9th grade

Grammar

Unit1

All about me

Affirmative
Subject to have past participle
She has visited / seen
Negative
Subject to have+ not past participle
She has not (hasn’t) visited/ seen
Interrogative
to have Subject past participle
Has she visited/ seen
Negative interrogative
to have + not Subject past participle
Hasn’t she visited/ seen

The present perfect is used to describe

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues up to now: l have lived in the Gobi since 1994
(= and I still do)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished: She has been to the cinema twice this week
(=and the week isn’t over yet.) I have worked hard this week. We haven’t seen her today.
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now: We have visited Russia three times.
We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
 An action when the time is no important. He has read ‘War’ and Peace’, (=the result of his reading is
important)
 When the precise time of the action is not important or not known: Someone has eaten my soup? Have you
seen ‘Gone with the Wind’?
 Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past.

Used to (all forms)

We use used to + verb infinitive when we talk about a habit or state in the past. It is used only in the pas simple
tense.

Example I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn’t.

I didn’t use to like him but now I do.

She used to have really long hair but she’s had it all cut off.
 used to + infinitive
Affirmative I used to ride a bike to school every day.
Negative I didn’t use to ride a bike to school. I would normally go by bus.
Interrogative What did you use to do after school when you were a kid?
Yes/ No Did you use to ride a bike to school when you were a child?
Yes, I did No, I didn’t

9th grade

Grammar

Unit 2 At school

Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two object they modify.

- My house is larger than hers

- This box is smaller than the one I lost
- Your dog runs faster than Jun’s dog.

Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used on sentences where a subject is compared to a group of object

-My house is the largest one in our neighborhood

-This is the smallest box I’ve ever seen
-Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

The form depends on the number of syllables in the original adjective

One or two syllable adjectives

Add –er for the comparative and – est for the superlative.

tall taller tallest

fat fatter fattest
happy happier happiest
simple simpler simplest

Three or more syllable adjectives

Adjectives with three or more syllables from the comparative by putting more before the adjective, and the
superlative by putting most before the adjective.
 Adjectives Comparatives superlatives
important More important The most important
expensive More expensive The most expensive

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Adjectives Comparatives Superlatives

Good better best
Bad Worse worst
Little Less least
Much More most
Far Further/ farther Furthest/ farthest

Would / could for politeness

Would/ could are used in polite requests and offers. It often acts asa softer form of will and can.
I would happily do some housework for you.
Would I have free time?
Could I borrow your pen?
Needn’t for a lack of necessity

To express lack of necessity spakers usually use don’t have to, don’t need to, needn’t.

He needn’t get up early it isn’t necessary to take your umbrella.

It isn’t raining

Should and ought to for obligation

When we want to talk about obligations we express the right thing to do.

You shouldn’t/ ought not to leave lights on when you leave the room.

We use ought to express the view that something is the right thing to do, because it’s morally correct, polite, or
someone’s duty.

You ought to admit that you made a mistake.

You ought to finish your homework before you watch TV.

Should

Should is used to talk about what we think is the right or correct thing to do, especially from the point of view of
duty or appropriateness.

Children shouldn’t be allowed to watch TV too much.

9th grade

Grammar

Unit 3 Sports and fitness

Reported statements

A direct speech is used with quotation marks: ‘I like playing sports’.

A reported speech in used when we report what the speaker said: He said he liked playing sports. The tenses, word-
order, pronouns are different from those in the direct speech sentence.

We change the tenses in the following way:

 Present simple – past simple

“I never understand you, “she told me. – she told me she never understood me.

“We are doing exercises,’’ he explained.- He explained that they were doing exercises.

 Present perfect – past perfect

“I have been waiting since the morning, “he complained . –He complained that he had been waiting since
the morning.

 Past – past perfect

“ She went to Rome, “I thought that she had she had gone to Rome.

Reported commands

“Sit down” – The teacher told them to sit down

“Drink a lot of tea” – He told us to drink a lot of tea.
“Don’t go to bed” – He forbid me not to go to bed
Play/ do/ go

We use the verbs play, do and go with sports and activities.

Verbs Explanations Sports/activities

Sports with teams, rules and competitions or tournaments that need a ball or similar Badminton
object Basketball
play  two people can play a game of tennis Football
 You need a team to play football Golf
Rugby
Tennis etc.
The name of the activity is the gerund form of the verb (- ing). It implies that we go Camping
somewhere to practice this sport. Dancing
 To camp – go camping Hiking
Go We often of camping in the summer. Horse- riding
 To swim – go swimming Sailing
Many children like to go swimming Swimming etc.
 All other recreational activities and with individuals, not team sports in which a ball is Aerobics
not used. Athletics
 All classes do gymnastics at school Gymnastics
Do  Sophie does yoga with a group of friends Judo
Karate
Yoga etc.

9th grade

Grammar

Unit 4 Clothes

Order of adjectives
We often have two adjectives before a noun: a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog

Adjectives usually come in this order:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
opinion size shape age color nationality material purpose
beautiful wide long new blue indian silk scarf

We don’t usually have a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually described by one, two or
three adjectives at the most.

bought some charming Victorian silver ornaments at the market

Present passive

Affirmative form Object + am/ is/ are + verb (past participle)

By + agent
Question form Am/is/are + object+(past participle)?

Active: The gardener waters the flowers every evening.

Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening
Active: who sells umbrellas?
Passive: who are umbrellas sold by?
Active: My mother doesn’t paint the walls
Passive: The walls aren’t painted by my mother.