Material Selection

2 - Ashby Method
2.3 - Materials Selection for

best performance
Outline
• Deriving performance indices
• Performance maximizing criteria
• Selection with multiple constraints
Resources:
• M. F. Ashby, “Materials Selection in Mechanical Design” Butterworth Heinemann, 1999
Chapters 5 and 6
• The Cambridge Material Selector (CES) software -- Granta Design, Cambridge
(www.grantadesign.com)
Materials selection and function
Design involves choosing a material, process and part shape

to perform some function.
Function dictates the choice of both materials and shape.
In many cases materials choice is not directly dependent of
shape.
Performance Indices
Function Has a
Each combination of Objective characterising
Constraint material index
FUNCTION Free variable
Tie
OBJECTIVE
Beam
Minimum cost CONSTRAINTS
Shaft Minimum INDEX

weight Stiffness
specified ρ
Maximum energy M=  
Column
storage Strength  σy 
specified
Minimum
environ. impact Fatigue limit
Mechanical, Minimise
Thermal, this!
Geometry
Electrical...
specified
Performance Indices
Performance Indices
Performance Indices
Deriving Performance Indices: Procedure
Identify the attribute to be maximized or minimized

(weight, cost, energy, stiffness, strength, safety,
environmental damage, etc.).
Develop an equation for this attribute in terms of the
functional requirements, the geometry and the material
properties (the objective function).
Identify the free (unspecified) variables.
Identify the constraints; rank them in order of
importance.
Deriving Performance Indices: Procedure
Develop equations for the constraints (no yield; no

fracture; no buckling, maximum heat capacity, cost below
target, etc.).
Substitute for the free variables from the constraints into
the objective function.
Group the variables into three groups: functional
requirements, F, geometry, G, and material properties, M,
thus, we can write:
p = f1(F) f2 (G) f3 (M)
Read off the performance index, expressed as a quantity f3 (M),

to be minimized or maximized.
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie
Strong tie of length L and minimum mass
F F
Area A L
m = mass
A = area
L = length
ρ = density
σ y= yield strength
• Minimize mass, m , of a solid cylindrical tie rod of length L, which

carries a tensile force F with safety factor Sf. The mass is given by:
m=ALρ
where A is the area of the cross-section and ρ is the density.

This is called the Objective Function
• The length L and force F are specified; the radius r is free.
• The section must, however, be sufficient to carry the tensile load F,

requiring that:
F / A = σ f / Sf
where σ f is the failure strength.
• Eliminating A between these two equations gives:

ρ
m = ( Sf F ) ( L ) { ρ / σ f } or m = FL 
 σy 
• Note the form of this result.
• The first bracket contains the functional requirement

that the specified load is safely supported.
• The second bracket contains the specified geometry

(the length of the tie).
• The last bracket contains the material properties.

• We want to minimize the performance, m , while meeting the

functional and geometric requirements.
This means we want the smallest value of { ρ / σ f } or the largest
value of
M = σf / ρ
Ashby defines this latter quantity as the performance index.

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
Objective Minimise mass m
m = mass
A = area
• Length L is specified L = length
Constraints ρ = density
• Must not fail under load F
• Adequate fracture toughness
Free variables • Material choice STEP 1

• Section area A
Identify function, constraints,
objective and free variables

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
Objective Minimise mass m:
m = ALρ (1) m = mass
A = area

• Section area A Define equation for objective
-- the “performance equation”

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
A = area
Equation for constraint on A:
F/A < σ y (2)

• Section area A If the “performance equation”
contains a free variable other
than material, identify the
constraint that limits it

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
A = area
F/A < σ y (2)
Free variables • Material choice

• Section area A; STEP 4
eliminate in (1) using (2): Use this constraint to
eliminate the free variable
ρ in performance equation
m = FL 
 σy 

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
A = area
F/A < σ y (2) STEP 5
Read off the combination
Free variables • Material choice of material properties that
• Section area A; maximise performance
eliminate in (1) using (2):
ρ
m = FL 
 σy 

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
A = area
F/A < σ y (2)
Free variables • Material choice PERFORMANCE

• Section area A; INDEX
eliminate in (1) using (2):
ρ 
ρ 
m = FL  Chose materials with smallest 

 σy  

σ y 
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, stiff tie
Stiff tie of length L and minimum mass

