Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
The demand for additional gain and bandwidth at high frequency normally presents the need to cascade amplifying
circuits. However cascading technique always has a drawback of shrinking bandwidth. Cascade-cascode amplifier is
hereby modified to have an enhanced bandwidth through the application of negative feedback. Both the simulation
and analysis of the proposed configuration shows significant improvement on the bandwidth.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wideband amplifiers are used in a variety of modern wireless communication systems. Wideband communication is
fundamentally different from all other communication techniques because it employs extremely narrow radio
frequency (RF) pulse to communicate between transmitter and receiver [5]. Utilizing short pulse as building blocks
for communications directly generates a very wide bandwidth and offer several advantages such as large throughput,
robustness to jamming, and coexistence with current radio services [8]. The signal at the receiving end normally
arrives very weak due to channel problem; as such the front-end circuit of the receiver requires an appropriate amplifier
having low noise, appreciable gain and bandwidth [6][10].
Circuits with very wide bandwidth are needed in modern communications for efficient high data rate transfer. The
design of such circuit is one of the challenges faced in radio frequency receivers [4]. Many amplifier topologies have
been proposed so as to satisfy the requirement for gain and bandwidth. Most of the single stage devices in the review
could not satisfy the gain and bandwidth requirements [1][7][9]. Ibrahim et al. (2012) and Othman et al. (2013) adopted
cascaded cascode and a single stage cascode with positive feedback respectively. The work of the last two authors
suffered from bandwidth shrinkage due to cascading adopted by Ibrahim et al. (2012), and the inherent risk of
instability due to positive feedback to get gain in the work of Othman et al. (2013).
In this work, we proposed the application of negative feedback to a cascade cascode connection for front-end use. The
circuit solved the instability problem associated with the work of Othman et al. (2013) as well as modifies the
bandwidth shrinkageof the work of Ibrahim et al. (2012).
2. METHODOLOGY
The cascode configuration consists of common emitter and common base transistor, providing superior bandwidth
and gain performance as compared with traditional common emitter amplifier. Some additional advantages, such as
significantly higher output impedance, improved reverse isolation and drastically reduced miller feedback capacitance
[2], make the cascode configuration a preferred technique for this work. Firstly cascode amplifier is design. Secondly,
the design cascode amplifier is cascaded in two stages. However, cascading technique has drawback of shrinking
bandwidth, as such negative feedback is applied to the cascade cascode in order to improve the frequency response of
the amplifier and to minimize the detrimental effect of cascading.
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝐵𝐵2 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 (2)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol22Issue2/IJRRAS_22_2_05.pdf
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the proposed cascaded-cascode amplifier with negative feedback
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
Figure 7: Small signal equivalent circuit for cascaded-cascode amplifier with negative feedback.
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
From the small signal equivalent circuit of the cascode amplifier we write the current equation at node V1, V2 and Vo,
and we obtained equation (6), (7), and (8). From the nodal equations we get the expressions; equation (9), (10) and
(11) for the voltage gains of the 3- amplifier configurations.
