UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CONTRIBUTOTY FACTORS

TO THE INCREASE OF CRIME IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA

A Thesis
Presented to
the College of Criminology
UNION COLLEGE
Santa Cruz, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

CHARLENE A. VILLARMIL
JERIK JEZZER A. PANCHACOLA
KENNETH L. FABULA
October 2014
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Social scientists conceived crimes as menace to social, economic and political stability of

nations and thus ultimately cause people to suffer from fears, insecurities, life miseries, and

misfortunes. More than ever, crimes vary from one social group to another and their root causes

in most cases may be traced to societal general conditions.

As disclosed by Lemert (2013) societal general conditions as indicative of urbanization,

rapid population rate, poverty, unemployment, no access to equal educational opportunities

among the populace, migration from the rural to urban, and corruptions of politicians directly

and indirectly, contribute to the incidence of crimes of any form.

By and large, social scientists have had classified criminal activity according to the

discernible behavior systems of those who engage in it. In most cases, illiteracy equates

unemployment and therefore correlated to commission of crimes for survival or eventually

sustenance of vices of those who commit it.

In the local scenario as reported by Police Supt. Sindac (2014),the PNP Spokesman,

290,000 number of crimes were committed in the country for year 2014, and these were

attributed to various causes though thirty percent (30%) of which were solved and still in

progress for their resolutions, with ninety percent (90%) satisfaction rating, in favor among the

rank and file of the police organization.

 It was therefore apparent for the researchers to conduct a study on unemployment and

illiteracy as contributory factors to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna with the end in view that

the findings of this study may merit lawmakers, educators, local public officials, police

authorities, citizens and future researchers.

Background of the Study

The old town of Majayjay in the Province of Laguna offers a magnificent St. Gregory

Church built in 1575 has ultimately preserved the antique relief statues of saints brought by the

Spaniards and historical sites, together with the warm hospitality of people thus making the

municipality a second home away from home among the local and foreign tourists who happened

to come and visit the place for quite sometimes.

Majayjay standing on the western foot of Mt. Banahaw, has a climatic condition second

to Tagaytay and accessible by land transportation by a matter of minutes from the adjacent towns

of Magdalena, Liliw, Nagcarlan, Luisiana and Lucban in the north, south and east directions

respectively, with agriculture as major means of people’s livelihood.

However, the serenity of the place has been awakened by incidence of crimes involving

public order commonly known as crimes without victims, such as drunkenness, vagrancy, sex

offenses, gambling, and drug addiction; as well as conventional crimes comprising robbery,

larceny, burglary, and youth offenses.

Anchored on the above scenario, it was imperative for the researchers to conduct an

actual study of this nature in order to establish significant linkages of unemployment and

illiteracy with the said crimes committed in various degrees in selected barangays in Majayjay,

Laguna.
Theoretical Framework

Selected theories stipulated hereunder offered deeper insight for the present researchers to

formulate a conceptual frame of reference which helped them resolve the problem areas

investigated with finality.

As theorized by Noori (2014) in today’s era of high needs and technology, it is true that

unemployment is growing fast and people are getting frustrated and the commission of crime is

definitely an option for survival.

The foregoing theory is sustained further by Ali (2014) that there is a link between and

among unemployment, illiteracy and crimes wherein the former are correlates to the latter. In

other words, in the community where unemployment and illiteracy rates are high, the incidence

of crimes is also high. The positive relationships between and among the foregoing variables are

prevalent in developing countries where agricultural activities on the subsistent or hand-to-mouth

level are the major means of occupation. Added insult to injury, the corruption of public officials

is a blunder to bringing to the doorsteps of impoverish citizens access to free quality educational

and employment opportunities, and thus the latter are motivated to commit crimes for their

survival.

The above theories served as masker keys in designing a conceptual framework for the

present researchers to develop proper psychological and associational perspectives within which

their problem areas of investigation lie.

Conceptual Framework

The foregoing theoretical citations served as the basis in designing a skeleton model in a

form of research paradigm as shown in Figure 1.

The said paradigm is an application of system analysis to research where it provides a

holistic approach in analyzing as to whether or not unemployment and illiteracy are factors

which contribute to increases in crime rates in Majayjay, Laguna.

Independent Variables Intervening Variables Dependent

Variables
Input Throughput Output

Personal Profile: Degree of Crimes Extensiveness of

Committed: Crime
 Gender
 Age  crime  Increases as
 Educational against Contributed:
Attainment public order  unemployme
 Monthly  conventional nt
Income crime  illiteracy
 occasional
property
Frame 1 crime

Figure 1: Research Paradigm

In Frame 1, it includes the independent variables fused as input or load, such as personal

profile of the respondents in terms gender, age, educational attainment, and monthly income.

The inclusion of these variables is significant in determining most probably if the respondents

are illiterate and unemployed.

 As reflected in Frame 2, it covers the intervening variables in terms of the degree of

crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of public order, conventional crime, and

occasional property crime deciphered as throughput, the transformation process wherein input is

transformed into output. In other words without throughput, input can never be transformed into

output, and therefore the objectives advanced in this study have no chance to be achieved.

Toward this end, the dependent variables are capsulated in Frame 3 as output or simply

the outcome in order to gauge out if unemployment and illiteracy are contributory factors to

crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

As such therefore, if the correlational level between unemployment and illiteracy as

contributory factors and the increases of crime rate in the said municipality is positively high,

then the null hypothesis is rejected, while the working hypothesis is supported at five percent

(5%) level of significance.

Statement of the Problem

This study is focused on unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to crime

increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Specifically, it seeks answers to the following problems:

1. What is the personal profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. gender,

1.2. age,

1.3. educational attainment,

 1.4. employment, and

1.5. monthly income?

2. What degree of crimes has been committed by the respondents as to:

2.1. crimes against property,

2.2. crimes against person, and

2.3. crimes that is usually committed?

3. To what extent do crime increases in Majayjay are significantly contributed by the

given factors with respect to:

3.1. unemployment, and

3.2. illiteracy?

Statement of Hypotheses

Hypotheses in null and working forms are hereby drawn for acceptance or support at five

percent (5%) level of significance:

Null (Ho1-3) – There is no significant difference in the personal profile of the respondents,

the degree of crimes they had committed, and no extensiveness of crime increases in Majayjay as

significantly contributed by factors with respect to unemployment and illiteracy.

Working (H1-3) – The higher is the personal profile of the respondents, the lesser or zero

degree of crimes they had committed, and therefore unemployment and illiteracy are

insignificant factors to extensiveness of crime increases in Majayjay.

 There is a work relationship established between the null and working hypotheses for

simple reason that once the former is rejected, the latter is supported relative to the foregoing

problem areas investigated.

Objectives of the Study

The following objectives are hereby drawn:

1. To know the personal profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, educational

attainment, employment and monthly income;

2. To determine the degree of crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of public

order, conventional crime, and occasional property crime; and

3. To establish the relationship between unemployment and illiteracy as contributory

factors, and crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study covered sixty (60) respondents representing DSWD officials, PNP officers and

personnel, municipal officials, barangay officials, citizens and law offenders in Majayjay,

Laguna, year duration 2014.

It is limited to three (3) areas of investigation, namely: 1.) the personal profile of the

respondents in terms of gender, age, educational attainment, employment, and monthly income;

2.) the degree of crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of crime against property,
crimes against person, and other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay as significantly

contributed by the given factors with respect to unemployment and illiteracy.

