Popov Rogl Rozanov 2004 Lithological Paleogeographic Maps of Paratethys Unknown PDF

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CFS
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
40 Ma
Popov, S. v., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A. Y., Steininger, F. F.,

Shcherba, I. G. & Kovac, M. (Eds)
Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys
10 maps Late Eocene to Pliocene
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (CFS)
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F r a n k f u r t am Main
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Titelbild: The world at Middle Eocene Times and the beginning of t h e Paratethys Realm
(POPOV et al., this volume)
Herausgeber des Sergej Valentinovich POPOV & A. Y. ROZANOV, Paleontological Institut RAS, Profsoyuznaya 123,
vorliegenden Bandes: 117868 Moscow, Russland, serg.pop@mail.ru; Fred ROGL, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien,
B u r g r i n g 7, A-1014 Wien, Osterreich; Fritz F. STEININGER, Forschungsinstitut und N a t u r m u s e u m
Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt; Irina Georgievna SHCHKRBA,
GEON-Centre of Geophysical and Geoecological Research, Tectonic Laboratory,
Chistiy per. 4, Str. 1, 119034 Moscow, Russland; Michal KOVAC, Comenius University,
Dept. of geology aitd paleontology, Faculty of Sciences, Mlynska dolina G,
842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
Paleontological Institut RAS, Moscow
Herstellung: Senckenbergische N a t u r f o r s c h e n d e Gesellschaft (SNG), Senckenberganlage 25,

D-60325 F r a n k f u r t am Main
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ISBN 3-510-61370-8
Frankfurt a. M., 16. 09. 2004
Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Y., Steininger,

F. F., Shcherba, I. G. & Kovac, M. (Eds)

10 Maps Late Eocene to Pliocene
Partly sponsored by European Science Foundation

Preface
The encompassing aim of the European Science Foundation Programm "Environments and Ecosystem Dynamics of
the Eurasian Neogene (EEDEN), is the detailed analysis of the response of terrestrial ecosystems to environmental
change through the integration of multidisciplinary studies focussing on some selected, already fairly well-known
"high-resolution" time intervals in the Neogene of the Eurasian realm. These intervals are known to (a) include major
changes in the composition of terrestrial communities, (b) portray large-scale palaeogeographical reorganizations and
changes in overall environmental conditions in the terrestrial realm and (c) allow the establishment of high-resolution
stratigraphic correlations with data and interpretations pertaining to regional and global aspects of the coeval devel-
opment of marine environments. They cover (1) the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene (HRI 1 : 7 - 4 Ma ago), (2) the
latest Middle Miocene to early Late Miocene (HRI 2: 12 - 8.5 Ma ago) and (3) the late Early to early Middle Miocene
(HRI 3: 1 7 - 14 Ma ago).
The research strategy of the EEDEN - programm was realized through three corresponding, internally comprehensive,
but mutually complementary and overlapping programme components. These are the terrestrial database component,
the time-stratigraphic / palaeogeographic component, and the palaeobiological component.
One of the fundamental components, the time-stratigraphic / palaeogeographic component, needs to incorporate
the latest dates available to reconstruct the paleogeographic / palinstastic evolution of the Tethys / Mediterranean
and the Paratethys realms and to incorporate all these results in a continous sequence paleogeographic maps. Such
paleogeographic / palinstastic maps as they are published here are the base for the goals of the EEDEN programm to
reconstruct the Environments and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Eurasian Neogene. This new paleogeographic atlas is
the continuation of earlier works within the last decade presented by DERCOURT et al. 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 9 3 , 2 0 0 0 ; H A M O R (Ed.)
1 9 8 8 ; KOVAC 2 0 0 2 ; R O G L 1 9 9 8 ; R O G L & STEININGER 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 8 4 ; SENES 1 9 6 0 ; STEININGER & R O G L 1 9 8 2 , 1 9 8 4 ; STEININGER
e t a l . 1 9 8 5 ; ZIEGLER 1 9 9 0 .
We are grateful to the European Science Foundation and the Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, which
have sponsored the publication of these paleogeographic maps within the EEDEN Programm.
Fritz F. Steininger
Frankfurt am Main, Oktober 2004
Contents
Introduction 1
POPOV, S . V . , SHCHERBA, I . G . & STOLYAROV, A . S . : Mapl: Late Eocene (Priabonian - Beloglinian) 3
I. G . &
POPOV, S . V . , SHCHERBA, STOLYAROV, A . S . : Map 2: Early Oligocene (Early Rupelian,
Early Kiscellian - Pschekhian) 7
POPOV, S . V., SHCHERBA, I. G. & STOLYAROV, A. S.: Map 3: Late Oligocene (Chattian - Egerian - Kalmykian) 11
POPOV, S. V., SHCHERBA, I. G. & STOLYAROV, A. S.: Map 4: Early Miocene (Burdigalian, Eggenburgian,
Sakaraulian) 15
GONCHAROVA, I. G . , SHCHERBA, I. G . & KHONDKARIAN, S. O.: Map 5: Early Middle Miocene

(Langhian, Early Badenian Chokrakian) 19
G. & KHONDKARIAN, S .
ILYINA, L . B . , SHCHERBA, I . O. & Goncharova, I. A . : Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene
(Middle Serravallian, Late Badenian, Konkian) 23
PARAMONOVA, N . P . , SHCHERBA, I . G . & KHONDKARIAN, S . O . : Map 7: Late Middle Miocene

(Late Seravallian, Sarmatian s.s., Middle Sarmatian s.l.) 27
ILYINA, L. B . , SHCHERBA, I . G . & KHONDKARIAN, S. O . : Map 8: Mid Late Miocene (Late Tortonian - Early
Messinian - Early Maeotian - Late Pannonian) 31
KHONDKARIAN, S . O., SHCHERBA, I. G. & POPOV, S . V.: Map 9: Latest Miocene (Late Messinian,
Early Pontian - Late Pannonian) 35
KHONDKARIAN, S. O., PARAMONOVA, N. P . & SHCHERBA, I. G.: MAP 10: Middle Late Pliocene
(Piacentian - Gelasian, Late Romanian, Akchagilian) 39
References 42
Annex: Lithological-Paleogeographic maps (1-10) of Paratethys

Introduction
The fundamental reorganization of the Tethyan Realm in the Cenozoic was caused by the African / Apulian / Arabian
- Eurasian continent - continent collision starting during the Eocene. This resulted in the uplift and emergence of
the evolving Alpine chains from the Pyrenees in the west to the Lesser Caucasus - Elburz - Kopetdagh island arcs
in the east. With respect to paleogeography, the collision resulted in the break-up of the Tethyan Realm into southern
(circum - Mediterranean) and northern (Paratethyan) domains, as well as in their strong fragmentation and an increase
in biogeographical differentiation in the course of time. From the Oligocene onward the northern domain became subject
to recurrent isolation from the Mediterranean and the world ocean.
The post-collision paleogeography and evolution of the Paratethys area from the fore-Alpine region to the Tien-
Shan and Kopetdagh are portrayed by means of ten 1 : 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 maps covering the late Eocene (Priabonian), Oligocene
(2 maps), Miocene (6 maps) and late Pliocene. Each map was constructed as a palinspastic map on the relevant geo-
dynamic base ( 1 : 2 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 ) . Integrated biogeographical approach was relevant for palinspastic reconstructions of
the active Alpine Fold Belt, where the influence of plate tectonics was too severe and nap tectonics occur. The key
information on the restoration of land bridges, marine straits and gulfs was achieved from paleobiogeographical data,
since geodynamical events can hardly be reconstructed other than by the means of the areal distribution patterns of
main fossil groups.
Within the last decade several paleogeographic / palinspastic reconstructions of the Tethys and Paratethys have
been presented (DERCOURT et al. 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 9 3 , 2 0 0 0 ; ROGL 1 9 9 8 . Previous paleogeographic researches of the Paratethys
area were very schematic ( S E N E S 1 9 6 1 ; STEININGER, ROGL 1 9 8 4 ; ROGL 1 9 9 8 ) or concerned some parts of the Paratethys
only (VINOGRADOV 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 6 9 ; HAMOR (ed.) 1 9 8 8 ; ZIEGLER 1 9 9 0 ; KOVAC 2 0 0 2 ) . One major weakness of these recon-
structions was the incorporation of insufficient and incorrect data on the eastern Paratethys regions. Publications on
paleogeography of the vast regions of the Transcaspia (Turan Plate, Kazakhstan, West Siberia), folded zones of the
Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Kopetdagh, Tien-Shan and Pamir are very rare - even in Russian - and thus inacces-
sible for worldwide usage. More detailed summary works ("Atlas..." 1961, 1967) - were compiled 40 years ago, and
they were based on a static picture of sediment / facies distribution. During the last decades abundant geophysical and
borehole data on unexposed strata have been collected, and mobilistic ideas, slope-slip process analysis, and methods
of palinspastic reconstructions were applied.
Compilators of the Paratethys maps are a team of paleontologists, stratigraphers, lithologist, tectonist, which had
formed during the work on "Neogene paleogeographic Atlas of Central and Eastern Europe". A more detailed set of
Paratethys maps were elaborated within the framework of the Peri-Tethys Programme ( 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 8 , grant 2 5 PTP, leader
S.V. POPOV), but the published results (HAMOR et al., 1 9 8 8 ; DERCOURT 2 0 0 0 ) do not reflect the entire set of collected
informations. I . G . SHCHERBA was tectonic curator for all maps. The detailed paleogeographic reconstructions of the
north Black Sea area, Ciscaucasia, Volga - Don, and Mangyshlak, prepared by lithologist A.S. STOLYAROV, have served
as a base for the Late Eocene, Oligocene, and Early Miocene Paratethys maps. All Neogene maps in the Transcaspian
part have been compiled by S.O. KHONDKARIAN, a geologist from "Aerogeologia". Malacologists and stratigraphers
from the Paleontological Institute RAS were curators of the maps: S.V. POPOV (maps 1 - 4 ) , I.A. GONCHAROVA (map 5 ) ,
L.B. ILYINA (maps 6,8), N . P . PARAMONOVA (maps 7 , 1 0 ) . Regional co-authors of the maps are Ju.I. IOSTFOVA (Paleo-Don),
M. KOVAC (West Carpathians), A. NAGYMAROSY, I . MAGYAR (Pannonian Basin), T.V. JAKUBOVSKAJA (Belorus), T . N . P I N -
CHUK (Cis-Caucasia), G . POPESCU, A. Rusu (Transylvania, S.Carpathians), B . I . PINKHASOV (Turan area for the Paleogene
maps), F . ROGL (Hellenids, fore-Alpine Basin), A.V. ZAJTSEV (Paleo-Donets), and A.S. ZASTROZHNOV (Paleo-Don). Drafts
for the Black Sea depressions were adapted from D.A. TUGOLESOV et al. ( 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 9 3 ) . Palinspastic reconstructions for
the title-pages were compiled by S.V. POPOV and I . G . SHCHERBA in collaboration with K . G U R S (north-west Europe),
M. KOVAC (Alpine-Carpathian part), V.A. KRASHENINNIKOV (North Arabia), and I.A. GONCHAROVA (map 5 ) . Computer
versions of the Paratethys maps and reconstructions were compiled by E.S. POPOVA.
Our paleogeographic research was additionally supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research
(grant 0 4 - 0 5 - 6 4 4 5 9 ) and sponsored by the Hans Raussing Foundation.
Publishing of maps in Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg became possible through the courtesy of
Prof. F . F . STEININGER, technical handling was done by P. KONIGSHOF.
1
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg | 250 | 5-13 Frankfurt a. M., 16. 09. 2004
Map 1: Late Eocene

(PRIABONIAN - BELOGLINIAN) 37-34 Ma
Compiled by: S. V. POPOV, I. G. SHCHERBA & A. S . STOLYAROV
Co-authors: K . CJORS, M . KOVAC, V. A. KJRASHENINNIKOV, A. NAGYMAROSY, B . I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A. Rusu
WEST SIBERIAN SEA

FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH KAZAKHSTANIAN
HIGH
RUSSIAN
LAND TURGA:
IRISH
STRAIT
WELSH- TIENSH)
ANGIIA
TARIM
[7\ HIGH
FERGAN-
BAY BOHEMIAN
OF BISCAY HIGH
DH SCYTH/AN
IE-CARPA1
BASIN
NORTH
MOES1AN
PAMIR
LAND ,
LAND
PONTIAN CENTRAL *
LAND^- PAMIR LOWLAND
APULIAN
ANATOL
LAM
CENTRAL IRAN
&ASJW-1
TAURUS
ATLAS LAND — BASIN AFGHANISTAN
HIGH V {LAND I
;RRANEAN
MESOPOTAM
SIRT L
BASIN
A - AndrusovSwetl-^,.
ALB - Alboran Land
CAL - Calabria
DH- Donets High
EBD - Eastern Black Sea
Depression
KAB - Kabilia AFRICA
LC - Lesser Caucasus ARABIA
-MC- Massif Central
PEL^PetefltaoianLand
Rh - RhodopeHigfi -
OCEAN
Sh - Shatsky Swell
WBD - Western Black Sea
Depression
Corresponding author: Sergej Valcntinovich POPOV, Paleontological Institut RAS, Profsoyuznaya 123, 1 17868 Moscow, Russland, serg. pop@mail.ru
POPOV et al.: Late Eocene (Priabonian - Beloglinian) 37-34 Ma
Map 1: Late Eocene The vast West Siberian Sea was an effective barrier for
(PRIABONIAN - BELOGLINIAN) the Asian terrestrial vertebrate invasions. Marine connec-
tion of this sea with the Arctic Basin had been lost before
Late Eocene time.
Time slice definition and biochronology
The mapped interval includes the entire Priabonian: the Alpine - Carpathian Basin
Globigerapsis semiinvoluta - Globorotalia centralis
(P15-17) planktic foraminifer zones, the Chiasmolithus The deep-water part of the Paleogene Alpine-Carpathian
oamaruensis - Sphenolithus pseudoradians (NP18-20) Basin represented a system of deep troughs of the Rhe-
and the lower part of the Coccolithus subdistihus (NP21) nodanubian - Magura zone and the Crosno - Moldavian
calcareous nannoplankton zones, the Charlesdowniella zone (the Dukla, Silesian, Subsilesian, Skiba, Tarcau, etc.
clathrata angulosa dinocyst zone, and the Nummulites troughs), situated to the northeast, separated in the southern
fabiani and ,V. radiatus zones. The corresponding numeri- areas by highs (cordilleras) that occasionally overhung
cal ages for the lower and upper limits of the interval are as emergent islands the water. Flysch sediments of small
about 37 and 34 Ma, respectively (according to BERGGREN thickness accumulating in these troughs were penetrated
et al. 1995). by thick sandy cones and turbidity currents from the cordil-
leras and adjacent platform. Toward the second half of the
The mapped interval for the Central Paratethys includes
Late Eocene, the bottom topography in the central areas of
the nummulitic limestones, the Bryozoa and Buda Marls
the Alpine-Carpathian Basin was partly flattened by sedi-
of the Hungarian Paleogene Basin, based on nummulites,
ments and carbonate sedimentation took place (Sheshory
planktic foraminifer and nannoplankton data. The Cluj
marly deposition). The flysch basin in the Carpathians was
Limestone and the Braby Marl of Transylvania are cor-
about 200-500 km wide (e.g. BALDI 1986, KOVAC et al.
related with the Priabonian, based on the same groups.
2002), but towards the end of the Late Eocene, sediments
Flysch deposits (up to 1500 m thickness) and the lower
in the southern areas of the flysch basin began to fold as
part of the Sheshory Marl have a Priabonian age in the Fly-
a result of drift of the East Alpine - Western Carpathian
sch Carpathians, based on the presence of Globigerapsis
lithosphere fragment (microplate Alcapa, sensu CSONTOS
tropicalis and Discoaster barbadiensis (NP18-20).
et al. 1992) in the northeasterly direction along the sys-
The Beloglinian successions of the Trans-Caucasus
tem of transform faults (BALLA 1984, NAGYMAROSY 1990,
and Cis-Caucasus contain planktic foraminifers Globig-
CSONTOS et al. 1992).
erapsis tropicalis - Globoquadrina corpulenta ( P I 5 - 1 6 )
and regional Turborotalia centralis zones, nannofossils of The southern margin of the Outer Carpathian flysch
the Discoaster barbadiensis zone (NP 1 8 - 2 0 ) ; and dinocyst sea was represented by two deep-water basins (the Cen-
Charlesdowniella clathrata angulosa Zone (KRASHENIN- tral Carpathian Paleogene Basin and the Szolnok flysch
NIKOV & MUZYLEV 1 9 7 5 , BUGROVA e t a l . 1 9 8 8 , RRASHENIN- basin). In the Eocene - earliest Oligocene, the Hungarian
NIKOV & AKHMETIEV 1 9 9 6 ) . Paleogene Buda Basin was open towards the Ligurian part
of the Ancient Mediterranean Region (BALDI 1986), and
represented the northern part of the Apulian shelf zone. The
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments Transylvanian shelf areas with their biogenic calcareous
sedimentation were probably connected with the shal-
The Priabonian North Peri-Tethys was one of the most low-water Fore-Rhodopian and Macedonian basins via
spacious and the last semi-open Paleogene basin of West the Moravian Zone in Serbia. The Fore-Carpathian Shelf
Eurasia. It was connected via the Pripyat Strait with the Sea was open in the east towards the Greater Caucasian
North Sea Basin, which had no connection to the Atlantic (Beloglinian) Basin.
at this time. Contacts with the Tethyan Realm (Ancient
Mediterranean) took place through the Pre-Alpine and
Slovenian straits, the Central Iran Basin, and the Lesser Greater Caucasus - Turan Basin (Beloglinian)
Caucasus Strait. The Central Dinafide Region became
dry land in the terminal Priabonian and the relict bathyal The deep-water basin system was divided into the West-
depression moved to the Prndos — Gavrovo zone of the ern Black Sea, the Eastern Black Sea, and the Greater
Hellenides. The Burgas-Kazanlik and Varna (Kamchia) Caucasus domains by the Andrusov and Shatsky ridges
gulfs, that occur side by side today, probably belonged (SHCHERBA 1993). In the central parts of the Black Sea
to different basins, separated by a terrestrial barrier that depression, up to 300-500 m of clayey sediments were
extended from the Balkan Thrust Zone along the Black deposited during the (undivided) Paleocene - Eocene,
Sea Anatolian coast up to the Eastern Pontides and the as can be inferred from seismic surveys (TUGOLESOV et
Lesser Caucasus. Mammals of Central Asian origin (an- al. 1985). Flysch sequences were accumulated in the
thracothere association) could migrate along this land up Adzharo-Trialetic areas of the Eastern Black Sea domain
to Southern Bulgaria, Slovenia and Transylvania. (Tbilisi Flysch, up to 1000 m). The modern South Caspian
4
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 250, 2004
Depression is a relict of a deep, steep-walled trough of the mulated in the deep-water shelf area (up to a few hundred
Greater Caucasus - Kopetdagh Basin. Primary width of meters) of the Scythian Sea, the south-western parts of the
the trough was more then 200 km (SHCHERBA 1993, K O P P Turan sea, and in the Transcaucasian area (Kura Depres-
& SHCHERBA 1998). sion). The marls belong to the Globigerapsis tropicalis
The southern border of the Beloglinian Basin was regional zone. Clastic - mainly clayey - sediments were
a chain of islands, which included the Pontian, Lesser deposited in the shallow shelf zone of the Scythian and
Caucasus, and Elburz-Kopetdagh uplifts, belonging to the Turan seas which can be followed to the Turgaj, West
southern part of a former Mesozoic island arc. The islands Siberia, Fergan-Tadjic and Tarim regions. Sands had
of Lesser Caucasus - South Elburz were of volcanic origin. very limited distribution in the Beloglinian Basin (South
Sandy - carbonate facies with Nummulites accumulated Ukraine, North Aral).
on the Transcaucasian southern shelf. The composition The north-eastern succession yields abundant but low
of the biota shows a strong Tethyan influence in the early diversity associations of benthic foraminifers, ostracods,
Priabonian, then a sudden impoverishment occurred in and mollusks, with half of the species being endemic for
the second half, which, together with invasions of Central the Turanian Province. The Tarim Basin was an eastern gulf
Asian vertebrates, indicates the formation of a continental of the Turan Sea in the early Priabonian, but later marine
barrier between the Tethyan and Paratethyan realms. sedimentation came to an end in the basin. The Elburz
Biogenic marly sediments with rich age-diagnostic - Kopetdagh land was an effective southern barrier of the
planktic fauna and flora (forams, nannofossils) were accu- Turan Sea at least from the Mid Eocene.
9
Map 2: Early Oligocene

