Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
b O a
Q R
R
q a
O P
P Q R
=
sin a = sin b sin g
The resultant force is given by,
PROJECTILES
R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos q
Important equations used in projectiles are listed below.
Direction of the resultant force can be determined as below: 1. The time of flight t of a projectile on a horizontal plane is
Q sin q given by
tan a = P + Q cos q
2 u sin a
t=
where a is the angle between the resultant force of force P. g
TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES 2. Horizontal range (R) of a projectile is given by
u 2 sin 2a
R=
g
® ®
R Q Maximum range is at
® ® ®
R = P+Q 2a =90°
Þ a =45°
®
P
u2
Rmax =
POLYGON LAW OF FORCES g
® ® ® ® ®
R = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 ANGULAR VELOCITY
D
dq
P4
P3
w=
dt
E
C 2p N
w= rad/s
60
R
P2
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
A P1 B
dw
a=
dt
2
RELATIONSHI P BETWEEN CIR CULAR AND and
LINEAR MOTION frequency of the oscillation
When a body moves in a circular path from point A to B as shown
1 1
in Figure. n= = g/L .
B t P 2p
S
Closely Coiled Helical Spring
q
O r A
S = rq A A
x
dS d (r q) dq
= =r B B
dt dt dt
dq m
v=r = rw Periodic Time tP = 2p
dt K
dv d (r w ) dw if d is the deflection of the spring is given by
= =r = ra
dt dt dt mg m
d= Þ = d/g
a = ra K K
These are two components of acceleration tangential and normal Þ t P = 2p d / g
acceleration
at = r a 1 1
Frequency of the oscillation n = = g / d Hz.
t P 2p
v 2 (r w)2
an = = = r w2
r r If the mass of the spring m1 is also taken into consideration then
The total acceleration a t0t is the vector sum of the two
components. 1 K
n=
2p m + m1 / 3
a tot = a 2t + a n2
COMPOUND PENDULUM
a tot = (r a ) + (r w )
2 2 2
SIMPLE PENDULUM
G
O q
A w = mg
q L
l A B C Pl
l d=
AE
q
r
P
Elongation of a tapered bar subjected to axial load P
Body 4 PL
d1 P d2 d=
p d1d 2 E
The periodic time is given by
2p K l gL2
tP = Elongation of a prismatic bar under its self weight =
r g 2E
g = self weight per unit volume
and frequency of oscillation
1 r
n = t = 2p K g/l L
P
where d
r = Distance of each wire from the axis of body gL2
K = radius of gyration Elongation of a conical bar under its self weight =
6E
l = length of each wire
STRA IN
INELASTIC BODIES Consider a rod of length Lo subjected to load P
The losts of Kinetic energy (EL) during impact of inelastic bodies
is given by
m1 × m 2 P P
ELoss = (u1 - u 2 )2
2 (m1 + m 2 )
where Lo
m1 = mass of the first body
Lf
m2 = mass of the second body
u1 and u2 are the velocities of the first and second bodies
respectively. DL L f - L o
In case both bodies are elastic bodies the Energy Loss during the elong = e x = =
Lo Lo
impact is given by
m1 × m 2 D d -( d o - d f )
ELoss = (u1 - u 2 )2 (1 - e2 ) elateral = e y = e z = =
2 (m1 + m 2 ) d do
where e = Coefficient of Restitution. dV
Coefficient of Restitution is the ratio of relative velocities of the eV = = ex + e y + ez
bodies after impact and before the impact. V
Relationship Between Elastic Constants
v 2 - v1
e = E = 2G(1 + m)
u1 - u 2
E = 3K(1 – 2m)
4
Module:
7
æ cos 2q ö MR 2
FI =FR = m × w2 × r ç cos q + IM =
è n ÷ø 2
where q = angle made by the crank. M : mass of ring
Tractive Force: R : radius of ring
FT = (1 – C) mw2 × r (cos q – sin q) Solid Cylinder
where m = mass of the reciprocating parts MR 2
w = angular velocity of crank IM =
2
r = radius of crank M : mass of solid cylinder
C = fraction of balanced reciprocating mass R : radius of cylinder
FTmax or FTmin occurs when q = 135° or 315° Linear Springs
FTmax = 2 (1 – C) mw2 r F = kx
where F : force applied
8
x : deflection Transverse Vibrations in Beams
k : spring constant / stiffness
mgL3 ìCantilever subjected to concentrated ü
D= í ý
For a linear spring, 3 EI îload at free end. þ
1
Potential Energy = kx2
2
Linear Torsion Spring
t (q) = Kt q
DESIGN
t : moment Bearing stress or crushing stress:
q : angular deformation of spring P
PE (Potential Energy) of a torsion spring is sb or sc =
d ×t×n
1
PE = Kt q2 where d
= diameter of the rivet
2
t
= thickness of the plate
Combination of Springs
d× t
= projected area of the rivet
(i) Springs in Series n
= no. of rivets per pitch length in bearing or
1 1 1 crushing.
= +
k eq k1 k 2 Bearing Pressure:
k1 k 2 P P
Þ k eq = Pb = =
k1 + k 2 A ld
Torsional load:
2
1 æs ö s 16T
Gerber Method = ç m ÷ ´ F.S. + v t= N/m2 for solid shaft
F.S. è s u ø se p d3
valid for ductile where d = shaft diameter in m
material T = torsional moment in N-m
Bending load:
1 s s
Goodman Method = m + v 32 M
F.S. s u se sb = for solid shaft
p d3
sy where sb = bending stress
1 s
Soderberg Method = m + and for a hollow shaft
F.S. s y se
32 M
sb =
2 2 é æ d ö4 ù
æ sy ö æ sm ö
Elliptic Method çç F.S. ´ ÷÷ + çç F.S. ´ ÷ =1 p do 1 - ç i ÷ ú
3 ê
se s ÷ ê è do ø ú
è ø è y ø ë û
s max + s min
where sm = mean stress = Lewis Equation
2
su = ultimate stress My
Maximum value of bending stress = sw =
se = endurable limit for reverse loading stress I
where M is maximum bending moment (i.e. at BC)
s max - s min M = Ft ´ h
sv = variable stress =
2
M
sy = yield point stress Ft =
h
F.S. = Factor of safety
Barth Formula:
Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of the sw = so ´ Cv
where Cv = velocity factor
threads during its tightening: Value of torsional shear stress is
10