It is further limited to the use of descriptive method in gathering and treating the data for

the above problem areas investigated with stratified random sampling for proportional

representation of the actual respondents coming from different sectors in the said municipality.

Importance of the Study

The findings of this study may merit the following:

Lawmakers. They will be motivated to give more teeth to laws governing minors who

commit crimes involving public order and conventional crimes separating the same from that of

adult offenders, as well as parents who will be liable to answer of their neglect of the legal duties

to educate their children for their welfare.

DepEd Officials. Upon knowing that illiteracy is contributory factor to commission of

crimes most particularly among minors, they will be forced to allot more budget in putting up

more schools in every barangay in the urban and rural areas in the country.

CHED and TESDA Officials. They will see to it that four and short term college

courses are related to the needs of the industries so that graduates will not join the big army of

jobless citizens and thus will not remain as liabilities but rather responsible citizens who have

active share in building their respective families and communities in particular, and the country

in general toward the global arena.

Local Public Officials. They will lead into self-examination of their legal duties as

public servants and thus they are enjoined to serve their respective offices with the highest
degree of responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency in the delivery of basic services to their

respective areas of jurisdiction so their constituents will enjoy quality life in the midst of natural

and manmade calamities.

PNP Officers and Personnel. Their police work being essentially a civilian function

which shall be non-military and civilian in character under the administration and control of a

civilian agency such the case of local executives be given authority and responsibility among the

former in the maintenance of peace and order, protection of lives and properties and enforcement

of the law.

Citizens. As members of democratic community who enjoy full civil and political rights,

they will realize that achievement of peace and order does not exist in a vacuum and therefore

demands utmost cooperation and support to their local and national leaders in order to make their

respective communities in particular, and their country in general, a better place to live and work.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study may serve as data bank for future

researchers to conduct studies of similar nature and thus strengthened further the findings of this

present investigation.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined:

Contributory Factors. These are unemployment and illiteracy which jointly ignite the

commission of crimes against property and person as criminal activities in Majayjay, Laguna.

Crime Increases. These refer to enlargement or expansion of crimes committed due to

unemployment and illiteracy of the offenders presumed to be their option for survival.
 Crimes against Person. This involves physical injury and destruction of life.

Crimes against Property. This involves theft, malicious mischief and arson and other

crimes involving destruction.

Illiteracy. A public offender who has little or no education at all and eventually unable to

read and write serving as a contributory factor to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna.

Majayjay. A third class municipality in Laguna rationalized by the researchers as the

venue of the study due to proximity to their respective domiciles in order to minimize financial

and time constraints during the actual gathering of data for their thesis.

Personal Profile. This applies to private characteristics of the respondents in terms of

gender, age, educational attainment, employment and monthly income as one of the basic

questions raised in this.

Unemployment. It is one of the variables included in this study believed to be as a

contributory factor to crime increases in Majayjay due to the fact that the public offender is not

engaged in a gainful occupation or no work at all as means for survival.

Chapter 2
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Selected literatures and studies included hereunder by the foreign and local authors and

research personalities were found with direct similarity and significant bearing to the present

study. Their readings served as guide for the present researchers to attack with deeper insight

and with more complete knowledge on how their own problem areas investigated were resolved

with lesser difficulty and finality.

Related Literatures

Foreign

As claimed by Mueller (2013), unemployment and illiteracy are terms in tandem as

correlates to one another rooted from Latin words “an” and “implicare” meaning “no” and “fold”

for the former which generally connotes a person not engaged in a gainful occupation; and

“illiteratus” denoting unable to read or write for the latter respectively. In other words, if a

person is illiterate, chances are no leeway for him to be employed under an employer, however

he has access to be self employed by using his muscular strength in order to earn for a living.

But at the end day, a person’s earnings through the use of muscles are on the subsistent or hand-

to-mouth level and therefore could not consistently support and sustain the basic household

needs of the family and thus deprived children of quality education for their welfare. However,

such scenario is only true in countries where there is abundance of labor supply hence the work

of the hands is very cheap. But on other hand, the use of muscles or simply manual labor as

means for a living is of great demand in highly developed and affluent countries and the income

is definitely high than the white collar jobs. It is within this context that a person with hand-to-
mouth income would find other means by committing crimes for survival just in case he is a

family man with many children to support of their basic household, nutritional and educational

needs.

The above viewpoints are strengthened further by Schaefer (2013) that illiteracy

sustained the unemployment status of the individual and therefore partners in the impoverished

conditions of the family. In this case, if a person is illiterate, he has no access to employment

opportunities and therefore tantamount to resulting into other means by committing crimes at

extreme cases, for survival.

The same line of thinking has been advocated by Jackson (2013) that unemployment and

illiteracy are social conditions as offshoots of very weak leadership combined with corruptions as

veritable industry of some politicians taking shape in poor countries. With this dilemma, people

have no access to better educational and employment opportunities the fact that budgetary

allotment for schools and industries went into the pocket of their leaders, hence the former, other

than their sufferings from natural calamities, they suffered much from manmade calamities as

offshoots of the latter’s nefarious activities which tantamount to their life decadence and

miseries. With this at hand, victims of such malady who are then illiterates and unemployed

have to find ways and means by committing crimes in order to eat four square meals a day, and

thus sacrificing the educational needs of their children.

Local

By and large in the local scenario, as former Senator Magsaysay (2010) declared it that

the nation’s progress is no swifter than its progress in education. More than ever, the entire

country is counting on the educational system and the educators to lead this nation towards the

realization of social and economic goals. The Filipinos therefore have always subscribed to the

principle that the youth is the hope of the nation, for they will one day become the citizens and

leaders of this country. And thus, a neglect of budget allocations for educational opportunities

among youth will eventually drag them to illiteracy which is tantamount to unemployment as

they will become liabilities rather than assets to society. With this situation, illiteracy and

unemployment are the common denominators of crimes in the respective communities in

particular, and by placing the country at large, as crime capital before the eyes of the global

village.

On the same vein, former Senator Angara (2011) rectified that in order to zero down

illiteracy and unemployment in the country, education must be at work. More than ever, budget

priority for education is a constitutional mandate, wherefore a neglect of which is a threat to the

welfare of the youth. It is at this point that the youth cannot be the hope of the fatherland as they

are illiterates and no work as means for a living and therefore, they do not have active share in

building their respective communities in particular, and the country in general, and thus they do

not have a competitive edge with their counterpart in the global arena.

Accordingly, Rimando (2010) strongly pointed out that schools are means to eradicate

illiteracy rate in the country as means for employment opportunities among the greatest number.

It is for this reason that budget allocation for school buildings, modern facilities and equipment
side by side with deployment of more teachers and increases of their salaries in the first city to

the last barrio of the country, will redound to uplift the quality of life the citizens on the local and

national spheres. With this situation, the citizens are liberated from the bondage of ignorance,

poverty and criminality.

The above foreign and local literatures though not necessarily identical but somehow

collateral to the present investigation relative to unemployment and illiteracy as contributory

factors to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna. And thus, their advocacies helped the present

researchers in farming out unexplored areas for them to elicit answers to the basic questions

raised in the study.

Related Studies

Foreign

An institutional study was launched by Greene (2010) along illiteracy as indicator of

unemployment in enhancing crime rate in the slum areas of the urban metropolis in New York.