(Early RUPELIAN, Early KISCELLIAN - PSCHEKHIAN) 34-32
Compiled by: S . V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A . S . STOLYAROV
Co-authors: K . GORS, M . KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY. B . I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu
DZUNG/
WEST SIBERIAN
BASIN,
STANIAN
ENNO-SCANDIAN
i HIGH k
RUSSIAN
A fZ LAND
TIENSHAN
7 HIGH x TARIM
BOHEMIAN
TURAN
WORTH
v -~ PAMIR
SEA
ALPINE
HIGH
IffiSÛCASMN
MOESIA? WBD
MASSIF
CENTRAL IRAN
HftJ BASIN
ATLAS BASIN
HIGH
iaisov Swell
BASIN
CAL - Calabria
DH- Donets High
MigyAYMIMAH
EBD - Eastern Black Sea TROUGH
Depression
KAB- Kabilia ARABIA
OCEAN
LC - Lesser Caucasus
MC--- Massif Central
AFRICA
-PEl^Peloritanian LancT
Sh - Shatsky Swell
Depression
PLATEAU
POPOV e t al.: E a r l y O l i g o c e n e ( E a r l y R u p e l i a n , E a r l y K i s c e l l i a n - P s c h e k h i a n )
Map 2: Early Oligocene Paleogeography and paleoenvironments

(Early RUPELIAN,
The effects of the African - Arabian - Eurasian collision,
Early KISCELLIAN - PSCHEKHIAN)
uplifting in the Alpine Foldbelt, and eustatic sea-level
drop at the terminal Eocene caused the separation of the
Time slice definition and biochronology northern basins from the Tethyan Realm. From the begin-
ning of the Oligocene these intercontinental domains with
The Eocene/Oligocene boundary is taken by present specific paleo- and biogeography, hydrological regime,
authors as a boundary between the Priabonian and the and dynamics of sedimentation were collectively named
Rupelian, the base of which is marked in the Paratethys the Paratethys (LASKAREV 1 9 2 4 , BALDI et al. 1 9 8 0 ) The
by the appearance of planktic foraminifers of the Glo- Paratethys was subdivided into the Central European (Al-
bigerina tapuriensis Zone (PI8), within the Coccolithus pine-Carpathian) and the Euxinian-Caspian basins.
subdistichus nannoplankton Zone (NP21) (CAVELIER & The isolation of the Paratethys along with the terminal
POMEROL 1986). The mapped interval - early Rupelian Eocene cooling and changes to mesophilic humid climatic
s.l. - is roughly equivalent to the planktic foraminiferal conditions with intensive runoff, as well as deepening of
zone P18 and includes the upper part of the calcareous the basin bottom, led to thermohaline water stratification
nannoplankton zone NP21 and the entire NP22. The and to a primarily estuarine water circulation pattern,
corresponding numerical ages for the lower and upper eventually resulting in recurrent episodes of stagnation
limits of the interval are about 34 and 32 Ma, respectively and, consequently, accumulation of dysoxic to anoxic
(BERGGREN e t a l . 1 9 9 5 ) . sediments. Such sediments were predominant during the
The mapped interval for the Central Paratethys is the Oligocene and Early Miocene and referred to as "mayko-
early Kiscellian. In the Hungarian Paleogene Basin - a pian and menilitic facies" in the Paratethys (from the
stratotypic area for the Kiscellian - the Tard Clay Member beginning of NP22).
without its uppermost part ("Cardium lipoldi beds") is of
early Rupelian age, based on planktic foraminifer (PI8)
and nannoplankton (NP21, 22) data ( B A L D I et al. 1984, Alpine-Carpathian Basin
NAGYMAROSY & B A L D I - B E K E 1988). Sandy calcareous
deposits of the Hoia and Mera beds with benthic fauna At the beginning of the Oligocene, specific marine con-
of Tethyan affinity are the facial analogues of the lower ditions existed in the central deep part of the basin, with
Kiscellian in Transylvania. condensed suboxic sedimentation (up to 10-15 m). Later
In the Carpathian Flysch Basin, the upper part of the hydrothermal activity and embedding of biogenic elements
Sheshory Marl as well as the Subchert and Chert members (phosphorus, nitrogen) led to explosive diatom and/or
are of early Rupelian age; only the latter two members are nannoplankton growth (near the NP22/23 boundary, lower
represented on the paleogeographic map. These deposits Chert level). Monospecific composition of the diatom and
belong to NP22 nannoplankton zone and Wetzeliella sym- nannoplankton flora reflects the onset of brackish condi-
metrica (D13b) dinocyst Subzone (ANDREYEVA-GRIGOROVICH tions. High turbiditic activity indicates steep slopes of the
et al. 1986, KRHOVSKY et al. 1993). In the Pre-Alpine Foredeep, Carpathian Trough.
the lower Marine Molasse (UMM) is the mapped interval, in The Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin was part of the
spite of its wider stratigraphic position based on planktic fo- eastern Alcapa shelf. The Harshegy Sandstone was accu-
raminifers (PI 7-P20), nannoplankton (from NP21 to NP24), mulated in the shallow part, whereas the anoxic Tard Clay
dinocyst and mammal data (BERGER 1992,1996). with andesitic tuff sublayers was deposited in the deeper
The Pshekhian Regiostage is the mapped unit in the part of this shelf. The basin was episodically connected
Eastern Paratethys. Its basal part contains the Globigerina with the North Italy Basin via the Slovenian corridor, but
tapuriensis (PI 8), Coccolithus subdistichus (NP21), and biogeographically the influence of the North Sea Basin
Phthanoperidinium amoenum (D13a) zones (KRASHENIN- was stronger (BALDI 1 9 8 6 , NAGYMAROSY 1 9 9 0 ) .
NIKOV & AKHMETIEV 1996). The middle part of the stage The Transylvanian Basin with sandy - calcareous
includes nannoplankton of the Helicopontosphaera sedimentation in its shallow part (Hoia and Mera beds)
reticulata Zone (NP22) and the dinocyst Wetzeliella sym- was part of the Apuseni Shelf. Biogeographical data in-
metrica Subzone (D13b). TKe upper part is characterized dicate its connection with the Fore-Rhodopian Basin of
by dinocysts of the Wetzeliella gochtii Zone (D14a) and the Tethyan Realm.
nannoplankton of the NP22-23 transitional interval. Shallow-water sandy-clayey sediments of the narrow
Magneto stratigraphy provides a good control for the northern shelf were preserved in the Pre-Alpine Foredeep
Pshekhian sequence (MOLOSTOVSKII & KHRAMOV 1997, and are known in turbidite composition only in the Car-
KUNAEV 1990), because it belongs almost entirely to a pathian Flysch Basin.
reversed polarity zone (C12r, according to BERGGREN et al.
1995) with three normally magnetized subzones (C13n)
in the earliest Pshekhian.
11
Eastern Paratethys deep Black Sea - Great Caucasus - South Caspian depres-
sions by a system of islands and shallows stretching from
After the terminal Eocene regression, a new transgression the Ukrainian Shield to the highs of Mangyshlak and North
took place at the beginning of the Oligocene. According Ustjurt. The paleobotanical andpaleozoological evidence
to biogeographical data, the main connection of the basin shows a gradual change from a xerophytic subtropical
with the open sea was in the west, towards the North Sea climate to a temperate mesophilic one.
Basin. The Western Great Caucasus (Lagonaki), Dzirul and
Dysoxic clayey facies, which reflects a hydrogen (?) Crimea Islands occupied isolated positions in the mid-
sulfide poisoning, was very typical for the deep part of dle part of the Maykopian basin. The Pontides, Lesser
the Maykopian Basin during Oligocene - Early Miocene. Caucasus, and Elburz were an uplifting system, which
These conditions led to the accumulation of dissolved separated the Eastern Paratethys from the Tethyan Realm.
manganese in the sulphidic zone and its subsequent The narrow southern shelf extended along this land.
precipitation on the shelf. Varna (NE Bulgaria), Nikopol The next period of the early Oligocene Paratethys his-
(South Ukraine), Chiatura (West Georgia), and Mangysh- tory (NP23, D14a Wetzeliella gochtii subzone) was con-
lak are localities with commercial amounts of manganese nected to the first separation of the basin from the world
sedimentary ores (second part of NP22, D13b Wetzeliella ocean and a consequent reduction of salinity.
simmetrica Subzone).
The northern part of the Eastern (Maykopian) Para-
tethys was occupied by a spacious shallow shelf zone with
coarser clastic sedimentation. It was separated from the
12
Map 3: Late Oligocene

(CHATTIAN - EGERIAN - KALMYKIAN) 29-24 Ma
Compiled by: S. V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A. S . STOLYAROV
Co-authors: K . GURS, M. KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY. B. I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu
BASIN
WEST SIBERIAN-^"' ;
KAZAKHSTANIAN
FENNO-SCANDIAN URAL f Q HIGH ^
HIGH HIGH
RUSSIAN
LAND
lENSHy
TARIM
IRISH
MASSIF
WELSH-
ANGLIA
HIGH TURAN
>-;..SCYTHlA
BOHEMIAN
HIGH
SHELF
OF BISCAY
MOESIA
ITOLIAN CENTRAL
A
l ND . a. i IRAN
V." BASIN
ATLAS
EAST MEDITERRANEAN
BASIf>
SIRT
BASIN
INDIAN
A- AndrusoVSwelry^
ALB - Alboran Land if— OCEAN
CAL - Calabria MUTHAYMIMAH
DH- Donets High ARABIA GULF
Depression
KAB - Kabilia
XC - Lesser Caucasus AFRICA
MC - -Massif Central
P E L - Peloritaniantartd.
Rh - Rhodope High
Sh - Shatsky Swell
WBD - Western Black Sea SOMALIA
Depression PLATEAU
POPOV et al.: Late Oligocene (Chattian - Egerian - Kalmykian)
Map 3: Late Oligocene existed towards the North Sea Basin. According to BERGER
(CHATTIAN - EGERIAN - KALMYKIAN) (1996) and SISSINCH (1997) the Western Paratethys had a
temporal marine connection via the Rhine Graben System,
although from other data the graben only had brackish
Time slice definition and biochronology conditions during that time. The Central Paratethys was
connected with the Mediterranean via the Slovenian cor-
ridor. The position of the marine passage to the Eastern
The mapped interval includes the entire Chattian and
Paratethys, however, cannot be ascertained, because the
covers a time-window from about 30 to 24 Ma. In fully
marine late Oligocene deposits are not easy to determine
oceanic successions the Chattian corresponds to the Glo-
in the Dnieper-Donets Depression and unknown in the
borotalia opima opima (P21 b) and Globigerina ciperoensis
Pripyat and the North Poland areas, where the early Oli-
(P22) zones. The Chattian stratotype area (NW Germany)
gocene strait existed.
is characterized by the upper part of the nannoplankton
zone NP24 and zone NP25, planktic foraminifer zone
P22 and presence of Lepidocyclina morgani, Miogypsina
septemtrionalis, dinocysts belong to the upper part of the Alpine-Carpathian Basin
Chiropteridium partispinatum zone, or zones D14b, D15
(POMEROL 1981). The part west of the Silesian - Audia zones of the Carpathi-
The time-equivalents of the Chattian in the Central an Flysch Basin was uplifted and partly emergent ( B E E R &
Paratethys are the Upper Kiscellian and the Lower Ege- SHCHERBA 1984). Uplifting is proved by coarse-rhythmic
rian; however, only the Egerian is represented on the terrigenous flysch of the lower Crosno Formation, the
map. The marly clay of the Egerian Formation contains sandy facies of the Kliwa and Fusaru Formations, and
nannoplankton of the upper part of N P 2 4 and N P 2 5 zones, olistostromes with coarse clastic material of the foreland
and Globorotalia opima opima and Miogypsina septem- area, as in the Eastern Alps, the Marmarosh and Getic
trionalis forams (NAGYMAROSY & BALDI-BEKK 1988). In Mesozoic massifs. Presence of turbidites gives evidence
Transylvania, most of the Vima Formation, the Buzach of steep slopes of the troughs.
Sandstone and its time-equivalents belong to the Chat- Regression took place on the southern shelf, and coarse
tian, based on nannoplankton and planktic foraminifers clastic brackish deposits with lignite predominated in the
(POPESCU et al. 1996). western part of the Hungarian and Transylvanian shelves.
The Middle Menilites (Lopjanica), lower Crosno, Andesite volcanic activity occurred along the Peri-Adriatic
Zdanice - Hustopece and Pucioasa Formations of the and Middle Hungarian sutures ( B A L L A 1984), and in de-
Carpathian successions contain a similar upper Oligocene pressions of eastern Serbia and southern Bulgaria, whereas
microfauna and phytoplankton ( C I C H A et af. 1 9 7 1 , A N - in the Morava - Shumadian area lagoonal and lacustrine
DREEVA-GRIGOROVICH e t a l . 1 9 8 6 , KRHOVSKY e t a l . 1993,
coal-bearing sediments were deposited, sometimes with
POPESCU e t a l . 1 9 9 6 ) .
acidic volcanic intercalations (ANDJELKOVIC et al. 1991).
The Middle Maykopian Subseries of the Pre-Caucasus Sandy clays and conglomerates of the Mrth and south
is correlated with the upper Oligocene, based on nanno- shelves are known in the central - western parts of the
plankton (NP24, NP25 - data of J.Krhovsky) and dinocysts Pre-Carpathian and Pre-Alpine foredeeps (Lopjanica;
(AKHMETIEV e t a l . 1 9 9 5 ) .
turbidites of Puchkirchen Beds, up to 1000 m).
Most of the Kalmykian Suite of the Volga - Don area
is the type of the Kalmykian Regiostage of the Eastern
Paratethys (POPOV et al. 1993) and corresponds to the Eastern Paratethys
Chattian. The Karatomakian and Baigubekian suites of
the Turan part are time-equivalents of the Kalmykian and The main bathymetric features of the late Oligocene basin
Chattian, based on of the Spiroplectammina terekensis system of the Eastern Paratethys were fairly similar to
- Elphidium onerosum benthic foraminifer local zone, those of the Early Oligocene. The isolation of the Para-
mollusk associations with Chlamys bifida (zonal species tethys in combination with the generally moderately warm,
of the Chattian A), and Cerastoderma prigorovskii, and humid climatic conditions and intensive runoff resulted
Chiropteridium partispinatum dinocyst Zone. in an estuarine water circulation pattern and recurrent
episodes of stagnancy of parts of the water column, and,
consequently, in the accumulation of anoxic sediments.
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments Anoxic clayey sedimentation was predominant in the
Crimea-Caucasian-Kopetdagh deep-water environments
After the Solenovian episode, when the entire Paratethys ("maykopian facies").
was characterised by brackish salinities and endemic biota, The south shelf area was reduced in comparison with
connections with the world ocean opened again and a the early Oligocene one. Sea regressed from the Adzharo-
marine regime was re-established in the late Oligocene. Trialetic region (Akhaltsikhe) and Araks Depression. The
Biogeographical data indicate that marine connections coarse terrigenous littoral facies are traced along the north-
12
ern slope of the Lesser Caucasus. Clayey deposition with Depression. Exploitable concentrations of uranium and
episodic intercalations of anoxic facies and sandy tubidites rare-earth elements were associated with these facies in
continued to accumulate in the deeper shelf zone. the Volga-Don and Mangyshlak districts.
The Russian landmass and the Ural and Kazakhstan Sandy-silty accumulation with scanty euryhaline ben-
Highs to the north, and the Lesser Caucasus - Elburz - thic fauna prevailed in the shallow zone. The Cerastoderma
Kopetdagh uplifts to the south were the main sources of prigorovskii - Lenticorbula helmerseni mollusk asso-
clastic material in the Eastern Paratethys. ciation and the Elphidium onerosum - Cibicides ornatus
The northern and especially the eastern shelves expe- benthic foraminifer assemblage were very characteristic
rienced transgression after the late Solenovian regressive for the entire northern and eastern shelf zone in the late
phase. Clayey sedimentation without age-diagnostic Kalmykian time.
fossils and benthic remains predominated in the outer The Turanian domain was an area of mainly shallow
shelf area. Specific planktic dinocyst associations testify shelf accumulation. Movements along the Amudarja
anoxic influences even into the photic zone. The Terek- and Western Aral regional fault systems controlled the
Mangyshlak and Indol-Kuban deepest shelf depressions facies distribution and thickness of the marine sequences.
were filled up by clastic material, showing clinoformic Reddish sandy - silty successions with evaporites were
geometry, and attaining up to 1000-2000 m thickness, as deposited in the Kyzylkum bay and in the eastern part
can be inferred from seismic surveys ( K U N I N et al. 1989). of the Fore-Kopetdagh bay. The Karatau, Tien-Shan, and
Condensed deposition with abundant fish remains was Kopetdagh were the main positive topographic features
typical for the northern border of the Terek-Mangyshlak of the eastern border.
13
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg | 250|17-13 Frankfurt a. M., 16. 09. 2004
Map 4: Early Miocene