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
+ + + =0 (6)
𝑅𝑠 𝑟1 𝑋𝑐1 𝑋𝑐𝜇
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2
+ 𝑔𝑚 𝑉1 + + − 𝑔𝑚 𝑉2 = 0 (7)
𝑋𝑐𝜇 𝑟1 𝑋𝑐1
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
+ + 𝑔𝑚 𝑉1 = 0 (8)
𝑅𝑐 𝑋𝑐𝜇
2
[−𝐺𝑠 𝑔𝑚 (𝑆𝐶𝜇 –𝑔𝑚 )]
𝐴𝑣 = 2 (10)
[[𝑆𝐶𝜇 (𝑆𝐶𝜇 −𝑔𝑚 )−(𝐺𝑠 +𝑔1 + 𝑆𝐶1 +𝑆𝐶𝜇 )(𝑔1 −𝑔𝑚 +𝑆𝐶1 +𝑆𝐶𝜇 )][𝐺𝑐 + 𝑆𝐶𝜇 ]]
2
[−𝐺𝑠 𝑔𝑚 (𝑆𝐶𝜇 –𝑔𝑚 )]
𝐴𝑣 = 2 (11)
[[𝑆𝐶𝜇 (𝑆𝐶𝜇 −𝑔𝑚 𝐺𝑓 𝑍𝐹 )−(𝐺𝑠 + 𝐺𝐹 +𝑔1 + 𝑆𝐶1 +𝑆𝐶𝜇 )(𝑔1 −𝑔𝑚 +𝑆𝐶1 +𝑆𝐶𝜇 )][𝐺𝑐 + 𝑆𝐶𝜇 ]]
3. RESULT
The simulated and the calculated results of the 3-amplifiers configuration are shown in TABLE I. The gain and the
bandwidth for simulation was obtain from the plot of voltage gain against frequency, while the that of the analysis
were obtain from equation (9) for cascode amplifier, equation (10) for the cascade-cascode amplifier and equation
(11) for the cascaded-cascode amplifier with negative feedback, the gain function for the 3- amplifier configuration
are in equation (12), (13) and (14) respectively. And the the graphs for the simulation and analysis are shown in fig.
8, 9 and 10. The value of the components used in the design are shown below
𝑅𝑠 = 500Ω,𝑅𝐶 = 2.2𝐾Ω,𝑅𝐸 = 450Ω, 𝑅1 = 22𝐾Ω 𝑅2 = 15𝐾Ω 𝑅3 = 7.5𝐾Ω 𝑅𝑓 = 10𝐾Ω,𝑔1 = 5.8 × 10−4 ,𝑔𝑚 =
6.5 × 10−2 , 𝐶1 = 2.5𝑝𝐹 and 𝐶𝜇 = 0.6𝑝𝐹 𝐶1 = 7𝜇𝐹𝐶2 = 7𝜇𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 11𝜇𝐹𝛽𝐹 = 112𝐼𝐶1 = 1.68𝑚𝐴𝐼𝐸1 =
1.7mA𝑉𝐶𝐸1 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸2 = 4.9𝑉 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 9𝑉
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
(a)
40
30
Av (dB)
20
10
0
10 100 1000 10000 1000001000000 1E7 1E8 1E9 1E10 1E11
frequency (Hz)
(b)
Figure 8: Frequency response for cascode amplifier (a) Theoretical (b) Simulated
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
(a)
60
50
40
Av (dB)
30
20
10
0
10 100 1000 10000 1000001000000 1E7 1E8 1E9 1E10 1E11
frequency (Hz)
(b)
Figure 9: Frequency response of cascaded cascode amplifier (a) Theoretical (b) Simulated
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
(a)
50
40
30
Av (dB)
20
10
0
10 100 1000 10000 1000001000000 1E7 1E8 1E9 1E10 1E11
frequency (Hz)
(b)
Figure 10 : Frequency response of cascaded cascode amplifier with negative feedback (a) Theoretical (b) Simulated
4. DISCUSSION
We found that application of negative feedback on the cascaded cascode amplifier enhanced the bandwidth of the
amplifier. It is observed from the simulated and calculated results that while cascading improved the gain of the
amplifier it also has a detrimental effect of shrinking the bandwidth. The application of negative feedback reduces the
accompanying problem of bandwidth shrinkage, suppress channel noise and stabilize gain; as such the amplifier has
great potential for wideband application. Considering the fact that modern wireless communication demand high data
rate and large coverage the circuit can be use in the front-end receiver for WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and RADAR applications.
5. CONCLUSION
The cascaded cascode amplifier with negative feedback is successfully designed and simulated. It is observed from
the simulated and the calculated results, application of negative feedback enhance the bandwidth of the amplifier with
appreciable gain. Higher gain would expand communication distance and wider bandwidth would enhance efficient
data rate transfer.
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IJRRAS 22 (2) ● February 2015 Ali & Aminu ● The Cascaded-Cascode Amplifier Configuration
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