He employed a field study in gathering and treating the data for the basic problems raised

utilizing purposive sampling of around sixty (60) actual respondents from the population

parameter of one-hundred fifty (150). His findings among others, revealed that 30 or 60 percent

finished high school; whereas, 20 or 40 percent were elementary graduates wherein the former

were absorbed as blue collar workers in the factory, and the latter remained jobless.

The foregoing findings tend to point out those jobless were the ones involved in occasional

property crimes such as shoplifting and vandalism; and those who finished high school with blue

collar jobs seldom were involved in conventional or occasional property crime but at extreme

cases were dragged to crime involving public order such as drunkenness.

 A parallel study was conducted by Newman (2011) on illiteracy and unemployment as

correlates to crime incidence in Idaho. Of the one-hundred fifty (150) randomly selected

respondents, 80 or 53.33 percent were college graduates and with white collar jobs; whereas 70

or 46.67 percent finished high school and landed as blue collar workers as janitors and janitress

in hotels and resorts. Based on the findings of the study, it was therefore inferred that the higher

is the educational attainment of the respondents, the better is the job and no crime of any kind

inflicted by them.

Graf (2012) in his study revealed that illiteracy and unemployment served as enhancers

of criminal behavior among inmates in Indiana District Jail. Anchored on the foregoing findings,

he inferred that the higher is the degree of illiteracy among inmates, the lesser is their chance for

employment opportunities and the more they are susceptible to criminal behavior and later

landed up in jail.

Local

A group research conducted by Guevarra, et. al. (2014) along the effectiveness of

correctional education program in San Pablo City District Jail, their findings revealed that

majority of inmates around 90 percent were on the grade level; and 10 percent were illiterates.

Such the case, grade level and illiterate inmates were prone to commit crimes involving public

order, conventional and occasional property offenses. They revealed further that the lower is the

educational attainment of inmates, the higher is their susceptibility to commit crimes, and the

more they become adaptable to prison cell for their security and safety as no leeway for survival

in a free society due to their unemployment status. Based on the foregoing findings, they

recommended that inmates should be motivated to finish high school and acquire vocational and
technical courses while in jail in preparation for life anew in society, subsequent to serving their

sentence in jail.

A study by Catapang, et. al.(2014), strengthened further the findings of the foregoing

studies with bearing on factors affecting the increase of female inmates in Correctional

Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City. They utilized a descriptive design with locally

constructed questionnaire of five-Likert scale in gathering and treating the data in order to elicit

answers to the basic questions raised in the study. Among others, their findings revealed that

illiteracy and unemployment were contributory factors to the increase of female inmates in the

said correctional institution. They recommended that these inmates be given access to finish

high school and college for their professional growth, in order to live their life anew when they

served their sentence for considerable number of years.

An institutional research of similar nature was spearheaded by Perez (2011) on illiteracy

and unemployment as correlates to incidence of crimes in the selected urban areas. He utilized a

field research by immersion with inmates in the selected city jails in the metropolis. His findings

among others, revealed a positive correlation between illiteracy and unemployment, and

incidence of crimes in the selected urban areas. In other words, the higher is the illiteracy and

unemployment rate, the greater is the incidence of crimes in the metropolis, and the more

inmates are locked up in city jails. In the light of the aforementioned findings, he recommended

that more access to educational opportunities be made among unemployed individuals in order to

minimize if not to totally zero down incidence of crimes in the city, and thus lessen the number

of inmates in the city jail.

 Apparently, though the above studies are not exactly identical in venue and time frame

with the present research undertaking, yet both are peripheral in the problem areas investigated

most probably along unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to crime increases in

Majayjay, Laguna.
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This portion gives careful consideration on research design, population and sampling

technique, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data in order

to elicit answers to the foregoing problem areas advanced in this study.

Research Design

The researchers employed the descriptive survey method in gathering and treating the

data for the above problem investigated. In the employment of the said design, the researchers

observed the following: the population for the study was carefully chosen, clearly defined, and

specifically limit on the topic concerned and precise parameters for ensuring the discreteness to

safeguard the data were systematically organized so that valid and accurate conclusions may be

drawn.

Thus from the procedure discussed above, the researchers believed that descriptive

survey method is rationalize as essential for this study.

Population and Sampling Technique

Stratified randomized sampling was employed in this study. This kind of sampling

consists of heterogeneous population from different sectors representing the actual respondents

of this study. A total of fifty (43) actual respondents were selected: Ten (11) DSWD officials:

Ten (11) PNP officers and personnel: Ten (10) municipal officials: Ten (11) inmates.
 In order to assure the validity and reliability of the actual sample, Sloven’s sampling

formula was employed.

Sampling formula:

n=N
1 +Ne2
Where:

n=sample size

N= population size

e2=error of estimate squared

Research Instrument

Three (3) sets of questionnaire were issued to the actual respondents of this study. The

items in the questionnaire were based on the problem areas investigated for objectivity,

relevance, suitability to the basic questions raised and probability of favorable reception and

return from the said respondents.

Thus, the researchers were guided by several important considerations in questionnaire

construction, such as: be courteous an occasional request beginning; simplify by making the

instrument as simple to read and to respond to as possible; think of other fellow by putting

oneself in the place of the respondent; concentrate on the universal by trying to address questions

to universals rather than specifics; make it brief by making the questionnaire as brief as possible

and should solicit only those data essential to the progress of the research project; and check for
consistency by dealing with debatable or opinion-sensitive issues or in situations where the

respondent may give answers that seem prudent in certain cases.

The tentative draft of the questionnaire was submitted to the thesis adviser for judgmental

corrections after which three (3) authorities representing panel of experts were consulted to

improve further its organization and contents. The improved draft was then tried out on ten (10)

dry-run subjects who were not included as actual respondents of this study using the Spearman’s

(Rho) formula to ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

Rho formula:

R=1-6ED2
N(N2-1)

where:

R=Rho value

ED2=sum of square difference between ranks

N=number of pairs of measurement

With the R value of one (1), the questionnaire was declared valid and reliable.

In order to avoid guesswork and obtain one-hundred percent (100%) responses from the

actual respondents, a five-Likert scale type of optional answers was reflected with equivalent

weight and verbal interpretation given below.

 Scale Weight Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21-5.00 Always

4 3.41-4.20 Often

3 2.61-3.40 Sometimes

2 1.81-2.60 Seldom

1 1.00-1.80 Never

Data Gathering Procedure

As everything was in place coupled with the validity and reliability of the major

instrument with notation from the thesis adviser, letters addressed to the PNP,DSWD, and local

government officials were prepared requesting permission to issue a set of questionnaire to the

actual respondents included in their respective areas of jurisdiction.

The distribution and retrieval of the three (3) sets of questionnaire were done personally

by the researchers in order to clarify questions which were found highly technical in nature by

the said respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The responses of the actual respondents were tallied and tabulated in order to determine

the frequencies and equivalent percentages using the given formula.

Percentage formula:
 %=Ef
N

where:

%=percent

Ef=sum of frequencies

N=number of cases

Chi-square test formula to test null hypotheses 1 and 2 relative to the significant

differences in the personal profile of the respondents and the degree of crimes committed by the

offenders at five percent (5%) significant level.