Function Tie-rod
F F
Area A L
A = area
L = length
Constraints Stiffness of the tie S: ρ = density
S = stiffness
EA E = Youngs Modulus
S= (2)
L
Free variables • Material choice

• Section area A; eliminate in (1) using (2):
ρ ρ 
m = SL2   Chose materials with smallest  
E E 
Performance Indices for weight: Tie
Material properties -- Material indices --
the “Physicists” view of materials, e.g. the “Engineers” view of materials
Cost, Cm Objective: minimise mass

Density, ρ
Function Stiffness Strength
Modulus, E
Tension (tie) ρ/E ρ/σ y
Strength, σy
Endurance limit, σe Bending (beam) ρ/E1/2 ρ/σ 2/3
y
Thermal conductivity, λ
Bending (panel) ρ/E 1/3 ρ/σ1/2
y
T- expansion coefficient, α
Minimise these!
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, stiff beam

F
Function Beam (solid square section). b
Objective Minimise mass, m, where: b

m = A L ρ = b2 L ρ
L
Constraint Stiffness of the beam S: m = mass
CEI A = area
S= L = length
L3 ρ ρ = density
I is the second moment of area: b = edge length
S = stiffness
b4 I = second moment of area
I=
12 E = Youngs Modulus
• Material choice.
Free variables
• Edge length b. Combining the equations gives:
1/ 2
 12 S L5   ρ   ρ 
m=   1/ 2  Chose materials with smallest  1/ 2 
 C  E  E 
 
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong beam
F
Function Beam (solid square section). b
Objective Minimise mass, m, where: b

2
m = ALρ = b Lρ
L
Constraint Must not fail under load F
m = mass
M ⋅ b/2  3FL 
σy > =  A = area
I  b3  L = length
I is the second moment of area: ρ = density
b = edge length
b4 I = second moment of area
I= σy = yield strength
12
• Material choice.
Free variables
• Edge length b. Combining the equations gives:
 ρ   ρ 
m = (L)
5/3
(3F)2/3   Chose materials with smallest  2/3 
2/3   σy 
 σy   
Performance Indices for weight: Beam

Density, ρ
Modulus, E
Strength, σy
y
y
Minimise these!
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, stiff panel
Function Panel with given width w and length L F

Minimise mass, m, where w
Objective t
m = ALρ = w t Lρ
L
Constraint Stiffness of the panel S:
m = mass
CEI w = width
S=
L3 L = length
ρ = density
I is the second moment of area: t = thickness
w t3 S = stiffness
I= I = second moment of area
12
E = Youngs Modulus
Free variables • Material choice.

• Panel thickness t. Combining the equations gives:
1/ 3
 12 S w 2   ρ 
m=  L2  1/ 3  Chose materials with smallest  ρ 
 C  E  1/ 3
  E 
Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong panel
Function Panel with given width w and length L F

Minimise mass, m, where w
Objective t
m = ALρ = w t Lρ
L
Constraint Must not fail under load F
m = mass
M ⋅ t/2  3FL 
σy > = 2  w = width
I  wt  L = length
I is the second moment of area: ρ = density
t = thickness
w t3 I = second moment of area
I=
12 σy = yield strength
Free variables • Material choice.

• Panel thickness t. Combining the equations gives:
 ρ   ρ 
m = (3Fw)1/2 (L)3/2  1/2  Chose materials with smallest  1/2 
 σy   σy 
   
Performance Indices for weight: Panel

Density, ρ
Modulus, E
Strength, σy Tension (tie) ρ/E ρ/σ y

y
y
Minimise these!
Optimised selection using charts

F
b
b
FUNCTION
Tie L
OBJECTIVE
Beam
Shaft Minimum INDEX

weight Stiffness
specified  ρ 
M=
E1/ 2 
Column Maximum energy
storage Strength
specified
Minimum
Mechanical, Minimise
Thermal, this!
Geometry
Electrical...
specified
ρ
ρ =C
Index M = 1/2 E 1/ 2
E
1000
Ceramics
E = ρ2/ M2
Young’s modulus E, (GPa)