(BURDIGALIAN - EGGENBURGIAN - SAKARAULIAN) 20,5-19 Ma
Compiled by: S . V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A . S . STOLYAROV
Co-authors: K . GURS, M. KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY, B. I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu
DZUNGAR
WEST SIBERIAN BASIN
BASIN
TURGAJ
RUSSIAN
NORTH LAND
ANGLL/
BOHEMIAN
ICYTHIAI
OF BISCAY
TLSZA
(OTSIA-
, CENTRAL IRAN
\ BASIN
MEDITERRANEAN
A - - . . Andrusov Swell
SIRT
ALB - Aibcran Land
BASIN
CAL - Calabria
D H - Donets High
Depression
K A B - Kabilia
LC ' Lesser Caucasus AFRICA
MC- Massif Central
fiEL - Peloritanian Land
R h - ""Rhodope-High
Sh - Shatsky Swell
Depression
POPOV et al.: Early Miocene (Burdigalian - Eggenburgian - Sakaraulian)
Map 4: Early Miocene of an anti-estuarine (Mediterranean) circulation system as

(BURDIGALIAN - EGGENBURGIAN well (KRHOVSKY et al. 1993).
- SAKARAULIAN)
Eastern Paratethys
After a widespread, short-term transgression at the begin-
ning of the Miocene, regressive tendencies became pre-
The mapped interval covers a time-window from about
dominant in the domains of the Eastern Paratethys. This
20.5 to 19.0 Ma and correlates with the early Burdigal-
is especially evident in the northern parts of the Eastern
ian. It is characterized by nannoplankton associations of
Paratethys, i.e., in the southern Ukrainian area and in the
the upper part of NN2 and the lower part of NN3. These
Volga - Don, Pre-Caspian, Ustjurt and Aral regions.
zones can be recognized in the warm-water, fully marine
sequences of the Central Paratethys, which allows cor- Clays, rich in organic matter and pyrite, continued
relation of the Early Burdigalian with the Eggenburgian to accumulate in the outer shelf areas and in depressions
regional stage (STEININGER et al. 1 9 8 5 , NAGYMAROSY & during the Early Miocene (including the Sakaraulian). The
M U L L E R 1 9 8 8 ) . The Boudky and Poljanica formations
supposedly time-equivalent, rich and diversified shallow-
and the lower part of the Upper Crosno Formation are water mollusk associations from the southern part of the
time-equivalents of the Eggenburgian in the Carpathian Transcaucasus area, as well as the time-equivalent benthic
Basin as well as the Upper Marine Molasse (OMM) of the foraminifers and fish associations from the Crimea and
Pre-Alpine Foredeep (BERGF.R 1 9 9 2 ) . More scanty paleon- Pre-Caucasus include Indo-Pacific immigrants, presently
tological data are available for the Sakaraulian regiostage inhabiting tropical-subtropical seas (mollusks such as
of the Eastern Paratethys. Correlation of the Sakaraulian Fragum, Plagiocardium, or the fish genus Alepes). Salin-
with the Eggenburgian is based on mollusk data from the ity was nearly euhaline. Palynological evidence from the
Georgian sections of the mid-Kura Stratotypic region. At Sakaraulian stratotype area indicates an increase in sub-
the same time, the overlying Kozahurian sequences are tropical and exotic elements (L.A. PANOVA, pers. comm.).
certainly correlated with the upper Ottnangian, based on Arid floral elements (e.g. Ephedra) from deposits which
the common brackish endemic fauna (POPOV & VORONINA accumulated at the eastern margin of the Eastern Parateth-
1 9 8 3 ) , so the Sakaraulian may correspond to a broader
yan realm, indicate seasonal climatic conditions including
interval (Eggenburgian - early Ottnangian). dry summers (AKUMETIEV in POPOV et al. 1993).
The Early Miocene bathymetric contours of the central
area of the Eastern Paratethys were like the Oligocene ones
(SHCHERBA 1993); the deepest parts of the basin correspond
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments
to the Western Black Sea, Eastern Black Sea and Greater
Caucasus - South Caspian depressions.
As in the Oligocene, most of the successive Early Miocene
deep-water environments were characterized by clayey A narrow, elongated southern shelf zone extended from
sedimentation under dysoxic to anoxic conditions, asso- Western Georgia towards Eastern Azerbaijan. As a result of
ciated with an estuarine circulation system. Rich shallow continuing uplift of the Lesser Caucasus, Talysh and Elburz
benthic warm-water fauna, diverse planktic associations chains, sandy sedimentation prevailed in the Transcaucasus
as well as floristic data from the shallow Inner-Carpathian southern shelf. Rich and diverse benthic associations (more
basins and southern part of Transcaucasia reflect the cli- than 100 species of bivalves) are known from sandy and
matic optimum of the mid Early Miocene. gravely sediments of Central Georgia.
The Eastern European platform, including the Pre-
Caspian area, became emergent during the interregional
Alpine-Carpathian Basin regression. The major positive topographic features, which
acted as provenance areas for clastic supply, included the
The Eggenburgian was transgressive in the Pannonian Ural Mountains, the Pre-Ural Highland, and the Ukrainian
and Pre-Alpine parts. Sedimentological evidence from the and Donets lands. The Dnieper-Donets and Pripyat depres-
mainly sandy shallow-water deposits as well as the rich sions were transformed into alluvial plains with lakes.
fossil associations testify fully marine conditions, and high The Scythian Plate continued to represent the northern
tidal activity (SZTANO 1 9 9 4 ) proves a free connection to shelf of the Eastern Paratethys. Its northern, shallow-water
the Mediterranean via the Pre-Alpine passage. areas were subject to sand and silt deposition. The Terek-
Silty-clayey and turbiditic sequences were accumu- Mangyshlak Depression developed from a very deep shelf
lated in the deepest part of the Outer Carpathian "residual basin with condensed sedimentation into a region beyond
flysch trough" (Crosno and Silesian zones). At the same shallow-water shelf deposition. Outer shelf depositional
time, most of the Carpathian Basin became an area of environments existed at the southern part of the Scythian
carbonate clastic deposition. These facies successions may Plate. The deep shelf conditions as expressed in the deposi-
reflect not only shallowing, but warming and development tion of dysoxic clays prevailed in the northern Crimea area
16
and in the Fore-Caucasian basin. The Indol-Kuban Depres- in the South Mangyshlak, Karakum and Fore-Kopetdagh
sion represented the deepest part of the northern shelf areas domains. In the South Mangyshlak Basin a change from
of the Eastern Paratethys, where "Upper Maykopian" (i.e., shallow-water into deep-water shelf environments oc-
undivided lower Miocene) sequences reach thicknesses curred (STOLYAROV data in POPOV & STOLYAROV 1 9 9 6 ) . The
of up to 1000-1500 meters. Coeval uplift of the Central Karakum - Fore-Kopetdagh Gulf was separated from the
Caucasus resulted in an increased supply of clastic mate- main basin systems of the Eastern Paratethys by the large
rial into the Fore-Caucasian Basin (Laba sands, siltstones Tuarkyr Island. Farther to the east, shallow-water clastics
of the Olginskaja Suite). accumulated in the Fore-Kopetdagh Gulf. In this basin
In the northern shelf areas overall sedimentary changes the middle part of the Aktepe Sands were dated as Saka-
occurred from accumulation of muds towards deposition raulian (VORONINA et al. 1 9 9 3 ) . Source area of the sands
of sands and silts during the Sakaraulian. Concurrently, was the Kopetdagh Land. Only the northwestern part of
the oxygenation of bottom water improved and, conse- the Kopetdagh area was submerged. It was a deep shelfal
quently, benthic communities diversified and inhabited depression where anoxic clayey deposition continued.
newly established biotopes. The lowlands and continental depressions of southern
Shallow seas occupied the northern (Ustjurtian and Pre- West Siberia, Turgaj, South Kazakhstan, Tien Shan and
Aralian) parts of the Turan Plate during the beginning and Tadjik regions together constituted a paleogeographic
the later part (Kozahurian or "Rzehakia time") of the Early complex comprising large fresh-water lakes ("Great
Miocene. In between, i. e., during the Sakaraulian, conti- Lake Time"), in which mostly clayey, reddish sediments
nental environments prevailed in these areas. In contrast, accumulated.
marine, sandy to clayey Sakaraulian deposits accumulated
18
Frankfurt a. M„ 16. 09. 2004
Map 5: Early Middle Miocene

(LANGHIAN, Early BADENIAN, CHOKRAKIAN) 16-15 Ma
Compiled by: I. A. GONCHAROVA, I. G . SHCHERBA & S. O. KHONDKARIAN
Co-authors: K . GURS, J . I . IOSIFOVA, T.V. JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, V.A. KRASHENINNIKOV, T.N. PINCHUK,
B . I . PINKHASOV, S.V. POPOV, G . POPESCU, F. ROGL, A. R u s u , A.V. ZAJTSEV & A.S. Zastrozhnov
FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH
IZAKHSTANIAI
NORTH
< SEA RUSSIAN
IRISH
MASSIF LAND
, WELSH-
ANGLIAN
—~-_HIGH
BAY
OF BISCAY BOHEMIAN VOLHYNIAF
HIGH KfMfIGH
PANNONIAN
.^BASIN
MQESIA
IITERRANEAN
ATLAS
EAST MEDITERRANEAN (MESOPOTAMIA!

BASIN
ARABIA
ALB-Alboran Land
DH- Donets High
Depression AFRICA RUB'AL KHALI
KAB - Kabilia GULF^S^
Lesser Caucasus
MCOBtasstf£entral
Rh - Rhodopei-HgTr——
Depression
Corresponding author: Irina Alexandrovna Goncharova, Paleontological Institut RAS. Profsoyuznaya 123, 117868 Moscow, Russland
GONCHAROVA et al.: E a r l y M i d d l e M i o c e n e ( L a n g h i a n , E a r l y B a d e n i a n , C h o k r a k i a n )
Map 5: Early Middle Miocene rotated counterclockwise about 45 degrees (MEULENKAMP

(LANGHIAN, Early BADENIAN, et al. 2000). The Aegean area experienced large-scale
south-westward directed thrusting. The Arabian platform
CHOKRAKIAN)
experienced major transgression during first part of the
Mid Miocene. The northern part of the Gulf of Suez
- Red Sea rift system was open but an emerged isthmus
probably still separated it from the basins of the southern
rift system.
The mapped interval includes the Early Badenian of the
Central Paratethys and the Chokrakian of the Euxinian
- Caspian Basin; they are roughly correlated with the
Alpine - Carpathian - Pannonian domains
Langhian (see stratigraphic scheme). Alternatively, the
Early Badenian was proposed to correlate mainly with the
In the terminal Burdigalian, the northvergent thrusting of
Tarkhanian based on NN5 nannoplankton identified in the
the Eastern Alps ended. Marine deposition in the Fore-Al-
lower Badenian as well as in the Tarkhanian (ROGL 1 9 9 8 ,
pine molasse basin persisted only near the Rhone graben
ANDREYEVA- GRIGOROVICH & SAVITSKAYA 2000). However,
(Valence Basin). Uplift of the southern margin of the Bo-
Helicosphaera ampliaperta, a zonal species of NN4,
hemian massif led to its paleogeographic isolation from
was recorded in both the middle and upper units of the
the Central Paratethys. The Alpine thrust front persisted
Tarkhanian (NOSOVSKY & BOGDANOVICH 1 9 8 4 , KONENKOVA
in activity, and coarse clastic fan material was deposited
& BOGDANOVICH 1 9 9 4 ) . In addition, from the lower Upper
along the Alpine margin.
Tarkhanian ZAPOROZHETS ( 1 9 9 9 ) identified an assemblage
of dinocysts correlatable with the Karpatian and Burdi- Folding and thrusting in the Outer Carpathians led to
galian, including Tuberculodinium vancampoae (index the development of a new active thrust front, resulting in
species of the lower Miocene Subzone VII b), Hystrichos- about 60% shortening of this part of the basin (OSZCZYPKO
& SLACZKA 1985). In the Carpathian foredeep a sharp
phaeropsis obscura and Lingulodinium machaerophorus.
Like the Karpatian, the lower Tarkhanian also includes decrease in average accumulation and subsidence rates
a marine mollusk association with inherited Rzehakia. accompanied with lateral eastward migration of foreland
That is why we correlate at least the lower half of the depocentres and opening of the Pannonian back-arc
Tarkhanian with the lower Miocene and the Karpatian, basin system took place (MEULENKAMP et al. 1996). The
and the Chokrakian with the lower Badenian (except for so-called "Tegel" facies (sand-free calcareous clays) was
the lowermost part of the latter). most abundant in the lower Badenian. Sands with very rich
mollusk assemblages and algal-bryozoan limestones were
The lower boundary of the lower Badenian (Moravian), deposited in coastal areas along the northern and eastern
like that of the Langhian, is marked by the first appearance margins of the basin.
of Praeorbulina glomerosa, dated at about 16,4 Ma ( B E R G -
In the Pannonian domains, the deepest early Badenian
GREN et al. 1995, MEULENKAMP et al. 2000). Regional cor-
depocentres developed in the Great Hungarian Plain area,
relation within the Central Paratethys is based on planktic
Drava and Sava basins (transitional area from Tisza mi-
(P. glomerosa and Orbulina suturalis Zones) and benthic
croplate to Dinarides), and in the western parts of the
foraminifers (lower and upper Lagenid subzones: GRILL
Apuseni region ( M E U L E N K A M P et al. 1996). Beginning
1941, CICHA et al. 1998). In the Alpine foredeep, the lower
of the orogenic compression is marked by the uplift of
part of the Upper Freshwater Molasse (OSM) is correlated
Apuseni, Mecsek, Transdanubian Central Range, a cycle
with the lower Karpatian - Badenian based on mammals
of paralic brown coals, and by andesite volcanism (up
(uppermost MN4-MN5).
to 3000 m, Central Hungarian line, northern Hungary
The Eastern Paratethys Chokrakian is clearly subdivided
southern Slovakia).
into lower and upper substages (Zuk and Bryk beds). The
lower Chokrakian is marked by the local Tschokrakella
caucasica benthic foraminifer zone and characterized by
Euxinian - Caspian Basin
a marine mollusk association with Aequipecten varnensis,
Ervilia praepodolica, and Cerithium cattleyae. The upper
Chokrakian is characterized by impoverished associations of The basin bottom experienced sharp differentiation pos-
benthic foraminifers (Florilus parvus Zone) and mollusks. sibly associated with the Styrian orogenic phase. It caused
uplift of the axial zone of the Eastern Paratethys including
emergence of the Caucasus archipelago. The resulting
relief enhancement led to slope instability and subsequent
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments deposition of coarse-grained terrigenous clastics, including
turbidites (SHCHERBA 1993).
After the late Burdigalian paleogeographic and paleoen- The early Chokrakian sequences are transgressive,
vironmental reorganization, oceanization of the Western particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the basin
Mediterranean basin continued; the Sardo-Corsican block system. Irrespective of the regional transgression, con-
2 0
nections with the world ocean became more restricted. conditions existed in the Trancaspian domain, as evidenced
Early Chokrakian exchange of water masses with the by the vast distribution of evaporites and reddish-colored
Mediterranean realm and Mesopotamian Basin probably clastics.
occurred via the mid-Araksian corridor and through basins The deepest parts of the northern shelf of the Euxin-
in Iran, eastern Turkey and NW Syria (GONCHAROVA 1989, ian-Caspian Basin were the West Kuban and the southern
GONCHAROVA & SHCHERBA 1 9 9 7 , GONCHAROVA e t a l . 2 0 0 1 , part of Terek-Caspian depressions. In the Kobystan - South
2002). The prevalence of marine environments with fluc- Caspian depression, deep water environments were re-
tuating salinities changed in later Chokrakian time into a tained only east of the Lazarevskoe-Kobystan trough. The
semi-marine (<15%o) regime with impoverished euryhaline southern shelf showed deep water deposits in the Iori-Kura
faunas. In mid-Chokrakian time an unstable land bridge depression. Algal-bryozoan reefs developed on the top
intermittently connected the Greater Caucasus island with of escarpments. In the Transcaspian domain, in addition
Asia Minor and Africa, thus permitting immigration of to the North Ustjurt and Fore-Kopetdagh depressions of
African mammals (Orycteropus, Kubanochoerus) into the pre-Chokrakian age, the North-Caspian, South Mangysh-
Euxinian - Caspian Basin (ZHEGALLO in GONCHAROVA & lak and a few depressions in the South Aral - Kopetdagh
SHCHERBA 1997). The Chokrakian climate was probably region were formed anew.
subtropical with warm-water mollusks (GONCHAROVA The Russian Highland and the Ural High were the main
1989), mesophylic subtropical floral elements and, locally, positive topographic features in the Chokrakian. The Rus-
mangrove-type vegetation, all indicative of the "second sian Highland was drained by the Paleo-Don, whereas the
Miocene climatic optimum" (AKHMETIEV 1993) persisting Paleo-Donets drained the Dnieper-Donets Lowland.
from the Tarkhanian into the Chokrakian. Relatively arid
21
Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene

(Middle SERRAVALLIAN, Late BADENIAN, KONKIAN) 14-13 Ma
Compiled by: L . B . ILYINA, I. G . SHCHERBA, S . O . KHONDKARIAN & I. A . GONCHAROVA
Co-authors: K . GIIRS, J.T. IOSIFOVA, T.V. JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR, T . N. PINCHUK,

Zastrozhnov
S . V . POPOV & A . S .
WEST
SIBERIAN LOWLAND
FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH
NORTH
IRISH SEA RUSSIAN TURGAJ
MASSIF
LAND
WELSH-
ANGLIA
HIGH
BAY
O F BISCAY
BOHEMIAN
WEST,
EAST MEDITERRANEAI
BASIN ESOPOTAMIA
SIRT
CAL^Catabria^^ BASIN
DH- Donets IHigR —
Depression
ARABIA
MC- Massif Central
Pel - Peloritanian Land
Rh - Rhodops
SCD - South Caspian Depression AFRICA
Depression
Corresponding author: Nina Pctrovna PARAMONOVA, Palcontological Institut RAS, Profsoyuznaya 123, 117868 Moscow, Russland
ILYINA et al.: M i d M i d d l e M i o c e n e ( M i d d l e S e r r a v a l l i a n , L a t e B a d e n i a n , K o n k i a n )
Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene Marine sedimentation continued in the back-arc ba-
(Middle SERRAVALLIAN, Late BADENIAN, sins. The East Slovakian Basin was connected with the
Transylvanian Basin through the Transcarpathian depres-
KONKIAN) sion, and all these basins were connected with the central
Pannonian area as well. In Transylvania and in front of
the eastern Carpathians characteristic deep water pelites
with plankton (radiolarian-bearing laminites, marly clays
with Spiratella) were deposited. Part of the late Badenian
The mapped interval for the Paratethys includes the late deep water sediments are now covered by the Carpathian
Badenian substage in the Central Paratethys and the nappes due to the overthrusting movements.
Konkian regiostage in the Euxinian-Caspian basin sys-
Along the northern and eastern margins of the foredeep
tem. These intervals are roughly equivalent based on a
basin, on the Moldavian and Moesian platforms red-algal
common upper boundary with the Sarmatian regiostage,
limestones and detrital and sandy sediments with rich
nannoplankton of N N 6 - 7 zones (ANDREEVA-GRIGOROVICH
coastal fauna were deposited. Thickness of the Upper
& NOSOVSKY 1 9 7 6 , ROGL & M U L L E R 1 9 7 6 ) , and similar
Badenian sediments in this shallow part of the basin does
macrofossil associations and evaporite distribution in the
not exceed 80 m. Subsidence influenced a rate of sedi-
underlying middle Badenian (Wielician) and Karaganian
mentation which was most intensive in front of the central
deposits, respectively.
Carpathians and in some depressions in back-arc basins,
The local Velapertina indigena Zone with endemic
where sediment thickness attains 1000-2000 m.
species and benthic foraminifer association of the Bulimina
In the Pannonian area, the mantle diapir became ac-
- Bolivina Zone (GRILL 1 9 4 1 ) are used for correlation of
tive and took over the decisive role in the development of
the Upper Badenian (Kosovian) sequences within the
the Pannonian area and surrounding Carpathian regions
Carpathian - Pannonian region. Regional correlation of
( V A S S 1979). The upper Badenian sediments are deposited
the Konkian is based on polyhaline associations of mol-
discordantly and transgressively. Intense subsidence is
lusks (NEVESSKAYA et al. 1 9 8 6 , ILYINA 2000a), planktic and
significant for this period in the south part of the Great
benthic foraminifers (KRASHENINNIKOV 1 9 5 9 ) , and nanno-
Hungarian Plain and Small Hungarian Plain and 300 m to
plankton ( N N 6 - 7 ) (ANDREEVA-GRIGOROVICH & NOSOVSKY
500 m of predominantly clayey marls were accumulated
1 9 7 6 , MINASCHVILI 1 9 9 2 , M U Z Y L E V & GOLOVINA 1987)
(HALMAI in CICHA et al. 1998). Algal reef limestones and
in the lower Konkian, and on impoverished associations
sands with intercalated pelites were formed marginally.
with domination of specific euryhaline bivalve species
(.Parvivenus konkensis, Acanthocardia andrussovi, Er- The late Badenian is characterized by an exceptionally
vilia pusilla trigonuld) in the upper Konkian (Veselanian rich polyhaline warm water fauna and flora, including
Beds). mollusks, corals, red algae, sea urchins, ostracods, and
foraminifers. Nevertheless, on the basis of ecological
demands of the fauna and flora, a climate colder than in
the early Badenian was assumed (PLANDEROVA 1990). At
the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary the fossil composition
changed abruptly and polyhaline groups disappeared.
After the late Burdigalian tectonic reorganization intense
The volcanism was stronger than in the early Badenian.
horizontal and vertical movements continued during the
Submarine andesite volcanism predominated, especially in
Serravallian, especially in the Appenine zone and in the
the south of the Apuseni Mountains, in back-arc basins, and
Southern Alps and Carpathians. Turbiditic deposition,
along the central Hungarian line in the Pannonian depres-
tectonic breccias, and synsedimentary faults testify thrust
sion. Andesitic-rhyolitic volcanics exceed thicknesses of
phenomena in the Padan foredeep, Vento Basin, and the
2000-3000 m in north Hungary - south Slovakia ( H A L M A I
Tuscan area. The Leitha orogenic phase further uplifted
in CICHA et al. 1998).
the Alpine - Carpathian - Dinarides chains. The most
intensive nappe tectonics of the Carpathian region took
place in this compressional cycle.
Euxinian-Caspian Basin
Carpathian-Pannonian realm The Konkian basin system extended from northeast Bul-
garia and eastern slopes of Dobrogea to the Ustjurt and
The lateral migration of the West Carpathian-Pan- Kopetdagh. However, its size was reduced compared to
nonian megablock, the last space reduction in the front of the preceding Karaganian Basin.
the Carpathian segment and the overthrusting of the outer The early Konkian Basin was inhabited by marine poly-
nappe fronts to their modern position took place after the haline fauna and phytoplankton, very similar to - though
late Badenian. During the late Badenian, the Carpathian less diverse than - the Badenian biota. 97 bivalve and more
uplift slowed down, a marine regime was renewed and a than 50 gastropod species are known from the Konkian
new transgression began. against 3 1 6 bivalves in the Upper Badenian (STUDENCKA et
2 4
al. 1998) and about 1000 mollusk species in the whole Bad- Shallow environments dominated over the Eastern
enian. The distributional pattern of the Konkian mollusks Pararethys; relatively deep ones were preserved in the relict
indicates that the Eastern Paratethys was connected with Western and Eastern Black Sea and South Caspian depres-
the Mediterranean Tethys in its southeastern part, prob- sions and in the Indol - Kubanian and Terek - Caspian
ably through the re-opened Araks Strait (GONTSCHAROVA foredeeps. Detrital - shelly limestone and marls prevailed
& SHCHERBA 1997), and/or the Lesser Caucasus passage in the south Ukrainian and Turanian shelves and terrig-
(ILYINA 2000b). The late Konkian (Veselanian) fauna was enous sandy-clayey facies dominated in the central part
poorer than the early Konkian one, and it was dominated of the Scythian and Transcaucasian shelves. Evaporitic
by euryhaline endemic species and subspecies, which layers (of gypsum composition) are widely spread along
were rare or unknown in the Badenian basin (Acanthocar- the eastern margin of the Konkian Basin and in the Turkish
dia andrussovi, Mactra basteroti konkensis, Parvivenus - Iranian middle Miocene.
konkensis, Ervilia pus ilia trigonula). Salinity of the early The northern dryland was presumably low-lying; the
Konkian sea was estimated to have been more than 30%o, main sources of coarse clastics were situated along the
and of the late Konkian - about 20%o (MERKLIN 1953). southern shoreline (Talysh, eastern Kopetdagh).
2 5
Map 7: Late Middle Miocene

(Late SERRAVALLIAN, SARMATION s.s., Middle SARMATION s.l) 12-11 Ma
Compiled by: N . R PARAMONOVA, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . O . KHONDKARIAN
Co-authors: K . G U R S , J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR, T.N. PINCHUK,

S.V. Popov & A.S. Zastrozhnov
WEST
SIBERIAN L O W L A N D
FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH
URAL KAZAKHSTAN!,
NORTH
HIGH HFGH^
IRISH SEA RUSSIAN A v I TURGAJ^r^l -
MASSIF
LAND
\^--tt5WLAND
WELSH -
ANGLIA
HIGH
BAY
OF BISCA>
BOHEMIAN
HIGH
IBERIAN
MESETA
EAST MEDITERRANEAI
BASIN
SIRT
BASIN
CAL - Calabria ARABIA

DH- Donets High
Depression
MC- Massif Central AFRICA
Pel- PeloritanianLand
Rh - Rhodops
"SGQ^South Caspian Depression
WBD^96ste«^BIackSea
Depression " — __
PARAMONOVA et al.: L a t e M i d d l e M i o c e n e ( L a t e S e r r a v a l l i a n , S a r m a t i a n s. s., M i d d l e S a r m a t i a n s . l . )
Map 7: Late Middle Miocene of the Sarmatian endemics increased from the second part
(Late SERRAVALLIAN, SARMATIAN of the early Sarmatian through the mid-Sarmatian. Salinity
had regionally specific composition. Based on bioeco-
s.s.,Middle SARMATIAN s.l.) logical data it was estimated as 16-18%o in the Pannonian
and Dacic basins and Galiczian Gulf and 14-15 %o in the
Euxinian-Caspian Paratethys (KOJUMDGIEVA 1 9 6 9 ) .
The mapped intervals in the Central and Eastern Paratethys

Carpatho-Pannonian region
are not identical. In the Central Paratethys the mapped
interval covers the entire Sarmatian s.s. (sensu BARBOT DE
The lower Sarmatian (Volhynian) sea covered the whole
M A R N Y in SUESS 1 8 6 6 ) , which corresponds to lower and
eastern part of the Carpathian foredeep. But the Badenian-
lower middle substages (sensu ANDRUSOV 1 8 9 9 or Volhy-
lowermost Sarmatian deposits were folded and thrust over
nian and lower Bessarabian - SIMIONESCU 1 9 0 3 ) of the
the autochthonous Miocene in front of the central Car-
Eastern Paratethys Sarmatian s.l.. The upper Bessarabian
pathians. The mapped picture reflects a younger situation
and Khersonian (upper) substages of the Euxinian - Cas-
when the sea retreated eastward and was widespread on
pian Basin Sarmatian s.l. correlate with the Pannonian
the Volhynian, Moldavian and on the eastern and northern
of the Central Paratethys. First appearance of the horse
parts of the Moesian plates. Relatively deep water marly
Hipparion in the upper Bessarabian of the Eastern and
clayey facies are known from the southeastern part of
Pannonian zone "C" of the Central Paratethys is a distinct
the foredeep. The most -characteristic middle Sarmatian
marker for this correlation ( R O G L in CICHA et al. 1 9 9 8 ) . In
shallow platform facies were detrital organogenic and
the Eastern Paratethys the mapped interval corresponds
bioherm limestones.
to the maximum transgression, which took place in the
middle Sarmatian (Bessarabian). The Pannonian Basin formed the western part of the
epicontinental Sarmatian sea, and it was connected to the
The base of the Sarmatian was dated as 1 3 . 6 Ma ( V A S S
Eastern Paratethys across the South Carpathians in the
et al. 1 9 8 7 , CHUMAKOV 1 9 9 3 ) . According to nannoplank-
vicinity of the Iron Gate ( P A P P et al. 1 9 7 4 ) . The thick-
ton determination (NN6/7) and current Astronomical
ness and facies of the Sarmatian reflect three basin types
Polarity Time Scale dating of the base of mammal zone
(MAGYAR et al. 1 9 9 9 ) . Small back-arc basins close to the
M N 7 / 8 as 1 2 , 8 Ma (KRIJGSMANN 1 9 9 5 ) , the beginning of
Carpathian thrust fronts (Styrian, Vienna, East Slovakian,
the Sarmatian may be as young as 1 3 Ma ( R O G L in CICHA
Transylvanian) subsided rapidly during the Sarmatian and
e t al. 1 9 9 8 ) .
show deep water deposition and sediment thickness which
The local foraminiferal zones Elphidium reginum, exceeds 1 km. In contrast, the central part of the Pannonian
E. hauerinum for the Volhynian and Nonion granosum Basin was covered by shallow sea; the littoral carbonates
Zone [= Porosononion (sub)granosum] for the lower Bes- and clastic facies indicate that numerous islands existed
sarabian are used for regional correlation in the Central there, and the thickness of the Sarmatian sediments is usu-
Paratethys ( G R I L L 1 9 4 1 , CICHA et al. 1 9 9 8 ) . In the Dacic ally less than 100 m. The third type involved linear series
Basin, which belonged to the Eastern Paratethys from the of deep basins, which framed the shallow-water central part
Sarmatian, nannoplankton assemblages with Discoaster of the Pannonian Basin (western Transdanubia, Zala Basin,
kugleri (NN7) were recognized in the Volhynian; Catin- Sava depression). These trenches were filled primarily by
aster coalitus, C. calyculus (NN8) were recorded from clastic sediments with thicknesses of hundreds of meters
the upper Volhynian - lowermost Bessarabian and Dis- and contain a sublittoral fauna.
coaster hamatus (NN9) was identified in the Bessarabian
(MARUNTF.ANU & PAPAIANOPOI. 1 9 9 8 ) .
The upper Badenian-Sarmatian volcanism culminated
in the Sarmatian and, compared to the previous period, it
Regional correlation of the Euxinian-Caspian Sar-
was shifted towards the east (HALMAI in CICHA et al. 1 9 9 8 ) .
matian is based mainly on bivalve associations and it
Andesitic-rhyolitic volcanics exceed 2000-3000 m in
has higher resolution for the shallow-water facies ( P A R A -
thickness in the northern part of the Pannonian Basin.
MONOVA i n ILYINA e t a l . 1 9 7 6 , PARAMONOVA 1 9 9 4 ) .
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments Eastern Paratethys
The Sarmatian basin was the most extended Paratethys The Eastern Paratethys in Sarmatian time included all
basin in the Miocene. In the Sarmatian the open oceanic Paratethyan basins except for the Intra-Carpathian depres-
connections closed and the polyhaline fauna and microflora sion (Dacic and Euxinian basins with Galiczian gulf and
of the late Badenian-Konkian were eliminated. The whole Caspian).
Paratethys was inhabited by homogeneous euryhaline The Sarmatian Basin was strongly transgressed and
biotas, with mainly endemic species, which evolved from transgression continued in the Bessarabian, especially on
the Badenian and Konkian ancestors. Systematic diversity the northern and eastern margins, where it covcrcd the
28
north Pre-Caspian and the western part of the Turan Plate typical mid-Sarmatian fauna (Mactra, Obsoletiforma,
(KOLESNIKOV 1940). The Caucasus orogenic movements Plicatiforma, Barbotella among mollusks) from the sec-
had led to coarser clastic sedimentation around the Greater ond part of the Bessarabian. Terrigenous shelfal marine
Caucasus and local regressions in the Transcaucasia. deposition prevailed in the Transcaucasia.
Deep water sedimentation continued in the Black-Sea, Based on the semimarine regime and nannoplankton
in the South Caspian depressions with the Kura Gulf, associations with polyhaline zonal species in the Dacic
and in the Indol-Kubanian and Terek-Caspian foredeeps. basin, we propose communication between the Eastern
Maximal thickness of clastics (up to 2000 m) is known Paratethys and the Mediterranean through the Aegean
from the Kura depression. Marly clays with Cryptomactra area. These temporal connections came to an end in the
was the most usual facies in the shelfal depressions. Bryo- Khersonian, when the rich endemic Sarmatian biotas
zoan bioherms were located on the top of the submarine became extinct.
escarpments. The Eastern European Platform was a lowland, which
Shallow environments with carbonate deposition did not give abundant clastic material. Coarse molasse
dominated over the northern Eurasian shelf of the Eastern terrestrial deposits (up to 300 m) were accumulated along
Paratethys and on the Turan Plate. On the Caucasian shelf, the eastern Kopet-Dagh and Pamir-Tien Shan zone.
the primarily clayey sedimentation changed to sandy with
2 9
Map 8: Mid Late Miocene