X2=E(0-E)2
E

where:

X2=chi-square value

O=observed frequency

E=expected frequency

Weighted mean formula designed to know the weight of the responses of the respondents

to the basic questions raised.

WM=Esf
N
 where:

WM=weighted mean

Esf=sum of scale and frequency

N=number of cases

Product-moment formula intended to establish relationship between independent and

dependent variables such the cases of unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to

crime increases in the said municipality respectively.

R=Exy
V(Ex2)(Ey2)

where:

R=correlation value

x=independent variables

y=dependent variables

T-ratio formula to test null hypothesis 3 in determining as to whether or not

unemployment and illiteracy can contribute to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna at five

percent (5%) level of significance.

T = r Vn-2
V1-r2
where:

T= t-ratio
r=computed r between x and y

n=number of paired data

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books
Angara, Edgardo (2011). Making Education At Work. Quezon City: Agenda for Reform

Constantino, Renato (2013). Problems of Global Competitiveness: Social Science and

Multiculturalism. Manila: ASSERT.

Jackson, Richard M. (2013). The Machinery of Justice in England. London: Justice

Journal.

Lemert, Edwin M. (2013). Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. New
York: NY Publications.

Magsaysay, Ramon Jr. (2010). Talking Points on Trends, Issues and Challenges of the
21st Century: Implications to Quality Education. Manila: ASSERT.

Mueller, Gerhard O. (2013). The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes. New Jersey:
Manual for System of Justice.

Rimando, Tony (2010). Schools for the Future. Manila: Manila Bulletin
Publications.

Schaefer, Walter C. (2013). The Suspect and Society. Ill.: South Hackened Evanston
Press.

B. Published and Unpublished Researches

Catapang, Bing Carla (2013). “Factors Affecting the Increase of Female Inmates in
Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City.” A Thesis, College of
Criminal Justice Education, LSPU Santa Cruz Main Campus.

Graf, Max (2012).”Illiteracy and Unemployment as Enhancers of Criminal

Behavior.”Indiana: A Position Paper.

Greene, Theodore M. (2010).”Illiteracy as Indicator of Unemployment in Enhancing

Crime Rate in the Slum Areas of the Urban metropolis.” New York: Institutional
Study for Book publications.

Guevarra, Arjay; Marfori, Ralph Marvin; and Reyes, Zette Rudly (2013).”Effectiveness
of Correctional Education Program in San Pablo City Jail.” A thesis, College of
Criminology, LSPU San Pablo City Campus.

Newman, Ernest A. (2011). “Illiteracy and Unemployment as Correlates to Crime

Incidence in Idaho.” An Institutional Research for Sociological Publications.
Perez, Robert T. (2011). “Illiteracy and Unemployment as Correlates to Incidence of
Crimes in the Selected Urban Areas.” Manila: An Institutional Research for
Sociology Journal.

Chapter 4
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered from 43 respondents

representing PNP officers and personnel, inmates, DSWD officials and

municipal officials of Majayjay, Laguna by means of questionnaire of five-

optional answers. The data are presented in pie graphs and tables according

to frequency counts and equivalent percentages weighted mean with verbal

interpretation of always, often, sometimes or never, to correlation and

subjected to nonparametric and parametric tests by means of chi-square and

T-test formulas respectively for empirical testing of null hypotheses at five

(5) percent level of significance as basis for analysis and interpretation of

data relative to the unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to

the increase of crimes in Majayjay, Laguna. The pie graphs and tables appear

based on the logical sequence of the basic problem areas investigated.

Personal Profile of the Respondents

The personal profile of the respondents is presented hereunder in order

to provide background information of their gender, age, present position,

civil status, educational attainment and unemployment as presented in pie

graphs in gauging out the validity and reliability of data for the above areas

investigated.
PNP officers and Personnel

Gender of the total of 11 PNP officers and personnel of Majayjay Police

District, 8 or 72.73 percent were males as against the female counterpart of

only 3 or 27.27 percent in their rank and file as shown in Pie Graph I.

Pie Graph I: Gender of PNP officers and Personnel

MALE
FEMALE
3 or
27.27%

The chi-square (x2) value of 2.2728 which is lesser than the critical

value (cv) of 3.841 with the degree of freedom (df) of one (1), registers no

significant difference in the gender representation between male and female

PNP officers and personnel at the time this study was

conducted. The findings tend to show of the equal representation of both

male and female officers and personnel from PNP in Majayjay, Laguna.

Age

Majority of the PNP officers and personnel were at the age bracket of

20-39 years old as declared by 11 or 100 percent in their rank and file. The

findings point out that they belonged to early adulthood, a period of

adjustments to new patterns of life and new social expectations as

significantly attested of the chi-square (x2) value of 11 which is indeed

greater than the

Pie Graph 2: Age of PNP officers and Personnel

20-39 years old

 critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom of one (1). The said

findings reveal that they are in the productive age in preparation for

parenthood which is basically the most important roles in the lives of these

young PNP officers and personnel in Majayjay Police District.

Present Position of PNP officers and Personnel

Present position of the total of 11 PNP officers and personnel who were

asked of this query, 3 or 27.27 percent belonged to WCPD and operation; 2

or 18.18 percent claimed that their work assignment is in the investigation

and traffic; whereas only 1 or 9.09 percent was deployed in the intelligence

section as reflected in Pie Graph 3.

 Pie Graph 3: Present Position of PNP officers and Personnel

2 or
18.18% WCPD
operation
intelligence
2 or traffic
18.18% investigation

3 or
1 or
9.09%

An analysis of the chi-square value of 1.2727 which is lesser than the

critical value of 9.488 with the degree of freedom 4 registers no significant

difference in their present position of the said police district in Majayjay.

Inmates

Gender of 11 inmates at Majayjay Municipal Jail, 9 or 81.82 percent

were males and only 18.18 percent were females as reported in Pie Graph 4.

The findings show the dominance of male inmates at the said jail as

registered by the chi-square (x2) value of 2.2728 which is lesser than the

critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom of one (1).

 Pie Graph 4: Gender of Inmates

2 or
18.18% female
male

9 or 81.82%

The foregoing findings tend to imply that males were prone to commit

crime due to their aggressive and masculine behavior than their female

counterpart who belonged to the weaker sex.

Age

As reported in Pie Graph 5, the age bracket of inmates ranged from 18

to 59 years old. The youngest were at the age bracket of 18-39 years old

declared by 8 or 72.73 percent; whereas the oldest were at the ages from 40

to 59 years old as disclosed by 3 or 27.27 percent leaving behind their

average age of 29 years old.

 Pie Graph 5: Age of Inmates

3 or 27.27% 40-59 years old

18-39 years old

8 or 72.73%

The foregoing findings tend to show that the greatest number of

inmates were in their early adulthood, categorized as productive and

problem age due to parenthood preparation who were totally unprepared to

face it respectively as evidenced by the chi-square value of 2.2728 which is

lesser than the critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom of one (1).

Civil Status

The civil status of inmates at Majayjay district jail reported in Pie Graph

6.
 The said inmates are predominantly married as registered by 5 or

45.45 percent; followed by 4 or 36.36 percent who claimed that they are

single since no family to support; whereas only I or 9.09 percent revealed

that they are separated and widower.

