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TL431, TL431A . . . D PACKAGE TL431, TL431A . . . P, PS, OR PW PACKAGE TL431 . . . DBV PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW) (TOP VIEW) (TOP VIEW)
ANODE
ANODE ANODE
ANODE REF
REF
REF
description/ordering information
The TL431 and TL431A are three-terminal adjustable shunt regulators, with specified thermal stability over
applicable automotive, commercial, and military temperature ranges. The output voltage can be set to any value
between Vref (approximately 2.5 V) and 36 V, with two external resistors (see Figure 17). These devices have
a typical output impedance of 0.2 Ω. Active output circuitry provides a very sharp turn-on characteristic, making
these devices excellent replacements for Zener diodes in many applications, such as onboard regulation,
adjustable power supplies, and switching power supplies.
The TL431C and TL431AC are characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C, and the TL431I and TL431AI are
characterized for operation from –40°C to 85°C.
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.
ORDERING INFORMATION
ORDERABLE TOP-SIDE
TA PACKAGE†
PART NUMBER MARKING‡
TL431CP TL431CP
PDIP (P) Tube of 50
TL431ACP TL431ACP
Tube of 75 TL431CD
TL431C
Reel of 2500 TL431CDR
SOIC (D)
Tube of 75 TL431ACD
431AC
Reel of 2500 TL431ACDR
TL431CPSR T431
SOP (PS) Reel of 2000
TL431ACPSR T431A
Tube of 150 TL431CPW
T431
Reel of 2000 TL431CPWR
0°C to 70°C TSSOP (PW)
Tube of 150 TL431ACPW
T431A
Reel of 2000 TL431ACPWR
SOT-23 (DBV) Reel of 3000 TL431CDBVR T3C_
SOT-89 (PK) Reel of 1000 TL431CPK 43
Bulk of 1000 TL431CLP
Ammo of 2000 TL431CLPM TL431C
Reel of 2000 TL431CLPR
TO 92 (LP)
TO-92
Bulk of 1000 TL431ACLP
Ammo of 2000 TL431ACLPM TL431AC
Reel of 2000 TL431ACLPR
TL431IP TL431IP
PDIP (P) Tube of 50
TL431AIP TL431AIP
Tube of 75 TL431ID
TL431I
Reel of 2500 TL431IDR
SOIC (D)
Tube of 75 TL431ICD
431AI
Reel of 2500 TL431ICDR
–40°C
40°C to 85°C
SOT-23 (DBV) Reel of 3000 TL431IDBVR T3I_
Bulk of 1000 TL431ILP
Ammo of 2000 TL431ILPM TL431I
TO-92 (LP) Reel of 2000 TL431ILPR
Bulk of 1000 TL431AILP
TL431AI
Reel of 2000 TL431AILPR
† Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are
available at www.ti.com/sc/package.
‡ DBV: The actual top-side marking has one additional character that designates the assembly/test site.
symbol
REF
ANODE CATHODE
REF +
_
Vref
ANODE
equivalent schematic†
CATHODE
800 Ω 800 Ω
20 pF
REF
150 Ω
3.28 kΩ 4 kΩ 10 kΩ
2.4 kΩ 7.2 kΩ 20 pF
1 kΩ
800 Ω
ANODE
† All component values are nominal.
absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)†
Cathode voltage, VKA (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 V
Continuous cathode current range, IKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –100 mA to 150 mA
Reference input current range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –50 µA to 10 mA
Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Notes 2 and 4): DBV package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 3): KTP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 4): LP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 4): P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 4): PK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 4): PS package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95°C/W
(see Notes 2 and 4): PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149°C/W
Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150°C
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C
† Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
NOTES: 1. Voltage values are with respect to the ANODE terminal unless otherwise noted.
2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable
ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can affect reliability.
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-5.
4. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.
