Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit:-

.in
te’]
01. They(Those) many will earn the money. [Use ‘te

.co
te xnm! AijR:yiNt,

o
ho
@te’]
02. They(These) many will study. [Use ‘@te

ya
@te AXyyn< kir:yiNt,

@
#me’]
03. They(These) many will eat the food. [Use ‘#me

ao
#me Aahar< oaid:yiNt,
nr
ry
te’]
04. They(Those) many will go to the village. [Use ‘te
cto

te ¢am< gim:yiNt,
do

@te’]
05. They(These) many will beat the boy. [Use ‘@te
O"

@te balk< tafiy:yiNt,

RA

#me’]
06. They(These) many will give the fruit to the boy. [Use ‘#me

#me balkay )l< daSyiNt,

N.

te’]
Y.

07. They(Those) many will cook the food. [Use ‘te

te Aahar< púyiNt,
r.
"D

19
 @te’]
08. They(These) many will roam in the garden. [Use ‘@te

.in
@te %*ane æim:yiNt,.
æim:yiNt,

.co
#me’]
09. They(These) many will hear the song. [Use ‘#me

o
ho
#me gan< ïae:yiNt,
\#me

ya
te’]
10. They(Those) many will sow the seed. [Use ‘te

@
te bIj< vPSyiNt,

ao
*** nr
ry
cto
do
O"
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

20