Pie Graph 6: Civil Status of Inmates

1 or
9.09%
1 or married
9.09%
single
widower
separated
5 or
454.45%

4 or
36.36%

The chi-square value of 57.165 which is greater than the critical value

of 11.070 with the degree of freedom of 5, registers a significant difference

in the civil status of inmates as the greater number have their own families

to help maintain and support and committing crimes by robbing or stealing

someone’s property, the only means to support the basic household needs of

their children.
Number of children

As shown in Pie Graph 7, the inmates of the said jail have only 1 child

as reported by 6 or 54.54 percent, and 1 or 9.09 percent has 5, 4, 3 and 2

children in the family, and of the same percentage is childless.

An analysis of the chi-square value of 57.165 which is found greater

than the critical

Pie Graph 7: Number of Children of Inmates

1 or
1 or
9.09%
9.09%
zero
1 or
one
two
1 or three
9.09%
four
1 or five

6 or 54.54%

value of 11.070 with the degree of freedom 5, confirmed a significant

difference in the number of children of inmates of Majayjay district jail in

Laguna.
 From the said findings, it is inferred that inmates of the said jail have

only one child in the family and being in jail could be attributed to the wards

they presently support.

Educational Attainment

As shown in Pie Graph 8, the inmate’s educational attainment ranged

from kindergarten to college graduates.

Majority of inmates are dominantly graduates of elementary grades as

claimed by 8 or 72.73 percent; and only one (1) or 9.09 percent finished

kindergarten; high school and of the same percentage has a self-imposed

professional growth as he finished college degree.

No significant difference in the distribution of the level of educational

attainment of the
 Pie Graph 8: Educational Attainment of Inmates

1 or

1 or
9.09% elementary graduates
high school graduate
1 or college graduate
kindergarten garduate

8 or
72.73%

inmates can be observed as evidenced by the chi-square value of 13.3635

which is greater than the critical value of 7.815 with the degree of freedom

of 3. The said findings tend to show a big gap difference in the educational

attainment among inmates of the said jail in Majayjay, Laguna.

It is therefore inferred that through the greatest number finished

elementary grades. This cannot serve as a passport for better future in life;

hence they landed up in jail upon reaching their early adulthood.

Employment

The employment of inmates prior to their incarceration is registered in

Pie Graph 9. Dominantly, 6 or 54.54 percent were farmers; whereas 2 or

18.18 percent were laundry woman; farmer and the remaining percentage of
9.09 percent as claimed by one (1) disclosed that they were former barber,

carpenter, and fisherman.

Pie Graph 9: Employment of Inmates

1 or
9.09%

1 or farmers
laundrywoman
1 or fisherman
9.09% carpenter
barber
2 or 6 or

However, they were practically unanimous in their employment as they

were deployed as blue collar workers in their own line of occupation before

they were incarcerated in jail as their second have away from home as

attested by the chi-square value of 8.5453 which is lesser than the critical

value of 9.488 with the degree of freedom of 4.

Monthly Income

As shown in Pie Graph 10, the monthly income of inmates prior to their

incarceration ranged from ₱900 and below to ₱6,000.

Of the total of 11 who were asked of this matter, 8 or 72.73 percent

claimed that their income bracket ranged from ₱1,000 to ₱3,000; whereas 2
or 18.18 percent disclosed of having a monthly income ₱900 and below;

while only 1 or 9.09 percent declared that this monthly earning bracket was

₱4,000-₱6,000 before he was jailed leaving behind their average monthly

income of ₱1,996.67 in their rank and file.

Pie Graph 10: Monthly Income Of Inmates

2 or

P1000-P3000

1 or
P4000-P6000
P900 & Below

8 or

A cursory analysis of the chi-square value of 7.8111 which is lower

than the critical value of 7.815 with the degree of freedom of 2 reveals no

significant difference in the monthly income of inmates before they were

arrested and jailed at the municipal district jail in Majayjay, Laguna.

The foregoing findings tend to point out that the said inmates had a

subsistent or a hand-to-mouth monthly income, the reason why they were

motivated to rob or steal for the sustenance of the household needs of the

family.

DSWD Officers and Personnel

Gender

Pie Graph 11 presents the personal profile of DSWD officers and

personnel in Majayjay, Laguna in terms of gender.

Of the total of 11 DSWD officers and personnel, 8 or 72.73 percent

were females as against their male counterpart of only 3 or 27.27 percent in

their rank and file.

Pie Graph 11: Gender of DSWD Officers and Personnel

Female
3 or
Male
27.27%

8 or
72.73%

No greater discrimination in the rank and file of DSWD officers and

personnel as reported by the chi-square value of 2.2728 which is lesser than

the critical value of 3.841 with the degree of freedom one (1).

The foregoing findings tend to point out of equal representation

between female and male officers and personnel at the local office of the

DSWD in Majayjay, Laguna.

Age

The age of the DSWD officers and personnel ranged from 20 to 59

years old as presented in Pie Graph 12.

Of the total of 11 who were asked of this matter, 7 or 63.64 percent

declared that their age bracket was 20-39 years old; and only 4 or 36.36

percent belonged to the age range of 40-59 years old.

Pie Graph 12: Age of DSWD officers and Personnel

4 or 36.36% 20-39 years old

40-59 years old
7 or 63.63%

The said officers and personnel at the DSWD were the same in their

age distribution as evidenced by the chi-square value of .8182 which is

lesser than the critical value of 3.841 within the parameter of the degree of

freedom of one (1). The foregoing findings tend to point out of no generation

gap taking shape at the local DSWD in Majayjay, Laguna as both the early

adulthood and middle adulthood worked hand-in-hand in the delivery of

social services to the citizens of the municipality most particularly minor

inmates at the municipal district jail.

Present Position

With respect to the present position of the DSWD officers and

personnel, Pie Graph 13, present the data.

Of the 11 DSWD officers and personnel 5 or 45.45 percent are social

worker volunteers, 2 or 18.18 percent are administrative officers and of the

same percentage disclosed that they are Public Relations officers; whereas

only 1 or 9.09 percent revealed of their position as secretary and treasurer at

the said local office.

Pie Graph 13: Present Position of DSWD officers and Personnel

social worker
adm. Officers
5 or PRO
Secretary
treasurer

Looking deeper into the chi-square value of 4.909 which is lesser than

the degree of freedom of 4, registers no significant difference in the number

of present positions occupied by the said officers and personnel at the DSWD

local office in Majayjay, Laguna.

In other words, no dominance of superiority over subordinates at the

said local office of DSWD as they discharged their respective functions based

on their job description.

Local Government Officials

As reported in Pie Graph 14, majority of municipal officials in Majayjay,

Laguna who were consulted of this query were females as declared by 7 or

70 percent as against their male counterpart of 3 or 30 percent.

Pie Graph 14: Gender of Municipal Officials

3 or 30% Female
Male

7 or 70%

No significant difference in the gender representation between the

rank and file of female and male officials in the municipality of Majayjay as
attested by the chi-square value of 1.6 which is lesser than the critical value

of 3.84 within the parameter of the degree of freedom of one (1).

With the above value, both male and female municipal officials in

Majayjay were equally represented during the actual gathering of data by the

researches.

The Dominance of Crimes Prevalent In Majayjay, Laguna

The degree of crimes committed in terms of crimes against property,

person and public order is presented in the following tables.

Crimes against Property

As reported in Table I, when crimes against property were asked among

PNP officers and personnel, the claimed that theft was sometimes committed

in their areas of jurisdiction as evidenced by the weighted mean of 3.18

verbally interpreted as “sometimes”.