The deviation parameters Vref(dev) and Iref(dev) are defined as the differences between the maximum and minimum
ǒ Ǔ
values obtained over the recommended temperature range. The average full-range temperature coefficient of the
reference voltage, αVref, is defined as:
Ťa Ť ǒ Ǔ
V I(dev) Maximum Vref
10 6 VI(dev)
V at 25°C
Vref
ppm
°C
+ ref
DTA Minimum Vref
∆TA
where:
∆TA is the recommended operating free-air temperature range of the device.
αVref can be positive or negative, depending on whether minimum Vref or maximum Vref, respectively, occurs at the
lower temperature.
Example: maximum Vref = 2496 mV at 30°C, minimum Vref = 2492 mV at 0°C, Vref = 2495 mV at 25°C,
Ť Ť+ǒ Ǔ
∆TA = 70°C for TL431C
4 mV 10 6
aVref 2495 mV
70°C
[ 23 ppmń°C
Because minimum Vref occurs at the lower temperature, the coefficient is positive.
Calculating Dynamic Impedance
The dynamic impedance is defined as: z KA Ť Ť + DD
KA
V
I
KA
When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 3), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit
Ť Ťǒ ) Ǔ
is given by:
|z | Ȁ+ [
DV z
DI KA
1 R1
R2
Figure 1. Calculating Deviation Parameters and Dynamic Impedance
Input VKA
IKA
Vref
Input VKA
IKA
R1 Iref
R2 Vref
V KA +V ǒ ) Ǔ)
ref 1 R1
R2
I ref R1
Input VKA
Ioff
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 1. Graphs
FIGURE
Reference input voltage vs Free-air temperature 5
Reference input current vs Free-air temperature 6
Cathode current vs Cathode voltage 7, 8
Off-state cathode current vs Free-air temperature 9
Ratio of delta reference voltage to change in cathode voltage vs Free-air temperature 10
Equivalent input noise voltage vs Frequency 11
Equivalent input noise voltage over a 10-second period 12
Small-signal voltage amplification vs Frequency 13
Reference impedance vs Frequency 14
Pulse response 15
Stability boundary conditions 16
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS†
REFERENCE VOLTAGE
vs
REFERENCE CURRENT
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2600 vs
VKA = Vref FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2580 IKA = 10 mA 5
Vref = 2550 mV‡ R1 = 10 kΩ
R2 = ∞
V ref – Reference Voltage – mV
2560
IKA = 10 mA
2540 4
2480
2460 2
2420 1
2400
–75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
0
TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
‡ Data is for devices having the indicated value of Vref at IKA = 10 mA,
TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C
TA = 25°C.
Figure 5 Figure 6
100 600
I KA – Cathode Current – mA
I KA – Cathode Current – µ A
75 Imin
50 400
25
0 200
–25
–50 0
–75
–100 –200
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 –1 0 1 2 3
VKA – Cathode Voltage – V VKA – Cathode Voltage – V
Figure 7 Figure 8
† Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS†
∆V ref / ∆V KA – mV/V
–1.05
1.5
–1.15
1
–1.25
0.5 –1.35
–1.45
0
–75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Figure 9 Figure 10
240 TA = 25°C
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