(Late TORTONIAN - Early MESSINIAN, Early MAEOTIAN, Late PANNONIAN) 8,5-7 Ma
Compiled by: L . B . ILYINA, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . O . KHONDKARIAN
Co-authors: K . GORS, J.I. IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKATA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR, T.N. PINCHUK & S . V . POPOV
•SCANDIAN
RUSSIAN :AKHSTANIAN
NORTH rt&NQ
SEA
MID-RUSSIAN TURGAJ
ANGLIA1
HIGH POLAND -
LOWLAND
BAY (OHEMIAN \
OF BISCAY HIGttdC?
ILACK SEA DEPRESSI!
- WEST
MEDITERRANEAt
IRAN LAND
ATLAS
3ELAGIAN EAST MEDITERRANEAN

SHELP W ^ M BASIN
BASIN
ARABIA
DH- Donets High
-4C - Lesser Caucasus
MC^MassifCentral
Rh - AFRICA
SCD - South Caspian Depre:
ILVTNA et al.: M i d L a t e M i o c e n e ( L a t e T o r t o n i a n - E a r l y M e s s i n i a n , E a r l y M a e o t i a n , L a t e P a n n o n i a n )
Map 8: Mid Late Miocene vanian Basin also dried up, so Lake Pannon was restricted
(Late TORTONIAN - Early MESSINIAN, to the southern part of the basin, where several hundred
meter deep subbasins existed. The deep basins were filled
Early MAEOTIAN, Late PANNONIAN)
up by prodelta turbidites and then by prograding deltaic
sediments. The southern shoreline, running parallel with
the Sava and Danube rivers along the northern foots of
the Dinarides, changed very little during the lifetime of
Lake Pannon.
Correlation of the Maeotian with the Mediterranean scale
is one of the most questionable points in the Paratethyan Whether the lacustrine basin ever experienced marine
stratigraphy. The most usual correlation proposed corre- water incursions is ambiguous. Rare and sporadic findings
spondence of the Maeotian with the middle - upper Torto- of polyhaline nannofossils (KOLLANYI 2 0 0 0 ) and presence
nian (ILYINA & NEVESSKAJA 1 9 7 9 , MURATOV & NEVESSKAYA of supposedly marine elements in dinocyst associations
(SUTO 1995) seem to suggest that marine connections were
1 9 8 6 , R O G L 1 9 9 8 ) . According to recent magnetostrati-
graphic and nannofossil research ( N N 1 1 ) and correlation not fully lost. However, the benthic fauna of mollusks and
with the current Astronomical Polarity Time Scale (SNEL et ostracods was almost fully endemic, and reflects a constant
al. 2001) the Maeotian has to correlate with the uppermost brackish lacustrine environment ( M U L L E R et al. 1999).
Tortonian - lower Messinian. In the Pannonian Basin this
interval corresponds to the late Pannonian, early Congeria
rhomboidea, early Galeacysta etrusca biochrons (MAGYAR Euxine-Caspian Basin
e t al. 1 9 9 9 ) .
The sea level drop at the Sarmatian s.l.-Maeotian transi-
tion was estimated as about 300 m (TUGOLESOV et al. 1985,
ROBINSON 1995). Unconformities between the freshened
or hypersaline upper Sarmatian and semimarine early
Maeotian deposits are very common, suggesting drying
Large-scale tectonic and sedimentary-paleogeographic
up of large areas. The maximum of the transgression oc-
turnover affected the late Neogene Mediterranean and
curred in second part of the early Maeotian (STEVANOVICH
Paratethyan realms in the Tortonian (about 8 Ma ago
& ILYINA 1982, NEVESSKAYA et al. 1986), when the basin
- MEULENKAMP et al. 2000) as a consequence of the Attic
system extended from the northern margin of the Moe-
orogenesis. Horizontal tectonic movements in the western
sian Plate (Dacic Basin) to south Mangyshlak in the east.
Mediterranean, with uplift in the Betic and Rifean regions
However, its size was reduced relative to that, during the
and consequent shoaling and/or closing of the Betic Cor-
Sarmatian.
ridor and shoaling of the Rifean Strait with aecumulation
of evaporites from the late Tortonian, opening of the Tyr- The early Maeotian Basin was inhabited by mainly
rhenian and Dead Sea basins, inception of stable marine endemic species and subspecies of euryhaline Mediter-
deposition in the Aegean domain, and southward directed ranean genera, which evolved in gulfs and lagoons of
depocenter migration in the fore-Apennine Basin deter- the late Tortonian - early Messinian sea. Salinity of the
mined the main features of the Messinian paleogeographic, early Maeotian sea was estimated to be 13-14%o, up to
biogeographic and sedimentological history of the circum- 17-18%o (ILYINA et al. 1976). Later this impoverished fauna
Mediterranean realm. and microflora of marine origin became extinct and the
late Maeotian basin was inhabited by brackish associations
Planktic and shallow benthic associations of the late
with Congeria, Theodoxus, Pseudoamnicola, Turricaspia,
Tortonian - early Messinian were rich and rather diverse
brackish and freshwater diatoms, and dinocysts. However,
and indicate subtropical environments with normal marine
ephemeral marine ingressions took place during the entire
salinity. Major geological features along the southern
Maeotian, as evidenced by the presence of layers with
margin of the European platform include the end of sedi-
more diverse marine fauna and microflora in the upper
mentation in the fore-Alpine and fore-Carpathian molasse
part of the lower Maeotian (in western Georgia - ILYINA
basins and further differentiation between the domains of
et al. 1976), as well as intercalations with Mactra super-
the Central and Eastern Paratethys.
stes, Spheronassa, polyhaline nannoplankton (LULIYEVA
in SEMENENKO 1987), and marine diatoms with Coscino-
Pannonian Basin discus, Thalasiosira decipiens, Nitzschia praereinholdi
(Radionova, unpublished data) in the upper Maeotian
The northwestern part of the Pannonian Basin, i.e. the successions of western Georgia, Kerch, and Taman, and by
Vienna and Danube basins, had been filled by deltaic de- the appearance of polyhaline nannoplankton associations
posits prograding from the northwest and northeast from in the upper Maeotian of the Dacic Basin (MARUNTEANU
the uplifted Alps and Carpathians, and a significant part & PAPAIANOPOL 1998).
of the basin had been transformed into alluvial plains by Connections with the Mediterranean are proposed in
late Pannonian times (MAGYAR et al. 1 9 9 9 ) . The Transyl- the Aegean region, where lagoonal mollusk associations
29
of the lower Messinian (North Greece, Serres, Dafni clastic molasse deposits were accumulated in continental-
Formation) are very similar to the lower Maeotian mol- coastal areas of the Transcaucasia - in the Kura and Rioni
lusks (STEVANOVICH & ILYINA 1 9 8 2 , POPOV & NEVESSKAYA depressions. The Turan Plate became a lowland mainly
2000). without deposition. Orogenic movements in the Kopetd-
Shallow environments dominated over the Eastern agh and Pamir-Tien Shan zone led to the appearance of
Paratethys, deep water ones existed only in the Black Sea a spacious molasse belt along their foothills, composed
and South Caspian depressions and relatively deep water of course-clastic red-colored sequences (SHCHERBA 1993,
(more then 200-300m) in the Indol-Kubanian and Terek- SHCHERBA et al. 2001).
Caspian foredeeps. In much of the Eurasian shelf, shallow Based on biogeographical data (full sets of the early
limestones, clays, and sands accumulated. Oolitic and Maeotian-Pontian mollusks and ostracods in the Azerbai-
detrital - shelly limestones developed in the south Ukraine, jan and South Mangyshlak associations), we proposed that
Crimea, Azov area and south Mangyshlak. Alluvial-deltaic at least temporary communications existed between the
deposition prevailed around growing orogenic structures Euxinian and Caspian basins in the Transcaucasia before
of the Greater Caucasus and along the northern margin of the late Pontian (NEVESSKAYA et al. 1986). The connection
the Euxinian Sea (SHCHERBA et al. 2001). could have been located between the Adzharo-Trialeti fault
The east European platform represented a lowland with system, which came to its modern position in the late Kim-
the mid-Russian High in its centre, and the Volhynian, merian, and the southern border of the Dzirul Massif.
Ukrainian and Donets highs in its southern parts. Thick
30
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg | 250 | 35-37 Frankfurt a. M„ 16. 09. 2004
Map 9: Latest Miocene

(Late MESSINIAN, Early PONTIAN - Late PANNONIAN) 6,1-5,7 Ma
Compiled by: S . O . KHONDKARIAN, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . V . POPOV
Co-authors: K . GURS, J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR,T.N. PINCHUK & A . S . Zastrozhnov
^ WEST
SIBERIAN LOWLAND
•SGANDIAN
RUSSIAN
- LAND" ^
NORTH
SEA
MID-_RUSSIAN
POLAND -----
LOWLAND
BAY
OF BISCAY
.ACK SEA D E P R E S S H
MEDITERRAT
ATLAS
PELAGIAI EAST MEDITERRANEAN

SHEL , /^C^BASIN
BASIN
ARAB
AFRICA
DH- Donets High

MC- Massif Central
Rh - Rhodops
SCD - South Caspian Depression
Corresponding author: Sergej Ovakimovich KHONDKARIAN, AEROGEOLOGIA, Leninskiy pr. 35, 117071 Moscow, Russland
KHONDKARIAN et al.: L a t e s t M i o c e n e ( L a t e M e s s i n i a n . E a r l y P o n t i a n - L a t e P a n n o n i a n )
Map 9: Latest Miocene of "Lago Mare" facies took place. We try to reflect all this
(Late MESSINIAN, Early PONTIAN - complex history on a single map.
The brackish fauna and microflora of the "Lago Mare"
Late PANNONIAN)
facies included numerous genera and species, common
with the Paratethys: endemic limnocardiins, Congeria,
Melanopsis among mollusks, Loxoconcha djaffarovi os-
tracod association, Galeacysta etrusca among dinocysts.
The origin of this assemblage was probably connected
Correlation of the Pontian with the Mediterranean scale
with more ancient - Pannonian-Paratethyan biota, but their
is disputable. The most usual correlation proposed corre-
subsequent development unfolded independently. Some
spondence of the Pontian with the entire Messinian (ILJINA
components of this specific biota, together with more rare
& NEVESSKAJA 1 9 7 9 , MURATOV & NEVESSKAYA 1 9 8 6 , ROGL
Pannonian elements, were ancestral for the younger Pon-
1998). This correlation, however, is contradicted by the
tian fauna of the Euxinian-Caspian Paratethys; they moved
paleomagnetic data. Based on primary reversed polarity
from the Mediterranean to the Eastern Paratethys through
of the Pontian, it is possible to correlate it with Chron 6
intermediate basins (Aegean, Dacic) ( E B E R Z I N 1949,
of the Harland scale and with the upper Tortonian - lower
NEVESSKAYA et al. 1986, POPOV & NEVESSKAYA 2000).
Messinian, as proposed by M.A.Pevzner, or alternatively
with the lower part of Chron 4 (=C3r) and with the upper
Messinian, according to V.M.Trubikhin (PONTIEN in STE-
VANOVIC et al. 2000). The first point of view was supported Pannonian Basin
by absolute age data (CHUMAKOV 1993) and zonal nanno-
plankton determinations (NN9-NN10 in base of the Maeo- Late Congeria rhomboidea, late Galeacysta etrusca
tian - data of LULIYEVA in SEMENENKO 1987). Nevertheless, biochrons. Progradation from the northwest almost com-
according to magnetostratigraphic results and calcareous pletely filled up the western part of the basin; only the
nannofossil data (NN11, NN12 - MARUNTEANU & PAPA- Drava Basin remained subaqueous. Delta lobes in the
IANOPOL 1998) from the Dacic Basin of South Romania and central part of the basin approached the lower Tisza River
correlation with the current Astronomical Polarity Time from the northwest. Progradation from the northeast was
Scale ( S N E L et al. 2001), as well as biogeographic data far slower than from the northwest. The deep lacustrine
on the origin of the Pontian fauna (POPOV & NEVESSKAYA environment was restricted to what are now SE Hungary,
2000), the Pontian corresponds to the upper Messinian NE Croatia, and N Serbia. The endemic mollusk and os-
and correlates with the salinity crisis. In the Pannonian tracod fauna of Lake Pannon flourished, and - probably
Basin this interval corresponds to the late Pannonian, late in several pulses - migrated into the Eastern Paratethys
Congeria rhomboidea, late Galeacysta etriisca biochrons through the Dacic Basin.
(MAGYAR et al. 1999).
Euxinian-Caspian Basin
Paleogeography and paleoenvironments The Eastern Paratethys reconstruction corresponds to

maximum sea extent in the early Pontian (Novorossian).
The main paleogeographic features and bathymetry of The early Pontian Basin was strongly transgressed, espe-
the late Messinian basin system were inherited from the cially on its northern and eastern margins. On the north
early Messinian. The salinity crisis markedly changed the the early Pontian sea covered the south half of the Donets
sedimentological processes and facies in the basin; the high, which had been dry land and a source of clastic
earlier bathymetric zones became more distinct, because material since the Paleogene, and northward reached the
evaporites of different composition were deposited in the Volga-Don and Ergeni areas. In the northwest the early
different zones. Pontian sea formed three big gulfs: North-Pre-Caspian,
We used the double-phase model of the Messinian North-Ustjurtian, and South Mangyshlakian. The lower
crisis (CLAUZON et al. 2001). According to this hypothesis Pontian sediments are known in the Turkish coast of the
sea level dropped in two phases separated by a flooding Black Sea (OSZAYAR 1977). The Dacian Basin biogeo-
event. The first phase (5.8 Ma) affected only the Mediter- graphically belonged to the Eastern Paratethys.
ranean basin margins and led to accumulation of the lower Sandy deposition prevailed in its shallow coastal
evaporites of gypsum composition. The second phase, areas and muddy sedimentation in deeper environments.
characterized by a drastic sea level drop exceeding 1500 Calcareous, shelly-detrital facies were widespread on
m, affected the whole basin (5.6 Ma). As a consequence, the northern inner shelf of the Euxinian-Caspian Basin.
deep canyons were incised in the basin margins (paleo- Towards the Caucasus, Kopetdagh and western clastic
Nile, Rhone, Ebro et al.) and thick evaporate series (up to sources the facies changed to muddy and sandy deposits.
2 km according to seismic data) were accumulated in the Deep water environments existed only in the Black Sea
bathyal plains. Between the two phases brackish deposition and South Caspian depressions.
32
Based on the prevailingly brackish fauna, salinity of 5.6 Ma by MEULENKAMP et al. 2000). According to biogeo-
the basin was low, but didn't fall under 5 - 8 % o . The Da- graphic data, however, the Caspian-Euxinian connection
cian part, where Parvivenus widhalmi - the single bivalve was maintained during the entire Pontian: specific late
species of marine origin in Eastern Paratethyan Pontian Pontian species common in the Euxinian and Dacian
- was absent, was probably more freshened. At the same basins are known from the upper Pontian of Azerbaijan
time the presence of nannoplankton zonal associations (NEVESSKAYA et al. 1986).
(MARUNTEANU & PAPAI ANOPOL 1 9 9 8 ) in the middle ( N N 1 1 ) The east European platform represented a lowland
and upper ( N N 1 2 ) Pontian testifies to episodic ingressions with the mid Russian High in its central part. Thick clastic
of marine waters. Connection probably took place via the molasse deposits were accumulated in continental - coastal
Aegean Gulf of the late Messinian sea (STHVANOVIC et al. areas of the Transcaucasia-in the Kura and Rioni depres-
1 9 8 9 , POPOV & NEVESSKAYA 2 0 0 0 ) . sions. Conglomerates, clays, and sands of the Dushet
A sharp regression at the beginning of the late Pontian Formation (Maeotian-Pontian, up to 2000 m) were ac-
(Portaferrian) led to the drying of the northern outer shelf cumulated in fluvial environments, containing remains of
of the Euxinian Basin. The Stavropolian Strait was closed, terrestrial and freshwater mollusks, mammals, and plants.
the Caspian Basin was separated from the Euxinian one in Rivers that transported this material discharged into a lake
its northern part, and the eastern lake-sea became restricted in the mid-Kura depression, where low-carbonate sandy
to the modern Middle and South Caspian with the Kura clays (up to 2500 m) of the Maeotian-Pontian Shirak For-
gulf. The date of this sea level fall approximately corre- mation were deposited. The Turan Plate became a lowland
lates with the drastic sea level drop in the Mediterranean mainly without deposition.
( 5 . 7 Ma, according to TRUBIKHIN in STEVANOVIC et al. and
33
Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 250 39-41 Frankfurt a. M., 16. 09. 2004
Map 10: Middle-Late Pliocene