TABLE 1
Crimes Against Property

Crimes
against PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal
Property Officials

W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal

M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati
Theft on on on on

3.1 Sometimes 1.7 never 2.9 sometimes 3.1 sometimes

8 3 1

Malicious 2.4 Seldom 1.1 Never 1.9 Seldom 2.5 Seldom

Mischief 5 8 1

Arson & 1 Never 1 Never 1.0 Never 1.4 Never

Destructi 9
on

Average 2.2 Seldom 1.3 Never 1.9 Seldom 2.3 Seldom

1 0 7 3

X2 43.2897 6.9695 22.622 23.7624

Cv 12.592 12.592 12.592 15.507

Df 6 6 6 8

Ho1 rejected accepted rejected rejected

Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
 4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

Seldom as they disclosed that malicious mischief was made by law

violators as revealed by the weighted mean of 2.45 verbally described as

“seldom”.

Apparently, as reported by PNP officers and personnel, arson and

destruction to property were never made by the criminal elements in

Majayjay as evidenced by the weighted mean of I with verbal interpretation

of “never”.

On the average crimes against property as stipulated above were

seldom committed in the said municipality as indicated by the overall

weighted mean of 2.21 with verbal description of “seldom”.

A cursory analysis of the chi-square (x2) of 43.2897 which is greater

than the critical value (cv) of 12.592 with the degree of freedom of 6,

registers a significant difference in the assessment of the PNP officers and

personnel regarding the degree of crimes against property as prevalent in

Majayjay, Laguna. With this value, null hypothesis which states that “there is

no significant difference in the degree of crimes against property” is rejected

at five percent (5%) level of significance; whereas its working hypothesis

which stipulates that the lower is the educational attainment of the inmates
and no work opportunities given on their behalf, the more they commit

crimes against property is supported at the said level of significance.

When this matter was asked among the inmates themselves, the same

table registers the data.

The weighted means of 1.73, 1.18 and 1 claimed that they never

committed crimes against property as to theft, malicious mischief, arson and

destruction respectively as sustained further by the average weighted mean

of 1.30 verbally interpreted as “never”.

The chi-square value of 6.9695 which is lower than the critical value

(cv) of 15.592 with the degree of freedom (df) of 6 revealed that the inmates

at the municipal jail in Majayjay were the same in their disclosure that they

never committed crimes against property. With said chi-square value, null

hypothesis is therefore accepted at five percent level of significance.

When similar questions was propounded among the DSWD officers and

personnel, Table I reports the data. The weighted mean of 2.91 reveals that

theft was sometimes reported to their office as the occasional crime made by

minors. However, seldom crime on malicious mischief was made by minors

as evidenced by the weighted mean of 1.91 and sustained further the

average weighted mean of 1.97 verbally interpreted as “seldom”.

The said officers and personnel of the local, the DSWD claimed that

arson and destruction of private or public property was never committed by

minors as shown by the weighted mean of 1.09 with verbal description of

“never”.
 When the same query was consulted among municipal officials of

Majayjay, theft was sometimes made as indicated by the weighted mean of

3.1 malicious mischief was seldom done at the time this study was

conducted as strengthened further by the average weighted mean of 2.33

with verbal interpretation of “seldom”; whereas arson and destruction of

private and public property was never done by offenders as attested by the

weighted mean of 1.4 verbally interested as “never”.

Analyzing the chi-square value of 23.7624 which is greater than the

critical value of 15.507 with the degree of freedom (df) of 8, confirmed that

the municipal officials were significantly different from one another in their

assessment regarding the dominance of crimes against property as prevalent

in the said municipality. With the foregoing findings, null hypothesis is

rejected while its alternative working hypothesis is supported or proven true

at five percent (5%) level of significance.

It is therefore inferred that the lower is the educational attainment of

inmates as they have no employment opportunities, the more they are prone

to commit crimes involving property such as theft to speak.

Crimes against Person

When this matter was asked among PNP officers and personnel in

Majayjay Police Station on crimes against person, their responses are shown

in Table 2.

TABLE 2
Crimes Against Person
Crimes
against PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal
Person Officials

W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal

M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati
Physical on on on on
Injury
4.2 always 1.6 sometimes 3.2 sometimes 2.5 sometimes
7 4 7

Destructi 2.6 Sometimes 1.0 Never 1.2 never 1.8 never

on Of 4 9 7
Life

Average 3.4 Often 1.3 Never 2.2 Seldom 2.1 Seldom

6 6 7 5

X2 18.4444 4.2222 13.0 3.2190

Cv 9.488 7.815 9.488 5.991

Df 4 3 4 2

Ho1 rejected accepted rejected accepted

Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

Apparently, physical injury was always the common scenario as

reported by the PNP as divulged by the weighted mean of 4.27 verbally

interpreted as “always”. However, destruction of life which as murder was

done occasionally as reported by the weighted mean of 2. 64 verbally

interpreted as “sometimes”.

On the overall, as assessed by the PNP in Majayjay Police Station,

crimes against person were often committed by criminal elements as

evidenced by the average weighted mean of 3.46 verbally interpreted as

“often”.

An analysis of the chi-square value of 18.4444 which is greater when

compared to the critical value (cv) of 9.488 with the degree of 4, rejects the

null hypothesis advanced in this study which states that “there is no

significant difference in the crimes against person” at five percent (5%) level

of significance while the working hypothesis is proven true signifying among

others that “the lower is the educational attainment of the inmates as they

have no access to work opportunities, the more they are prone to commit

crimes against person”.

When this aspect was counterchecked among inmates, the same table

registers the data. Of the eleven (11) inmates who were issued one set of

structured interview questionnaire physical injury was sometimes committed

by them as indicated by the weighted mean of 1.64; while they claimed that

they had never committed destruction to life or murder as presented by the

weighted mean of 1.09 and sustained further by the average weighted mean

of 1.36 with verbal interpretation of “never”.

The chi-square value of 4.2222 which is lesser than the critical value

(cv) of 7.815 with degree of freedom 3 reveals that the inmates were
unanimous in their answers to the crimes against person. With the said

value, null hypothesis is accepted at five percent (5%) level of significance.

The findings tend to show that the inmates were one thing in common

that they sometimes committed physical injury, the reason behind why they

are in jail but somehow never they had committed murder so to speak.

The DSWD officers and personnel were also consulted of the crimes

against person as committed by minors under their custody, and the data

are presented in Table 2.

The weighted means of 1.64 and 1.09 confirmed that minors

sometimes committed physical injury but never destruction of life such as

murder respectively, as sustained by the average weighted of 1.36 with

verbal interpretation of “never”.

A cursory analysis of the chi-square of 4.2222 which is indeed lesser

than the critical value (cv) of 7.815 with the degree of freedom (df) 3 reveals

that the DSWD officers and personnel were the same in their pronouncement

that minors under their custody occasionally committed physical injury but

never murder so to speak. With the said pronouncement, null hypothesis is

accepted at five percent (5%) level of significance.

When the same question was asked among the municipal officials of

Majayjay, physical injury was seldom committed by the residents in their

respective areas of jurisdiction, and never the destruction of life much as

murder as evidenced by the weighted means of 2.5 and 1.8 verbally

interpreted as “seldom” and “never” respectively and sustained further by

the average weighted mean of 2.15 with verbal interpretation of “seldom”.