10 100 1k 10 k 100 k
f – Frequency – Hz
Figure 11
† Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE
OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD
6
5
0
–1
–2
–3
–4 f = 0.1 to 10 Hz
IKA = 10 mA
–5
TA = 25°C
–6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t – Time – s
19.1 V
1 kΩ
500 µF 910 Ω
2000 µF
VCC VCC To Oscilloscope
1 µF
TL431
(DUT) TLE2027
AV = 10 V/mV
+ 22 µF
820 Ω + TLE2027
– 16 kΩ 16 kΩ
16 Ω –
160 kΩ
1 µF 33 kΩ
0.1 µF AV = 2 V/V
33 kΩ
VEE VEE
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION
vs
FREQUENCY
60
IKA = 10 mA
A V – Small-Signal Voltage Amplification – dB
TA = 25°C
50 Output
IKA
15 kΩ 232 Ω
40
9 µF
+
30
–
8.25 kΩ
20 GND
0
1k 10 k 100 k 1M 10 M
f – Frequency – Hz
Figure 13
REFERENCE IMPEDANCE
vs
FREQUENCY
100
IKA = 10 mA
TA = 25°C
|z KA| – Reference Impedance – Ω
1 kΩ
Output
10 IKA
50 Ω
–
+
GND
1
0.1
1k 10 k 100 k 1M 10 M
f – Frequency – Hz
Figure 14
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PULSE RESPONSE
6
TA = 25°C
Input
5
220 Ω
Input and Output Voltage – V
Output
4
Pulse
Generator 50 Ω
3 f = 100 kHz
Output
GND
2
0
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t – Time – µs
Figure 15
B –
70
Stable
60
Stable C
50
A TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVE A
40
30
D IKA
20 R1 = 10 kΩ 150 Ω
10
CL
0 +
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 R2 VBATT
CL – Load Capacitance – µF –
† The areas under the curves represent conditions that may cause the
device to oscillate. For curves B, C, and D, R2 and V+ were adjusted
to establish the initial VKA and IKA conditions with CL = 0. VBATT and
CL then were adjusted to determine the ranges of stability. TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVES B, C, AND D
Figure 16
APPLICATION INFORMATION
R
(see Note A)
VI(BATT) VO
R1
Vref
0.1%
TL431 V
O
ǒ Ǔ
+ 1 ) R1
R2
V ref
R2
0.1%
RETURN
NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at minimum VI(BATT).
VI(BATT)
VO
TL431
Von ≈ 2 V
Input Voff ≈ VI(BATT)
VIT ≈ 2.5 V
GND
VI(BATT)
R
(see Note A) 2N222
2N222
ǒ Ǔ
30 Ω
V
O
+ 1 ) R1
R2
V ref
0.01 µF 4.7 kΩ
TL431 VO
R1
R2
0.1%
0.1%
APPLICATION INFORMATION
VI(BATT)
IN
OUT
ǒ Ǔ
uA7805 VO
Common R1 V + 1 ) R1
O R2
V ref
VI(BATT) VO
R1
V
O
ǒ Ǔ
+ 1 ) R1
R2
V ref
R2 TL431
VI(BATT) VO
R1
TL431
C
(see Note A)
R2
NOTE A: Refer to the stability boundary conditions in Figure 16 to determine allowable values for C.
APPLICATION INFORMATION
IN OUT
VI(BATT) LM317 VO ≈ 5 V, 1.5 A
8.2 kΩ Adjust
243 Ω
0.1%
TL431
243 Ω
0.1%
VI(BATT) VO ≈ 5 V
Rb
(see Note A) 27.4 kΩ
0.1%
TL431
27.4 kΩ
0.1%
12 V
VCC
6.8 kΩ
5V 10 kΩ
–
10 kΩ
+
0.1% TL598
X
TL431 Not
10 kΩ Used
0.1%
Feedback
APPLICATION INFORMATION
R3
(see Note A)
VI(BATT)
R1A R1B
R4
+ 1 ) R1B ǒ Ǔ
ǒ Ǔ
(see Note A)
Low Limit V ref
R2B
High Limit + 1 ) R1A V
TL431
R2A ref
NOTE A: R3 and R4 are selected to provide the desired LED intensity and cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at the available VI(BATT).