(PIACENTIAN - GELASIAN, Late ROMANIAN - AKCHAGILIAN) 3,4-1,8 Ma
Compiled by: S . O . KHONDKARIAN, N . P . PARAMONOVA & I . G . SHCHERBA
Co-authors: K . GURS, J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I . MAGYAR, T . N . PINCHUK,

S . V . POPOV & A . S . ZASTROZHNOV
'LAND
-RJ^SIAN
NORTH X L A N D
T
SEA 5> ~
iTURGAJ
MID-RUSSIAI
.-POLAND \
LOWLAND
BAY \
OF BISCAY BOHEMT A\CHAGILIAN
HIGH
jUSTJURT— K/z^pW^
PLATEU fctlQg?
MESE' :UJALNICIAN iRE-KOPETDAGH

BASIN. h . - i GULF
:DITERRANEAN
BASIN V-
IRAN LAND
PELAGIAN
SHELF
EAST M E D I T E R R A N E A N B A S I N
^SIRT
BASIN OPOTAMh
ARABIA
AFRICA
DH- Donets High

MC - Massif Central
Rh - Rhodops
Corresponding author: Sergcj Ovakimovich KHONDKARIAN, AEROGEOLOGIA, Lcninskiy pr. 35. 117071 Moscow, Russland
KHONDKARJAN et al.: M i d d l e - L a t e P l i o c e n e ( P i a c e n t i a n - G e l a s i a n , L a t e R o m a n i a n - A k c h a g i l i a n )
Map 10: Middle-Late Pliocene domains, accumulation of continental clastics took place
(PIACENTIAN - GELASIAN, in local depressions during the Mid to Late Pliocene.
However, in the southwestern part, the Drava and Sava
Late ROMANIAN - AKCHAGILIAN)
basins were filled by Pliocene deposits, which reached
to about 1000 m (MEULENKAMP et al. 1996). The Plio-
Pleistocene alkali-basaltic volcanism played an important
Time slice definition and biochronology role in the intra-arc domains and occurred in the Styrian
and Danube basins, Great Hungarian Lowland, Transyl-
Due to the non-marine character of many younger Pliocene vania and Slovakian-Hungarian volcanic domain (SZABO
Peri-Tethyan sequences it is often not possible to subdivide et al. 1992).
the middle/upper Pliocene. So the Pliocene map reflects a
Brackish and fiuvio-lacustrine foredeep sedimentation
broad time-interval from about 3.4 to 1.8 Ma and displays
continued only in the southeast in the Dacic Basin, where
paleogeographic configuration and environments that oc-
the Pliocene (Dacian-Romanian) sequences reach thick-
curred after the late Early Pliocene large-scale tectonic
nesses of thousands of meters. Ephemeral brackish-water
reorganization. In terms of regional Paratethys stages and
ingressions came from the adjacent Euxinian domain
horizons, it corresponds to the Romanian of the Dacic
only in the eastern part of the overall fluvio-lacustrine
Basin, the Kujalnician of the Euxinian Basin, and the
Dacic basin.
Akchagilian of the Caspian Basin.
The Romanian was characterized by the extinction of
limnocardiines and appearance of unionids, viviparids, and
Euxinian Basin, Kujalnician
melanopsids, reflecting a further decrease in water salinity.
Nevertheless, zonal calcareous nannoplankton associations
Since the latest Miocene (late Pontian time), the Eastern
are known from these layers ( N N 1 5 - N N 1 6 - MARUNTEANU
Paratethys had been subdivided into two major basins, the
& PAPAIANOPOL 1998). In the Pannonian Basin this interval
Dacian - Euxinian basin system and the Caspian Basin.
corresponds to the upper part of the geochronologically
The Pliocene faunas of the former were inherited from
poorly defined freshwater "Paludina beds".
the Pontian. The area of the brackish mid-late Pliocene
The Akchagilian sequences reflect a semi-marine re- Kujalnician Basin corresponded approximately to the
gime in the spacious Caspian Basin, and their stratigraphic modern Black Sea area with the south Ukrainian shelf and
position is rather well established by magnetostratigraphic Azov-Kuban and Rioni gulfs. The brackish Kujalnician
data (C2+C2An - TRUBIKHIN 1977). Regional correlation Sea had no direct connection with the ocean, but there was
of the Akchagilian is based on euryhaline fauna of marine an ephemeral corridor connecting it with the Akchagil-
origin with mainly endemic species. The Kujalnician part ian basin of the Caspian region: layers with Akchagilian
of the Eastern Paratethys differs in the presence of spe- Avimactra and Cerastoderma dombra are known in the
cific brackish mollusks and ostracods, inherited from the Kujalnician sequences of the Azov area. Shallow-water ter-
Pontian - Kimmerian fauna. rigenous clastics with Kujalnician faunas are known from
the North Black Sea Depression, eastern' Crimea, Kerch
and Taman peninsulas, Kuban and Rioni depressions. In
all these regions the Kujalnician deposits are characterized
by similar fossils of brackish ostracods and mollusks, such
Major features ofthe circum - Mediterranean paleogeography
us Prosodacna, Pachydacna, Chartoconcha, Pontalmyra,
after the early Pliocene orogenesis were increasing subsidence
Oraphocardium, Viviparus (NEVESSKAJA et al. 1 9 8 4 ) .
rates of the Tyrrhenian and southern Aegean depressions and
uplift of the surrounding mountain chains. Pliocene vertical The central and western part of the East European Plat-
movements initiated the development of the present-day form, occupied by the Volhyn-Ukrainian and mid-Russian
paleogeographic features and river system (MEULENKAMP et highlands, was intersected by branched river systems. Seis-
al. 2000). In the western Mediterranean domain, the Strait of mic and sedimentary data portray the intensive growth of
Gibraltar originated at the beginning of the Pliocene, after the rapidly advancing deltas from platform rivers (paleo-Prut,
Betic and Rifean corridors were closed in the late Messinian. paleo-Dnester, paleo-Dnieper in the north-western part of
Shallow marine environments persisted all along the northern the Black Sea, and paleo-Donets in the Azov-Kubanian
coast of the African continent. Fluvial and limnic facies were region) as well as from uplifting orogens of the Greater
deposited during the Mid Pliocene in the Rhine graben, as a Caucasus (paleo-Kuban, rivers of Western Ciscaucasia,
result of a new phase of rifting. Rioni Gulf) and Pontides.
Carpatho-Pannonian region Caspian Basin, Akchagilian
Major folding and thrusting in the Outer Carpathians came The pre-Akchagilian Balakhanian freshwater basin was
to an end by the late Pliocene. In the intra-Carpathian restricted to the South Caspian depression and the Kura
4 0
Gulf. The lowering of sea level resulted in deeply incised the southern marginal areas of the basin, terrigenous and
valleys (up to a few hundred meters) of the paleo-Volga, calcareous sediments with rich endemic faunas (Avicar-
paleo-Kura and paleo-Amudarja rivers. The Akchagilian dium, Miricardium, Andrussella, Avimactra - PARAMONOVA
Sea invaded this rugged relief. It was characterized by a 1994) were deposited in mid-Akchagilian time.
hemi-marine regime with reduced salinity and euryhaline Northwards, the Akchagilian Sea ingressed eventually
biota of marine origin. Numerous endemic taxa (genera the Volga and Kama basins. Poor and uniform, euryhaline
and species) of mollusks, ostracods and diatoms evolved faunas in the northern parts of the basin system reflect
from lagoonal Mediterranean ancestors. The place of reduced salinities as compared to those of the main basin.
connection with the Mediterranean remains highly During the mid-Akchagilian, marine ingressions reached
speculative. Polyhaline nannoplankton associations from as far as the paleo-Murgab, Tedzhen and Amudarja valleys
Azerbaijan and brackish-marine Pliocene deposits from and the south Aral Gulf.
eastern Turkey (upper Euphrates valley - STEININGER et A new phase of orogenic movements resulted in a
al. 1985, CHEPALYGA 1995) show a possible corridor from pronounced increase of clastic supply from the evolving
the eastern Mediterranean to eastern Transcaucasia or the chain towards the bordering plains. The coarsest molasse-
South Caspian depression. type clastics were laid down around the Greater Caucasus,
Relatively deep-water, clayey deposits (up to 350-500 m) Eastern Kopetdagh, Pamir and Tien Shan orogenic belts.
accumulated in the entire central part of the basin from the Eruptions in the Kazbek area of the Central Cau-
pre-Caspian area to the South Caspian depression, in the casus and Adzharo - Trialet Ridge produced abun-
Kobystan part of the Lower Kura and the deep-water Fore- dant volcanoclastics ( M U R A T O V & NEVESSKAYA 1986).
Kopetdagh depressions. In the relatively shallow parts of
41
POPOV et al.: Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys
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(Ed.): Fossils and C l i m a t i c . - G e o l . J. Spec. Issue, 11: 171-200; Oligoccne. - Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists. Geol.
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SEIFERT, P . , BRAUNSTEIN, R. & B A L D I , T . ( 1 9 9 1 ) : Korrelation der oligozanen STUDENCKA, B., GONTSHAROVA, I.A. & P O P O V , S . V . (1998): The bivalve
Schichtfolgen von Ottenthal (Waschbergzone, Niederosterreich) faunas as a basis for reconstruction of the Middle Miocene
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(Geologische Bundcsanstalt Wien). Tertiarablagerungen. II. Uber die Bedeutung der sogenannten
SEMF.NF.NKO, V . N . ( 1 9 8 7 ) : Stratigraphic correlation of the Upper Miocene "brackischen Stufe" oder der "Ccrithienschichten". Sitzungs-
and Pliocene. - 232 p.; Kiew (Naukova Dumka). [In Russian] berichte osterreichischc Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathe-
S E N E S , J . ( 1 9 6 1 ) : Palaogeographie des Westkarpatischcn R a u m e s in matisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 54: 218-357.
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SHCHERBA, I . G . , ILYINA, L . B . & K H O N D K A R I A N , S . O . ( 2 0 0 1 ) : Maeotian S Z A B O , C . , H A R A N G I , S . & C S O N T O S , L. (1992): Review of Neogene and
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Contents annex:
Map 1: Late Eocene (PRIABONIAN - BELOGLINIAN)
Map 2: Early Oligocene (Early RUPELIAN, Early KISCELLIAN - PSCHEKHIAN)
Map 3: Late Oligocene (CHATTIAN - EGERIAN - KALMYKIAN)
Map 4: Early Miocene (BURDIGALIAN, EGGENBURGIAN, SAKARAULIAN)
Map 5: Early Middle iMiocene (LANGHIAN, Early BADENIAN, CHOKRAKIAN)
Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene (Middle SERRAVALLIAN, Late BADENIAN, KONKIAN)
Map 7: Late Middle Miocene (Late SERRVALLIAN, SARMATIAN s.s., Middle SARMATIAN s.l.)
Map 8: Mid Late Miocene (Late TORTONIAN - Early MESSINIAN - Early MAEOTIAN - Late PANNONIAN)
Map 9: Latest Miocene (Late MESSINIAN, Early PONTIAN - Late PANNONIAN)
Map 10: Middle Late Pliocene (PIACENTIAN - GELASIAN, Late ROMANIAN - AKCHAGILIAN)
Stratigraphic scheme of the Late Paleogene - Neogene Paratethys and mapped intervals
4 6
Contents
Introduction 1
Popov, S. V., Shcherba, I. G. & Stolyarov, A. S.: Mapl: Late Eocene

(Priabonian - Beloglinian) 3
Popov, S. V., Shcherba, I. G. & Stolyarov, A. S.: Map 2: Early Oligocene

(Early Rupelian, Early Kiscellian - Pschekhian) 7
Popov, S. V., Shcherba, I. G. & Stolyarov, A. S.: Map 3: Late Oligocene

(Chattian - Egerian - Kalmykian) 11
Popov, S. V., Shcherba, I. G. & Stolyarov, A. S.: Map 4: Early Miocene

(Burdigalian, Eggenburgian, Sakaraulian) 15
Goncharova, I. G., Shcherba, I. G. & Khondkarian, S. 0.: Map 5: Early Middle Miocene
(Langhian, Early Badenian Chokrakian) 19
Ilyina, L. B., Shcherba, I. G. & Khondkarian, S. 0. & Goncharova, I. A.: Map 6:

Mid Middle Miocene (Middle Serravallian, Late Badenian, Konkian) 23
Paramonova, N. P., Shcherba, I. G. & Khondkarian, S. 0.: Map 7: Late Middle Miocene
(Late Seravallian, Sarmatian s.s., Middle Sarmatian s.l.) 27
Ilyina, L. B., Shcherba, I. G. & Khondkarian, S. 0.: Map 8: Middle Late Miocene
(Late Tortonian - Early Messinian - Early Maeotian - Late Pannonian) 31
Khondkarian, S. 0., Shcherba, I. G. & Popov, S. V.: Map 9: Latest Miocene

(Late Messinian, Early Pontian - Late Pannonian) 35
Khondkarian, S. 0., Paramonova, N. P. & Shcherba, I. G.: Map 10: Middle Late Pliocene
(Piacentian - Gelasian, Late Romanian, Akchagilian) 39
References 42
Annex: Lithological-Paleogeographic maps (1-10) of Paratethys
SRN
senckenberg Schriftleitung: Dr. Peter Konigshof
forschungsinstitut und naturmuseum
Internet: www.senckenberg.de
-tie I L» J J I \J U I J I
Stratigraphic scheme ofthe Late Paleogene - Neogene Paratethys and mapped intervals
Marine environments Brackish environments

>emi-marine environments Freshwater environments
Compiled by: S.V. Popov, I.G, Shcherba, A.S. Stolyarov
Co-authors: K. Gurs, M. Kovac, V.A. Krasheninnikov,

A. Nagymarosy, B.I. Pinkhasov, F. Rogl, A. Rusu
Late Eocene
Map 1
37-34 Ma
W E S T SIBERIAN SEA
FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH KAZAKHSTANIAN
HIGH
RUSSIAN
LAND TURGA.
IRISH STRAIT
WELSH- TIENSH/ TARIM

ANGLIA
HIGH <f \ m
FERGAN-
BAY N BOHEMIAN
OF BISCAY HIGH .
INE-CARPAI
IBERIAl NORTH
IDESIAN c*ucasus PAMIR
LAND . LAND
'ONTIAI CENTRAL •*
LANQ, PAMIR LOWLAND
APOLIAN
ANATOI
| LANJ
TAURUS CENTRAL IRAN
ATLAS LANfl/ BASIN AFGHANISTAN
HIGH \ (LAND J
MESOPOTAM
JIRT *
BASIN
A - Andrusov5WeW-~-_
ALB - Alboran Land
CAL - Calabria
D H - Donets High
Depression
KAB - Kabilia / AFRICA
LC - Lesser Caucasus ARABIA
- M C ^ M a s s i f Central
PEL^TetefitaoianLand
Rh - RhodopeHigfi OCEAN
Sh - Shatsky Swell
Depression
Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow
© Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main 2004