100 Composites
Log(E ) = 2 Log(ρ) − 2 Log(M)
Woods
10
Metals
1 2
Polymers
0.1
Contours of constant
M are lines of slope 2 Foams Elastomers
on an E-ρ chart 0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Density (Mg/m3)
ρ y = Log (E)
Index M = 1/2
E
1000
Ceramics
E = ρ2/ M2
100 Composites
Woods
10
y= ax+ b
Metals
1 2
x = Log (ρ)
Polymers
0.1
on an E-ρ chart 1 10 100
ρ = 0.1
Log(ρ) = -1 0 1
Density (Mg/m3)
ρ y = Log (E)
Index M = 1/2
E
1000
Ceramics
E = ρ2/ M2

100 Composites
Woods
10
y= ax+ b
Metals
1 2
x = Log (ρ)
Polymers
0.1
b=1
-2Log(M) =1 Foams Elastomers
M = 10-1/2 = 0.31 10
ρ = 0.1 1 100
Log(ρ) = -1 0 1
Density (Mg/m3)
ρ y = Log (E)
Index M = 1/2
E
1000
Ceramics
E = ρ2/ M2
100 Composites
Woods
10
2
y= ax+ b
Metals
1
x = Log (ρ)
b=2 Polymers
-2Log(M) =2
M = 10-1 = 0.1 0.1
Minimising M Foams Elastomers

ρ = 0.1 1 10 100
Log(ρ) = -1 0 1
Density (Mg/m3)
Performance Indices for weight: Stiffness
Function Has a
Each combination of Objective characterising
Constraint material index
FUNCTION Free variable
OBJECTIVE
Minimum INDEX
weight Stiffness
specified
Maximum energy M = [ f (ρ , E )]
storage Strength
specified
Minimum
Minimise
Geometry this!
specified

Density, ρ
Modulus, E
Strength, σy
y
Bending (panel) ρ/E1/3 ρ/σ1/2
y
Minimise these!
ρ ρ ρ
ρ = C =C =C
Index M = 1/2 E 1/ 3
E 1/ 2 E
E
1000
Ceramics
E = ρ2/ M2

100 Composites
Woods
10
1 Metals
1 2 3
Polymers
0.1
on an E-ρ chart 0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Density (Mg/m3)
Performance Indices for weight

Deriving Performance Indices for Cost and Energy
To minimize Cost use the indices for minimum weight,

replacing density ρ by Cρ, where C is the cost per kg.
M = ρ / σf M = Cρ / σf
To minimize Energy use the indices for minimum weight,

replacing density ρ by qρ, where q is the energy content
per kg.
M = ρ / σf M = qρ / σf

Material Selection

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Material Selection

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2 - Ashby Method

2.3 - Materials Selection for

• Deriving performance indices

• Performance maximizing criteria

• Selection with multiple constraints

Design involves choosing a material, process and part shape

Shaft Minimum INDEX

Deriving Performance Indices: Procedure

Identify the attribute to be maximized or minimized

Develop equations for the constraints (no yield; no

Read off the performance index, expressed as a quantity f3 (M),

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

• Minimize mass, m , of a solid cylindrical tie rod of length L, which

where A is the area of the cross-section and ρ is the density.

• The length L and force F are specified; the radius r is free.

• The section must, however, be sufficient to carry the tensile load F,

where σ f is the failure strength.

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie

• Eliminating A between these two equations gives:

• The first bracket contains the functional requirement

• The second bracket contains the specified geometry

• The last bracket contains the material properties.

• We want to minimize the performance, m , while meeting the

Ashby defines this latter quantity as the performance index.

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice STEP 1

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice STEP 2

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice STEP 3

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong tie

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Strong tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice PERFORMANCE

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, stiff tie

Stiff tie of length L and minimum mass

Free variables • Material choice

Material properties -- Material indices --

the “Physicists” view of materials, e.g. the “Engineers” view of materials

Cost, Cm Objective: minimise mass

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, stiff beam

Objective Minimise mass, m, where: b

Objective Minimise mass, m, where: b

Performance Indices for weight: Beam

Material properties -- Material indices --

the “Physicists” view of materials, e.g. the “Engineers” view of materials

Cost, Cm Objective: minimise mass

Function Panel with given width w and length L F

Free variables • Material choice.

Deriving Performance Indices: Light, strong panel

Function Panel with given width w and length L F

Free variables • Material choice.

Material properties -- Material indices --

the “Physicists” view of materials, e.g. the “Engineers” view of materials

Endurance limit, σe Bending (beam) ρ/E1/2 ρ/σ 2/3

Optimised selection using charts

Shaft Minimum INDEX

Young’s modulus E, (GPa)