650 Ω
12 V
R 2 kΩ
TL431
Delay +R C In ǒ 12 V
12 V V ref* Ǔ
On C
Off
RCL IO
0.1%
VI(BATT) I out + RV ) I ref
CL
KA
R1
R1 + V I(BATT)
TL431 O
h FE
I
)I KA
APPLICATION INFORMATION
VI(BATT)
IO
I
O
+ VR
ref
S
TL431
RS
0.1%
0.400 (10,16)
0.355 (9,00)
8 5
0.280 (7,11)
0.245 (6,22)
1 4
0.065 (1,65)
0.045 (1,14)
0.023 (0,58)
0°–15°
0.015 (0,38)
0.100 (2,54) 0.014 (0,36)
0.008 (0,20)
4040107/C 08/96
4,60 1,60
4,40 1,40
0,40 TYP 1,80 MAX
2,60
4,25 MAX
2,40
0,80 MIN
0,53 MAX
1,50 TYP
4040234 / B 03/95
NO. OF A B
18 17 16 15 14 13 12
TERMINALS
** MIN MAX MIN MAX
0.020 (0,51)
0.010 (0,25)
0.055 (1,40)
0.045 (1,14)
0.045 (1,14)
0.035 (0,89)
4040140 / D 10/96
0.400 (10,60)
0.355 (9,02)
8 5
0.260 (6,60)
0.240 (6,10)
1 4
0.070 (1,78) MAX
0.325 (8,26)
0.020 (0,51) MIN
0.300 (7,62)
0.015 (0,38)
Gage Plane
0.200 (5,08) MAX
Seating Plane
4040082/D 05/98
0,50 0,20 M
0,95 5X
0,30
5 4
0,15 NOM
1,70 3,00
1,50 2,60
1 3
Gage Plane
3,00
2,80
0,25
0°–8° 0,55
0,35
Seating Plane
1,45
0,05 MIN 0,10
0,95
4073253-4/G 01/02
0.080 (2,03)
0.243 (6,17)
0.070 (1,78)
0.233 (5,91)
0.228 (5,79) 0.050 (1,27)
0.218 (5,54) 0.040 (1,02)
Thermal Tab
0.215 (5,46) (See Note C)
0.287 (7,29)
NOM 0.247 (6,27) 0.277 (7,03)
0.237 (6,02)
0.381 (9,68)
0.371 (9,42)
0.100 (2,54)
0.090 (2,29)
0.032 (0,81) MAX
Seating Plane
0.090 (2,29) 0.004 (0,10)
0.031 (0,79) 0.005 (0,13)
0.025 (0,63) 0.001 (0,02)
0.180 (4,57)
0.010 (0,25) M
0.047 (1,19)
0.010 (0,25) NOM
0.037 (0,94)
Gage Plane
0.010 (0,25)
2°–ā6°
4073388/M 01/02
0.020 (0,51)
0.050 (1,27) 0.010 (0,25)
0.014 (0,35)
8 5
Gage Plane
1 4 0.010 (0,25)
A 0°– 8°
0.044 (1,12)
0.016 (0,40)
Seating Plane
0.010 (0,25)
0.069 (1,75) MAX 0.004 (0,10)
0.004 (0,10)
PINS **
8 14 16
DIM
4040047/E 09/01
0.210 (5,34)
0.170 (4,32)
Seating
Plane
0.157 (4,00) MAX
0.050 (1,27)
C
0.105 (2,67)
0.095 (2,41)
0.055 (1,40)
0.045 (1,14)
1 2 3
0.539 (13,70)
0.460 (11,70)
1.260 (32,00)
0.905 (23,00)
0.650 (16,50)
0.020 (0,50) MIN
0.610 (15,50) 0.098 (2,50)
0.384 (9,75)
0.335 (8,50)
0.114 (2,90)
0.094 (2,40)
0.114 (2,90) 0.169 (4,30)
DIA
0.094 (2,40) 0.146 (3,70)
0.266 (6,75)
0.234 (5,95)
0.512 (13,00)
0.488 (12,40)
0,30
0,65 0,10 M
0,19
14 8
0,15 NOM
4,50 6,60
4,30 6,20
Gage Plane
0,25
1 7
0°– 8°
A 0,75
0,50
Seating Plane
PINS **
8 14 16 20 24 28
DIM
4040064/F 01/97
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