M a p 1. Late Eocene (PRIABONIAN - BELOGLINIAN)
Legend
III. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Marine environments:
I. LITHOLOGY:
Shallow shelf
Breccia
Deep shelf
Conglomerate
Deep shelfal depression
Sand and sandstone
Continental slope, basin bottom
Silt and siltstone
Continental environments:
Clay
Freshwater lake, marsh
Marl
Lowland
Limestone Highland
Silicilith Mountain range
a Paleogeographic boundary,
Intrusive massif & a - established, b - inferred
Terrigenious flysch Lithofacies boundary
Calcareous flysch Present-day limit of deposits
Sea - continent transition
Anhydrite and gypsum
Bioherm
Ashes and tuff material
Delta, pro-delta, fan
Turbidites
II. MINERAL RESOURCES
Volcano
Coal Sediment supply
Chloritic salts Thickness in meters, established and
aproximate
Oil and gas Isopach in meters
Syn-sedimentary fault, flexure
Overthrust: a - synsedimentary,
b - postsedimentary
Strike-slip fault:
a - synsedimentary, b - postsedimentary
Published a n d unpublished materials w e r e used:
Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Baldi 1986; Balla 1984; C h e k u n o v et al. 1976; C s o n t o s et al. 1992;
Dercourt et al. 1985; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000; Gansser 1957; Goff et al. 1995;
J o n e s & R a c e y 1994; Karasev 1948; Kovac et al. 2002; Kopp & S h c h e r b a 1998;
Luttig & Steffens 1976; N a g y m a r o s y 1990; Poisson et al. 1997; Ponikarov et al. 1968; Rogl 1998;
Rogl & Steininger 1983; S a n d u l e s c u & Micu 1988; S h c h e r b a 1993; Sissingh 2001;
Steininger & Wessely 2000; Stolyarov 1991; Stolyarov et al. 1996; Tugolesov et al. 1985;
V i n o g r a d o v 1967-1969; W a g n e r 1996; Ziegler 1990.
Mop2:EarlyOligocene(EarlyR u p e l i a n ,EarlyKiscelail n-Pschekhian).In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,

Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys.
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250: 1-46: maps 1-10.
Compiled by: S.V. Popov, I.G. Shcherba, A.S. Stolyarov

Map 2
Early Oligocene
34-32 Ma

Map 2. Early Oligocene (Early RUPELIAN, Early KISCELLIAN- PSCHEKHIAN)
Legend
III. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
I. LITHOLOGY:
Breccia
Shallow shelf
Conglomerate
Deep shelf
Sand and sandstone
Silt and siltstone
Clay
Anoxic clay
Marl
Lowland
Limestone Highland
Silicilith Mountain range
Paleogeographic boundary,
Intrusive massif a - established, b - inferred
Terrigenous flysch Lithofacies boundary
Present-day limit of deposits
II. MINERAL RESOURCES Bioherm
Coal Delta, pro-delta, fan
Oil and gas Turbidites
Manganese Volcano
Sediment supply
Uranium and rare earth
Thickness in meters, established and
Ferruginous aproximate
Isopach in meters
Synsedimentary fault, flexure
b - postsedimentary
Strike-slip fault:
Published a n d unpublished materials were used:
Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Baldi 1986; Balla 1984; Berger 1996; C h e k u n o v et al. 1976;
Csontos et al. 1992; Dercourt et al. 1985; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000;
Furrer & S o d e r 1955; Gansser 1957; Goff et al. 1995; Jones & Racey 1994; Karasev 1948;
Kopp & S h c h e r b a 1998; K o v a c et al. 2002; Luttig & Steffens 1976; N a g y m a r o s y 1990;
N a g y m a r o s y & Baldi-Beke 1993; Poisson et al. 1997; Ponikarov et al. 1968; Rogl 1998;
Rogl & Steininger 1983; S a i d o v & Kuschanin 1947; S a n d u l e s c u & Micu 1988; S h c h e r b a 1993;
Sissingh 2001; Steininger & Wessely 2000; Stolyarov 1991; Stolyarov et al. 1996;
Tugolesov et al. 1985; V i n o g r a d o v 1967-1969; W a g n e r 1996; Yetis et al. 1995; Ziegler 1990.
Mop 2: Early Oligocene (Early Rupelian, Early Kiscellian-Pschekhian). In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,
3
Map
Late Oligocene
29 - 24 Ma
BASIN
WEST:'SIBERIAL
KAZAKHSTANIAN
FENNO-SCANDIAN URAL F F T ) HIGH
HIGH HIGH
RUSSIAN
LAND
IENSH,
TARIM
WELSH-
ANGLIA
_ HIGHT,
"SCYTHIA
BOHEMIAN
HIGH ..SHEltF
OF BISCAY
'CASIAN
MOESIA
ANATOLIAN CENTRAL
IANO > 1RAN
K.
BASIN
'ATLAS
JUGH^ EAST MEDITERRANEAN
. BASIC
SIRT
BASIN
A - Andrusov 5>well INDIAN
ALB - Alboran Land / f ~ - O C E A N
CAL - Calabria
D H - Donets High
ARABIA
Depression
KAB - Kabilia
LC - Lesser Caucasus AFRICA
MC-MassifCentral
P E L - Peloritanlan Land-
Rh - Rhodope High
Sh - Shatsky Swell
Somalia
Depression
plateau

Map 3. Late Oligocene (CHATTIAN - EGERIAN - KALMYKIAN)
Legend
III. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
I. LITHOLOGY:
Breccia
Shallow shelf
Conglomerate
Deep shelf
Sand and sandstone
Silt and siltstone
Continental slope and basin bottom
Clay
Brackish environments
Anoxic clay
Marl
Freshwater lake, marshes
Limestone
Lowlands
Silicilith Highlands
Intrusive massif Mountain
a Boundary of different paleogeographic conditions
Acidic extrusives a - established, b - inferred
Lithofacies boundary
Terrigenious flysch
Boundary of recent extension of deposits
Anhydrite and gypsum Sea - continent transition
Ashes and tuff material Bioherm
Delta, fans
Turbidites
Coal
Volcanoes
Oil and gas Sediment source
Manganese Thickness in section
Uranium and rare earth
Isopachits
Ferruginous
Synsedimental fault and flexures:
Overthrusts: a - synsedimentary,
b - postsedimentary
Transcurrent faults:
Published and unpublished materials were used:
Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Baldi 1986; Balla 1984; Barthelt et. al. 1988; Beer & Shcherba 1984;
Berger 1996; Chekunov et al. 1976; Csontos et al. 1992; Dercourt et al. 1985; Dercourt et al. 1993;
Dercourt et al. 2000; Frisch et al. 1998; Furrer & Soder 1955; Gansser 1957; Goff et al. 1995;
Jiricek & Seifert 1990; Jones & Racey 1994; Karasev 1948; Kopp & Shcherba 1998; Kovac et al.
2002; Kunin et al. 1989, 1990; Luttig & Steffens 1976; Nagymarosy 1990; Nagymarosy &
Baldi-Bekel993; Neogene paleog. Atlas of Central and E. Europe 1988; Poisson et al. 1997;
Ponikarov et al. 1968 ; Rogl 1998; Rogl & Steininger 1983; Saidov & Kuschanin 1947;
Sandulescu & Micu 1988; Shcherba 1993; Sissingh 1997, 1998; Steininger & Wessely 2000;
Stolyarov 1991; Tugolesov et al. 1985; Vinogradov 1967-1969; Wagner 1996; Yetis et al. 1995;
Ziegler 1990.
Sponsored by Peri-Tethys Programme, Grant 25 and Hans Rausing Fond.
Mop 2: Early Oligocene(EarlyRupelian,EarlyKiscellian-Pschekhian).In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,

4
Map
Early Miocene
20,5-19 Ma
:ST S BERIAN DZUNGAR

BASIN
RUSSIAN iTURGAJ
NORTH LAND
fWELSt
ANGLI
^HIGÎ
BOHEMIAN
ICYTHIAI
OF BISCAY
TISZA
:AUC
*SIANI
CENTRAL IRAN,
\ BASIN 1
IT MEDITERRANEAN
BASlf
A - Andrusov Swell
ALB -Alboran Land
CAL t Calabria
D H - Donets High
EBD • Eastern Black Sea
Depression
KAB- Kabilia INDIAI
LC - Lesser Caucasus AFRICA
filC - Massif Cehtraf --
<&£L - Peloritanian Land
Rh - Rfrodope-High
Sh - Shatsky Swell
WBD - Western Black Se<
Depression

M a p 4 . Early Miocene (BURDIGALIAN, EGGENBURGIAN, SAKARAULIAN]
I. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Legend Shallow shelf
I. LITHOLOGY: Deep shelf
Breccia Deep shelfal depression
Conglomerate Continental slope, basin bottom
Sand and sandstone Continental environments:
Silt and siltstone Freshwater lake, marsh
Clay Lowland
Anoxic clay Highland
Marl Mountain range

Limestone b o - established, b - inferred
Silicilith Lithofaoies boundary
Intrusive massif
Basic and intermediate volcanics
Bioherm
Terrigenous flysch Delta, pro-delta, fan
Anhydrite and gypsum Turbidites
II. MINERAL RESOURCES Volcano

Sediment supply
Coal
Oil and gas aproximate
Manganese Isopach in meters
Chloritic salts Syn-sedimentary fault flexure

b - postsedimentary
Strike-slip fault:
Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Baldi 1986; Balla 1984; Barthelt et al. 1988; Beer 8c Shcherba 1984;
Berger 1996; Boccaletti et al. 1990; Cahuzac et al. 1992; Chekunov et al. 1976; Csontos et al. 1992;
Dercourt et al. 1985; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000; Erentoz 1956; Frisch et al. 1998;
Furrer & Soder 1955; Gansser 1957; Goff et al. 1995; Jiricek 8c Seifert 1990; Jones 8c Racey 1994;
Karasev 1948; Kopp 8c Shcherba 1998; Kovac et al. 1989; Kovac 2000; Kunin et al. 1989, 1990;
Luttig 8c Steffens 1976; Nagymarosy 1990; Nagymarosy 8c Baldi-Beke 1993; Ozsayar 1977;
Poisson etal. 1997; Ponikarov et al. 1968; Rogl 1998; Rogl 8c Steininger 1983;
Saidov 8c Kuschanin 1947; Sandulescu 8c Micu 1988; Seifert et al. 1991; Shcherba 1993;
Sissingh 2001; Steininger et al. 1985; Steininger 8c Wessely 2000; Stolyarov 1991;
Tugolesov et al. 1985; Vinogradov 1967-1969; Wagner 1996; Yetis et al. 1995; Ziegler 1990.
Mop 2: EarlyOligocene(EarlyR u p e l i a n ,EarlyKiscellian-Pschekhian).In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,

5
Compiled by: I A Goncharova, I.G. Shcherba, S.O. Khondkarian
Co-authors: K. Gurs, Ju.l. losifova, T.V. Jakubovskaja, Map

M. Kovac, V.A. Krasheninnikov,
T.N. Pinchuk, B.I. Pinkhasov, S.V. Popov,
G. Popescu, F. Rogl, A. Rusu,
Early Middle Miocene
A.V. Zajtsev, A.S. Zastrozhnov
16 - 15 Ma

M a p 5 . Early Middle Miocene (LANGHIAN, Early BADENIAN, CHOKRAKIAN]
Legend
I. LITHOLOGY:
Breccia
Conglomerate
Sand and sandstone
Silt and siltstone
Lowland
Clay Highland
Anoxic clay Mountain range
Marl Paleogeographic boundary
a - established, b - Inferred
Limestone Lithofacies boundary
Diatomite Present-day limit of deposits
Intrusive massif Sea - continent transition
Basic volcanics River valley
Acidic volcanics Bioherm

Terrigenous flysch Delta, pro-delta, fan
Anhydrite and gypsum Turbidites
Volcano
Sediment supply
Coal
Oil and gas aproximate
Chloritic salts Isopach in meters
III. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
b - postsedimentary
Shallow shelf Strike-slip fault:
Deep shelf
Ali-Zade et al. 1980; Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Barthelt 1988; Berger 1996; Boccaletti et al. 1990;
Bondarchuk et al. 1960; Cahuzac et al. 1992; Chekunov et al. 1976; Csontos et al. 1992;
Ctyroky et al. 1975; Dercourt et al. 1985; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000;
Devjatkin et al. 2 0 0 0 ; Dumurdzanov 8c Krstic 1 9 9 9 ; Erentoz 1 9 5 6 ; Frisch et al. 1 9 9 8 ;
Furrer 8c Soder 1 9 5 5 ; Gansser 1 9 5 7 ; Goff et al. 1 9 9 5 ; Goncharova 1 9 8 9 ; Goncharova et al. 2 0 0 1 ,
2002; Karasev 1948; Kopp 8c Shcherba 1985, 1998; Kovac et al. 1989; Krasheninnikov 1971, 1985;
Kunin et al. 1 9 8 9 , 1 9 9 0 ; Luttig 8c Steffens 1 9 7 6 ; Nagymarosy 1 9 9 0 ; Pinkhasov 1 9 8 4 ;
Poisson et al. 1997; Ponikarov et al. 1968; Radoicic et al. 1991; Robinson 1995; Rogl 1998;
Rogl 8c Steininger 1983; Saidov 8c Kuschanin 1947; Seifert et al. 1991; Shcherba 1993;
Sissingh 1997, 1998; Steininger et al. 1985; Steininger 8c Wessely 2000; Tugolesov et al. 1985;
Vinogradov 1967-1969; Wagner 1996; Yetis et al. 1995; Ziegler 1990.
Mop 2: Early Oligocene (Early Rupelian, Early Kiscellian-Pschekhian). In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,
6
Compiled by: L.B. Ilyina, I.G. Shcherba,
S.O. Khondkarian, I.A. Goncharova
Co-authors: K. Gurs, J u l losifova, Map
T.V, Jakubovskaja, M. Kovac, V.A. Krasheninnikov,
A. Nagymarosy, T.N. Pinchuk, S.V. Popov, ...
g popescu a RUSU Mia Middle Miocene
14-13 Ma
WEST
SIBERIAN LOWLAND
FENNO-SCANDIAN
HIGH
NORTH'
RUSSIAN TURGAJ
IRISH SEA [MHSTANJAN
LAND
WELSH-
AMGLIA
HIGH
BAY \
OF BISCAY
BOHEMIAN
.HJGJd
WEST
EAST MEDITERRANEAI
BASIN
CALâtabria^^ BASIN
DH- Donets HigFT ' -—
Depression
ARABIA
MC - Massif Central
Rh - Rhodops
SCD - South Caspian Depression AFRICA
WBD - Western Black Sea '
Depression

Map 6. Mid Middle Miocene (Middle SERRAVALUAN, Late BADENIAN, KONKIAN]
Legend Continental environments:

I. LITHOLOGY;
Lowland
Conglomerate Highland
Sand and sandstone Mountain range
Silt and siltstone
3 Paleogeographic boundary,
Clay o a - established, b - inferred
Lithotacies boundary
Marl
Limestone
Intrusive massif
River valley
Basic volcanics
Bioherm
Acidic volcanics
Delta, pro-delta, fan
Turbidites
Coal
Volcano
Chloritic salts
Sediment supply
, PALEOGEOGRAPHY Thickness in meters, established and
aproximate
Isopach in meters
Shallow shelf
Deep shelf
Deep shelfal depression b - postsedimentary
Strike-slip fault:
Continental slope, basin bottom a - synsedimentary, b - postsedimentary
Ali-Zade et al. 1980; Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Barthelt 1988; Boccaletti et al. 1990;
Cahuzac et al. 1992; Chekunov et al. 1976; Csontos et al. 1992; Dercourt et al. 1985;
Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000; Dumurdzanov & Krstic 1999; Erentoz 1956;
Gansser 1957; Gelati 1975; Goff et al. 1995; Goncharova & Ilyina 1997;
Goncharova & Shcherba 1977; llyiana 2000; Karasev 1948; Kojumdgieva & Strashimirov 1960;
Kolesnikov 1936; Kopp & Shcherba 1998; Kovac et al. 1989; Kulichenko & Savron 1984,
Luttig & Steffens 1976; Muratov & Nevesskaya 1986; Oszayar 1977; Ponikarov et al. 1968;
Radoicic et al. 1991; Robinson 1995; Rogl 1998; Rogl & Steininger 1983;
Saidov & Kuschanin 1947; Seifert et al. 1991; Shcherba 1993; Sissingh 1997, 1998;
Steininger et al. 1985; Steininger & Wessely 2000; Tugolesov et al. 1985; Vinogradov 1967-1969;
Yetis et al. 1995; Ziegler 1990.
Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene (Middle Serravallian, Late Badenian, Konkian). In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu.,
Steininger, Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys.
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250:1-46; maps 1-10.
7
Compiled by: N.R Paramonova, I.G. Shcherba, S.O. Khondkarian
Co-authors: K. Gurs, Jul. losifova,