The chi-square value of 3.2190 which is lesser when compared to the

critical value of 5.991 within the parameter of the degree of freedom of 2

registers that the municipal officials of Majayjay were practically the same in

their disclosure regarding the prevalence of crimes against person in their

respective areas jurisdiction.

Thus, with the above findings, null hypothesis which states that “there

is no significant difference in the degree of crimes against person” is

accepted at five percent (5%) significant level.

From the above disclosure, municipal officials of Majayjay in Laguna

were practically common or the same in their awareness of crimes against

person which they confirmed seldom or never at the time they assumed

public office.

Other Crimes that is usually committed

Table 3 reports the data on other crimes that is usually committed.

Of the 11 PNP officers and personnel who were consulted of this

matter, estafa was often committed in Majayjay as evidenced by the

weighted mean of 3.64 verbally interpreted as “often”; opium and prohibited

drugs were occasionally prevalent as evidenced by the weighted mean of

2.64 with verbal interpretation of “sometimes” and gambling a crime against

public order was seldom committed in the said municipality as indicated by

the weighted mean of 2 with an overall weighted mean of 2.76 verbally

interpreted as “average”.

The chi-square value of 30.6188 which is greater than the critical value

of 15.507 with the degree of freedom of 8 registers that there was significant

difference in the assessment made by PNP officers and personnel regarding

the degree of crimes against public order prevalent in Majayjay, Laguna.

TABLE 3
Other Crimes that is Usually Committed

Other
Crimes PNP Inmates DSWD Municipal
that is Officials
usually
committ
ed

W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal W Verbal

M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati M Interpretati
Estafa on on on on

3.6 often 1.1 never 1 Never 2.8 sometimes

4 8

Opium 2.6 Sometimes 1.2 Never 2.3 Sometimes 2.5 Seldom

and 4 7 6
prohibite
d drugs

Gamblin 2 Seldom 1 Never 3.0 sometimes 2.2 seldom

g 9
Average 2.7 Sometimes 1.1 Never 2.1 Seldom 2.5 Seldom
6 5 5

X2 30.6188 3.2153 30.2123 10.8905

Cv 15.507 9.488 15.507 15.507

Df 8 4 8 8

Ho1 rejected accepted rejected rejected

Legend:
Range Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 always
3.41-4.20 often
2.61-3.40 sometimes
1.81-2.60 seldom
1.00-1.80 never

With the above findings, null hypothesis is rejected while its alternative

working hypothesis is supported or proven true at five (5) percent level of

significance.

Within the above context, it is therefore implied that the lower is the

educational attainment of inmates, the more they are deprived of

employment opportunities which dragged them to commit crimes involving

public order as assessed by PNP in Majayjay Police Station.

When the same line of questioning was propounded among inmates,

their responses are reported in table 3. Accordingly, as these inmates

revealed, they never committed estafa, which taken optimum or prohibited

drugs and never involved in gambling as evidenced by the weighted means

of 1.18, 1.27 and 1 as sustained further by the average weighted means of

1.15 verbally interpreted as “never”.

The said inmates were practically the same in their assessments

relative to the crimes against public order as shown by the chi-square value

of 3.2153 which is lesser than the critical value of 9.488 around the degree

of freedom of 4. Thus, with the said findings, null hypothesis which states

that “there is no significant difference in the prevalence of crimes against

public order in the said municipality” is accepted at five (5) percent level of

significance.

When the same question was asked among the DSWD Officers and

personnel in their local office in Majayjay, gambling as well the use of opium

and prohibited drugs was occasionally dominant among minors as evidenced

by the weighted means of 3.09 and 2.36 verbally interpreted as

“sometimes”. However, estafa was never committed by minors prior to their

custody at DSWD as attested by the weighted mean of one (1) with the

verbal interpretation of “never”.

The chi-square (x2) value of 30.2123 which is greater than the critical

value (cv) of 15.507 with the degree of freedom (df) of 8, registers the

significant difference in the crimes against public order committed by minors

prior to their custody at the center so provided by the DSWD in Majayjay,

Laguna.

Anchored on the above findings, it is inferred that the lower is the

educational qualification of the percents of minors as no employment

opportunities accorded on their behalf the more susceptible their children to

gambling and the more prone to take opium or prohibited drugs.

At this juncture, null hypothesis is rejected, whereas the working

hypothesis posited in advance is supported or proven true at five (5) percent

level of significance.

Municipal officials in Majayjay were also consulted about the numeracy

of crimes against public order, and the same table reveals their responses.

Of the ten (10) who were issued questionnaire, the weighted mean of 2.8

confirms that estafa was sometimes prevalent. However, taking opium and

prohibited drugs as well as gambling was seldom committed as proven by

weighted means of 2.5 and 2.2 respectively and sustained further by the

average weighted mean of 2.5 verbally interpreted as “seldom”.

Public Officials from Majayjay were practically the same in their

assessment regarding the lesser than the critical value of 15.507 within the

parameter of the degree of freedom of 8.

 UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CONTRIBUTORY
FACTORS TO THE INCREASE OF CRIME IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA

As gleamed from Table 4, the IR value of 27 shows that unemployment

and illiteracy have low correlation to crimes against property person and

public order as perceived by the PNP officers and personnel in Majayjay

Police Station as attested further by the t-value of .4857

TABLE 4
UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY AS CORRELATES
TO CRIMES IN MAJAYJAY, LAGUNA
Contributo
ry UNEMPLOYMENT AND ILLITERACY
Factors
R Analysi T CV df Decisio H03 at
s n 5%
PNP
Perceptions .27 low .4857 2.353 3 not accept
of Crimes correlati signific ed
on ant
Inmates
Perceptions .04 negligibl .0693 2.353 3 not accept
of Crimes e signific ed
correlati ant
on
DSWD negative
Perceptions -.37 ly .6898 2.353 3 not accept
of Crimes low signific ed
correlati ant
on
Public
Officials .07 negligibl .1215 2.353 3 not accept
Perceptions e signific ed
of Crimes correlati ant
on

Legends:
Range Analysis
 .81-1.00 very high correlation
.51- .80 high correlation
.41- .40 substantial correlation
.81- .20 low correlation
.81- .20 negligible correlation

Which is lesser than the critical value (cv) 2.353 with the degree of

freedom (df) of 3 which redound to the acceptance of null hypothesis at five

percent (5%) level of significance. The findings tend to point out that

unemployment and illiteracy could not be an excuse for person to commit

crimes involving property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed.

A negligible correlation can also be observed an unemployment and

illiteracy as correlates to crimes against property, person and other crimes

that is usually committed as evidenced by the value of .04 as attested by the

T-value of .0693 which is lesser than the critical value of 2.353 with the

degree of freedom of 3 which ultimately accepted the null hypothesis at five

percent significant level from the viewpoints of the inmates.

As assessed by the DSWD officers and personnel were seemed to have

a negatively low correlation between unemployment as well as illiteracy and

numeracy of crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed as indicated by the R-value of. 37 and attested further by the T-

value of .6898 which is lesser than the critical value of 3, which by all means

accepted the null hypothesis at five percent level of significance.

 Among public officials of Majayjay, the R-value of .07 shows negligible

correlation between unemployment and illiteracy, and crimes against

property, person and other crimes that is usually committed as sustained

further by the T-value of .1215 which is found lesser than the critical value of

2.353 with the degree of freedom 3 which in all possibilities accepted the null

hypothesis at five percent level of significance.