Map
T.V. Jakubovskaja, M. Kovac, I. Magyar,
T.N. Pinchuk, S.V. Popov, A.S. Zastrozhnov L a t e M i d d l e M i O C e f i e
12-11 Ma
WEST
SIBERIAN LOWLAND
FENNO-SGANDIAN
HIGH
KAZAKHSTANIAI
NORTH
HIGH^^
IRISH SEA RUSSIAN TURGAJ •
ÂSS IF
LAND
iWLAND
WELSH-
ANGLIA
HIGH
BAY
OF BISCAY
BOHEMIAN
HIGH
IBERIAN
MESETA
LAND
EAST MEDITERRANE,
BASIN
BASIN
CAL - Calabria
ARABIA
D H - Donets High
Depression
M C - Massif Central AFRICA
Rh - Rhodops
•SGQ^South Caspian Depression
WBD^Westera^lack Sea
Depression""""—

Map 7. Late Middle Miocene (Late SERRAVALLIAN, SARMATIAN s.s.,
Middle SARMATIAN s.l.)
Legend Semi-marine environments:

Shallow shelf
I. LITHOLOGY:
Deep shelf
Breccia
Conglomerate
Sand and sandstone
creshwater lake, marsh
Silt and siltstone
Rowland
Clay Highland
Marl Mountain range
Limestone Paleogeographic boundary,
Diatomite a - established, b - inferred
Lithofacies boundary
Intrusive massif
Basic volcanics
Acidic volcanics
River valley
Bioherm
Coal ~)elta, pro-delta, fan
Chloritic salts Volcano
Sediment supply
II. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Marine environments: oproximate
Shallow shelf Isopach in meters
Deep shelf Synsedimentary fault flexure
Deep shelfal depression Dverthrust: a - synsedimentary,

b - postsedimentary
Continental slope, basin bottom Strike-slip fault:
Ali-Zade et al. 1 9 8 0 ; Andjelkovic et al. 1 9 9 1 ; Barthelt 1 9 8 8 ; Boccaletti et al. 1 9 9 0 ;

Cahuzac et al. 1 9 9 2 ; Chekunov et al. 1 9 7 6 ; Dercourt et al. 1 9 9 3 ; Dercourt et al. 2 0 0 0 ;
Dumurdzanov & Krstic 1 9 9 9 ; Goff et al. 1 9 9 5 ; Jones 8c Racey 1 9 9 4 ; Karasev 1 9 4 8 ; Kolesnikov 1 9 3 6 ;
Kovac etal. 1 9 8 9 ; Luttig 8c Steffens 1976; Muratov 8c Nevesskaya 1 9 8 6 ; Oszayar 1 9 7 7 ;
Ponikarov et al. 1 9 6 8 ; Radoicic et al. 1 9 9 1 ; Robinson 1 9 9 5 ; Rogl 1 9 9 8 ; Rogl & Steininger 1 9 8 3 ;
Saidov 8c Kuschanin 1 9 4 7 ; Seifert etal. 1 9 9 1 ; Shcherba 1993; Sissingh 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 8 ;
Steininger 8c Wessely 2 0 0 0 ; Tugolesov et al. 1 9 8 5 ; Vinogradov 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 6 9 ; Yetis et al. 1 9 9 5 ;
Zhizhenko et al. 1 9 6 8 ; Ziegler 1 9 9 0 .
Map 7: Late Middle Miocene (Late Seravallian, Sarmatian s.s., Middle Sarmatian s.l.). In: Popov, S.V.,
Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Yu., Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic
maps of Paratethys. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250: 1-46; maps 1-10.
Compiled by: LB. Ilyina, I.G. Shcherba, S.O. Khondkarian
Co-authors: K. Gurs, Ju.l. losifova,

T.V. Jakubovskaja, M. Kovac,
I. Magyar, T.N. Pinchuk, S.V. Popov M j d |_ a t e
MaD
|\/|j
8
0 c e n e
8.5- 7.0 Ma
FENNO-SCANDIAN
) HIGH RUSSIAN .ZAKHSTANIAN
LAND
NORTH!
SEA TURGAJ
MID-RUSSIAN
HIGH
ANGLIA
HIGH POLAND
LOWLAND
IOHEMIAN
BAY
j, HIGH '
OF BISCAY
iCK SEA DEPRESSI'
^-""WEST
MEDITERRANI
ELAGIAN EAST MEDITERRANEAN

\SHEl> BASIN
BASIN
ARABIA
DH- Donets High
j X - Lesser Caucasus
M^^MagsifCentral
Rh - RhodopS^-— AFRICA
SCD • South Caspian Depre:

M a p 8. Mid Late Miocene (Late TORTONIAN - Early MESSINIAN -
Early MAEOTIAN - Late PANNONIAN)
Legend Brackish environments:

I. LITHOLOGY; Shallow shelf
Conglomerate

Lowland
Clay
Highland
Marl Mountain range
Limestone
Paleogeographic boundary,
Diatomite a - established, b - inferred
Intrusive massif Lithofacies boundary
Basic volcanics Present-day limit of deposits
Acidic volcanics Sea - continent transition
Anhydrite and gypsum River valley
Coal Bioherm
II. PALEOGEOGRAPHY Delta, pro-delta, fan
Marine environments: Volcano

Shallow shelf Sediment supply
Deep shelf Thickness in meters, established and
aproximate
Deep shelf al depression Isopach in meters
Continental slope, basin bottom Synsedimentary fault, flexure
Semi-marine environments: Overthrust: a - synsedimentary,
b - postsedimentary
Shallow shelf
Strike-slip fault:
Deep shelf a - synsedimentary, b - postsedimentary
Ali-Zade et al. 1980; Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Barthelt 1988; Boccaletti et al. 1990;
Cahuzac et al. 1992; Chekunov et al. 1976; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000;
Dumurdzanov & Krstic 1999; Goff et al. 1995; Karasev 1948; Kovac et al. 1989;
Luttig & Steffens 1976; Magyar et al. 1999; Muratov & Nevesskaya 1986; Oszayar 1977;
Ponikarov et al. 1968; Robinson 1995; Rogl 1998; Rogl & Steininger 1983;
Saidov & Kuschanin 1947; Seifert et al. 1991; Shcherba 1993; Shcherba et al. 2001;
Sissingh 1997, 1998; Steininger et al. 1985; Steininger & Wessely 2000; Tugolesov et al. 1985;
Vinogradov 1967-1969; Yetis et al. 1995; Ziegler 1990.
Map 8: Mid Late Miocene (Late Tortonian Early Messinian - Early Maeotian Late Pannonian). In: Popov, S.V.,
Rogl, F„ Rozanov, A.Yu., Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps
of Paratethys. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250: 1-46; maps 1-10.
9
Compiled by: S.O. Khondkarian, I.G. Shcherba, S.V. Popov
Co-authors: K. Gurs, J u l losifova, MOD

T.V. Jakubovskaja, M. Kovac, I. Magyar,
T.N. Pinchuk, A.S. Zastrozhnov LQt0St MiOCOPIO
6,1 -5,7 Ma
WEST
SIBERIAN LOWLAND
FO-SGANDIAN
RUSSIAN ;AZAKHSTANIAN
NORTH-
LAND
SEA
MID - _ R U S S I A N
\ND
'LAND
BAY
OF BISCAY
IBERIAN \ >CK SEA DEPRESS^
MESETA ^
MEDITERRANI
IRAN LAND
'ELAGIAI EAST MEDITERRANEAN

VSHEt, , rV^BASlN
ARAB
AFRICA
DH- Donets High
M C - Massif Central
Rh - Rhodops
SCD - South Caspian Depression

M a p 9 . Latest Miocene (Late MESSINIANI Early PONTIAN-Late PANNONIAN]

I. LITHOLOGY: Shallow shelf
Breccia Deep shelf a! depression
Conglomerate Continental environments:
Sand and sandstone Freshwater lake, marsh
Silt and siltstone Lowland
Highland
Clay
Mountain range
Marl
Limestone > Paleogeographic boundary,
> a - established, b - inferred
Intrusive massif Lithofacies boundary
Basic volcanics Present-day limit of deposits
Acidic volcanics Sea - continent transition
Anhydrite and gypsum River valley
Bioherm
Coal
Chloritic salts Delta, pro-delta, fan
II. PALEOGEOGRAPHY Volcano

Sediment supply
Shallow shelf aproximate
Deep shelf Isopach in meters
Deep shelfal depression Synsedimentary fault, flexure
Continental slope, basin bottom Overthrust: a - synsedimentary,

b - postsedimentary
Strike-slip fault:
Andjelkovic et al. 1 9 9 1 ; Barthelt 1 9 8 8 ; Boccaletti et al. 1 9 9 0 ; Cahuzac et al. 1 9 9 2 ;

Chekunov et al. 1 9 7 6 ; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2 0 0 0 ; Dumurdzanov & Krstic 1 9 9 9 ;
Goff et al. 1 9 9 5 ; Jones & Racey 1 9 9 4 ; Luttig 8c Steffens 1 9 7 6 ; Magyar et al. 1 9 9 9 ; Oszayar 1 9 7 7 ;
Ponikarov et al. 1 9 6 8 ; Robinson 1 9 9 5 ; Rogl 1 9 9 8 ; Rogl 8c Steininger 1 9 8 3 ;
Saidov 8c Kuschanin 1 9 4 7 ; Shcherba 1 9 9 3 ; Sissingh 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 8 ; Steininger 8c Wessely 2 0 0 0 ;
Tugolesov et al. 1 9 8 5 ; Vinogradov 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 6 9 ; Yetis et al. 1 9 9 5 ; Ziegler 1 9 9 0 .
Map 9: Latest Miocene (Late Messinian, Early Pontian Late Pannonian). In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F„
Rozanov, A.Yu., Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps
of Paratethys. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250: 1-46: maps 1-10.
10
Compiled by: S.O,Khondkarian, N.R Paramonova, I.G. Shcherba
Co-authors: K. Gurs, J u l losifova, Map

T.V. Jakubovskaja, M. Kovac,
I. Magyar, T.N. Pinchuk, Middle - Late Pliocene
S.V, Popov, A.S. Zastrozhnov
3,4- 1,8 Ma

Map 10. Middle - Late Pliocene (PIACENTIAN - GELASIAN, Late ROMANIAN -
AKCHAGILIAN]

I. LITHOLOGY: Shallow shelf
Conglomerate Deep shelfal depression

Lowland
Clay
Highland
Marl
Mountain range
Limestone
Intrusive massif b
a - established, b - inferred
Basic volcanics Lithofacies boundary
Acidic volcanics Present-day limit of deposits

R'lver valley
Coal
r Bioherm
II. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Marine environments: Delta, pro-delta, fan
Shallow shelf Volcano

Deep shelf Sediment supply
Deep shelfal depression Thickness in meters, established and
aproximafe
Continental slope and basin bottom
Isopach in meters
Semi-marine environments:
Shallow shelf
Deep shelf b - posfsedimentary
Continental slope and basin bottom Strike-slip fault:
a - synsedimentary, b - posfsedimentary
Andjelkovic et al. 1991; Barthelt 1988; Boccaletti et al. 1990; Cahuzac et al. 1992;
Chekunov et al. 1976; Chepalyga 1995; Dercourt et al. 1993; Dercourt et al. 2000;
Goff et al. 1995; Jones & Racey 1994; Karasev 1948; Luttig & Steffens 1976;
Magyar etal. 1999; Oszayar 1977; Ponikarov et al. 1968; Robinson 1995; Rogl 1998;
Rogl & Steininger 1983; Saidov & Kuschanin 1947; Shcherba 1993; Sissingh 1997, 1998;
Steininger & Wessely 2000; Tugolesov et al. 1985; Vinogradov 1967-1969; Yetis et al. 1995;
Ziegler 1990.
Map 10: Middle-Late Pliocene (Piacentian Gelasian, Late Romanian, Akchagilian). In: Popov, S.V., Rogl, F.
Rozanov, A.Yu., Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. & Kovac, M. (2004): Lithological-Paleogeographic maps
of Paratethys. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250: 1-46; maps 1-10.

Popov Rogl Rozanov 2004 Lithological Paleogeographic Maps of Paratethys Unknown PDF

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250

Popov, S. v., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A. Y., Steininger, F. F.,

Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Fritz F. Steininger, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Schriftleitung: Dr. Peter Konigshof, Forschungsinstitut und N a t u r m u s e u m Senckenberg,

Theina: Im CFS werden Originalarbeiten in unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen, wie Geologie,

Manuskripte s e n d e n an: Dr. Peter Konigshof, Forschungsinstitut und N a t u r m u s e u m Senckenberg,

Paleontological Institut RAS, Moscow

Herstellung: Senckenbergische N a t u r f o r s c h e n d e Gesellschaft (SNG), Senckenberganlage 25,

Layout und Satz: Druckerei Kempkes, Offset- + Buchdruck GmbH Gladenbach

Druck: Druckerei Kempkes, Offset- + Buchdruck GmbH Gladenbach

Kommission/Vertrieb: E. Schweizerbart'sche V e r l a g s b u c h h a n d l u n g (Nagele u. Obermiller)

Die Autoren sind fur den Inhalt ihrer Beitrage verantwortlich.

Gedruckt auf s a u r e f r e i e m Papier (ISO 79006/1994).

ISSN 0341 - 4116

Popov, S.V., Rogl, F., Rozanov, A.Y., Steininger,

Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Paratethys

Partly sponsored by European Science Foundation

POPOV, S . V . , SHCHERBA, I . G . & STOLYAROV, A . S . : Mapl: Late Eocene (Priabonian - Beloglinian) 3

GONCHAROVA, I. G . , SHCHERBA, I. G . & KHONDKARIAN, S. O.: Map 5: Early Middle Miocene

PARAMONOVA, N . P . , SHCHERBA, I . G . & KHONDKARIAN, S . O . : Map 7: Late Middle Miocene

Annex: Lithological-Paleogeographic maps (1-10) of Paratethys

Map 1: Late Eocene

Compiled by: S. V. POPOV, I. G. SHCHERBA & A. S . STOLYAROV

Co-authors: K . CJORS, M . KOVAC, V. A. KJRASHENINNIKOV, A. NAGYMAROSY, B . I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A. Rusu

WEST SIBERIAN SEA

Map 2: Early Oligocene

Compiled by: S . V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A . S . STOLYAROV

Co-authors: K . GORS, M . KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY. B . I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu

Map 2: Early Oligocene Paleogeography and paleoenvironments

Map 3: Late Oligocene

Compiled by: S. V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A. S . STOLYAROV

Co-authors: K . GURS, M. KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY. B. I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu

Map 4: Early Miocene

Compiled by: S . V. POPOV, I. G . SHCHERBA & A . S . STOLYAROV

Co-authors: K . GURS, M. KOVAC, V. A . KRASHENINNIKOV, A . NAGYMAROSY, B. I. PINKHASOV, F. ROGL & A . Rusu

Map 4: Early Miocene of an anti-estuarine (Mediterranean) circulation system as

Map 5: Early Middle Miocene

Compiled by: I. A. GONCHAROVA, I. G . SHCHERBA & S. O. KHONDKARIAN

EAST MEDITERRANEAN (MESOPOTAMIA!

Map 5: Early Middle Miocene rotated counterclockwise about 45 degrees (MEULENKAMP

Map 6: Mid Middle Miocene

Compiled by: L . B . ILYINA, I. G . SHCHERBA, S . O . KHONDKARIAN & I. A . GONCHAROVA

Co-authors: K . GIIRS, J.T. IOSIFOVA, T.V. JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR, T . N. PINCHUK,

Map 7: Late Middle Miocene

Compiled by: N . R PARAMONOVA, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . O . KHONDKARIAN

Co-authors: K . G U R S , J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR, T.N. PINCHUK,

CAL - Calabria ARABIA

The mapped intervals in the Central and Eastern Paratethys

Paleogeography and paleoenvironments Eastern Paratethys

Map 8: Mid Late Miocene

Compiled by: L . B . ILYINA, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . O . KHONDKARIAN

ILACK SEA DEPRESSI!

3ELAGIAN EAST MEDITERRANEAN

Map 9: Latest Miocene

Compiled by: S . O . KHONDKARIAN, I . G . SHCHERBA & S . V . POPOV

Co-authors: K . GURS, J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I. MAGYAR,T.N. PINCHUK & A . S . Zastrozhnov

PELAGIAI EAST MEDITERRANEAN

DH- Donets High

Paleogeography and paleoenvironments The Eastern Paratethys reconstruction corresponds to

Map 10: Middle-Late Pliocene

Compiled by: S . O . KHONDKARIAN, N . P . PARAMONOVA & I . G . SHCHERBA

Co-authors: K . GURS, J . I . IOSIFOVA, T . V . JAKUBOVSKAJA, M . KOVAC, I . MAGYAR, T . N . PINCHUK,

MESE' :UJALNICIAN iRE-KOPETDAGH