From the above findings, it is therefore inferred that crimes committed

against property, person and other crimes that is usually committed cannot

be pounded an person for reason of unemployment and illiteracy.

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 This study an unemployment and illiteracy as contributory factors to

crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna is descriptive method in design. It

involved 43 respondents representing PNP officers and personnel, and public

officials in the said municipality from whom the data shared by them

resolved the two (2) problem areas investigated namely: the degree of

crimes committed against property person and public; and unemployment

and illiteracy as correlates to crime increases in Majayjay, Laguna. Three (3)

sets of questionnaire were issued and retrieved from the above respondents

for resolution of the basic problems raised with finality.

Centrality and relation of data were computed by means of weighted

mean and r-correlation formulas and subjected to statistical testing by means

of nonparametric and parametric formulas through chi-square and T-test

respectively, as basis for empirical testing of null hypothesis at five percent

level of significance.

From the procedure summarized above, the basic problem areas were

answered.

Findings

The following are the salient findings of the study:

1. The PNP officers and personnel were dominantly males as declared

by 72.73% as against their female counterpart of only 3 or 27.27%

in their rank and file, in their age bracket of 20-39 old as disclosed

by 22 or 100% dominantly assigned in WCPD and operation;

whereas inmates were dominantly males of 18-39 years old as

 disclosed by 8 or 72.73% predominantly married with 5 or 45.45%

with only one child in the family, finished elementary grades with 8

or 72.72% responses, 6 or 54.54% were farmers prior to their

incarceration, with monthly income bracket of P1000-P3000; the

DSWD officers and personnel were dominantly females with 8 or

72.73% responses as against their male counterpart of only 3 or

27.27% in their early adulthood with 7 or 63.64% responses and

dominantly social workers in their own right; whereas municipal

officials were dominantly females of around 7 or 70% against their

male counterpart of only 3 or 30% in their rank and file.

2. The dominance of crimes against property, person and other crimes

that is usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna were theft, physical

injury and estafa as attested by the weighted means of 3.18, 4.27

3.64 as sustained further by the chi-square values of 43.2897,

18.4444 and 30.6188 which rejected the null hypothesis at 5% level

of significance respectively.
3. Unemployment and illiteracy and illiteracy have low and negligible

correlations with crimes against property, person and other crimes

that is usually committed in Majayjay as evidenced by the R-values

of .27, .04, -.37, .07 as attested further by the T-value of .4857, .

0693, .6898 and .1215 which accepted the null hypothesis at 5%

level of significance.
Conclusions

Based on the above findings, the following conclusions are

representing are hereby drawn.

1. The respondents representing the PNP personnel, inmates, DSWD and

public officials in Majayjay Laguna were credible in their assessment of

crimes against property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed in Majayjay.
2. The dominance of crimes against property, person and other crimes

that is usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna were theft, physical

injury and estafa which were often and always committed when

situation always committed when situation so warranted.

3. Unemployment and illiteracy have slight bearing in the increase of

crimes involving property, person and other crimes that is usually

committed in Majayjay, Laguna.

Recommendations

In the light of the above findings and conclusions, the following

recommendations are hereby offered:

1. Twenty-four hours round the clock should be made by the PNP officers

and personnel in coordination with DSWD and public officials in order

to minimize if not totally eradicate crimes against property, person and

other crimes that is usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna.

2. Controlling situations should be made possible by law enforcers

involving barangay and municipal officials in order not to warrant the

 commission of crimes against person, property and other crimes that is

usually committed in Majayjay, Laguna.

3. A study of similar nature should be conducted in the other municipality

in order to establish a positive and high relation between

unemployment and illiteracy and crime increases so as to strengthen

further the findings of this research undertaking.

 APPENDIX A

Letter of Request

October 17, 2014

PSInsp. Marcelito M. Marcial

COP, Majayjay Police Station

Sir:

Good Day! We are 4th year B.S. Criminology students of Union College, Sta.
Cruz Laguna. As part of the completion of our course the conduct of research
is required, wherein we are working on the thesis entitled “Unemployment
and Illiteracy as Contributory Factors to the Increase of Crime in Majayjay
Laguna.”

In lieu with said requirements, we are requesting that a set of questionnaires

be given and to be answered by your personnel as well as by
inmates/detainees in your custody.

It is assured that the information and data to be shared by them will be

treated with utmost confidentiality and be used only for the study under
consideration.

With gratitude, respect, and appreciation for the courtesy of your approval
relative to this request, without which, this study will not be made possible.

Very respectfully,

CHARLENE A. VILLARMIL
JERIK JEZZER A. PANCHOCOLA
KENNETH L. FABULA
Researchers
 APPENDIX B

Questionnaire for PNP Officers and Personnel

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your
answer.

A. Personal Profile

1.Gender:

___Male

___Female

2.Age:

___57 yrs. old (nearing retirement)

___40-56yrs. old (middle adulthood)

___20-39 yrs. old (early adulthood)

_______________Please, specify.

3. Present Position:

___Intelligence

___investigation

___WCPD

___Traffic

_________________Please, specify.

B. What degree of crimes did inmates in your jurisdiction commit as to

the following? Please check the blank (_) which reflects one (1) of the
five (5) options for your answer.
 Options:

5-always

4-often

3-sometimes

2-seldom

1-never

1. Crimes against property

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
__ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!

Structured Interview Questionnaire for Inmates

(Palatanungan Para sa Mga Bilanggo)
Panuto: Lagyan ng tsek (_) ang puwang na tugma sa inaakala mo ay tama.

A.Personal na Salik

1.Kasarian:

__Lalaki

__Babae

2.Edad:

__60 taong gulang pataas (katandaang gulang)

__40-59 taong gulang (kagitnaang gulang)

__18-39 taong gulang (kabataang gulang)

3.Katayuang Sibil:

__Walang asawa

__May asawa

__Hiwalay

__Balo

______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

4.Bilang ng Mga Anak:

__5

__4

__3
__2

__1

______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

5.Antas ng Pinag-aralan:

__Tapos ng doktorado

__Tapos ng master
 __Tapos ng kolehiyo

__Tapos ng high school

__Tapos ng elementarya

__Tapos ng kinder

_______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

6.Trabaho:

__Barbero

__Basurero(ra)
__Janitor

__Karpentero

__Labandera

__Magsasaka

__Mangingisda

_______________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

7.Buwanang Kita:

__P10,000 pataas

__7,000-9,000

__4,000-6,000

__1,000-3,000

__P900 pababa

___________Pakisulat ang wala sa itaas.

B.Anong antas ng krimen ang iyong nagawa batay sa mga sumusunod?

Paki tsek ang puwang na tugma sa isang (1) tamang kasagutan sa
limang (5) pagpipilian.

Pagpipilian:
 5-pinakamadalas

4-madalas

3-katamtaman

2-madalang

1-wala

1. Krimen laban sa ari-aian (Crimes against property)

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Pagnanakaw (Theft)
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Pagsunog ng ari-arian (Arson and other crimes
involving destruction)

2. Krimen laban sa tao (Crimes against person)

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Pangkatawang pinsala (Physical Injury)
__ __ __ __ __2. pagpatay ( Destruction of Life)

3. Iba pang mga krimen na karaniwang nagagawa (Other crimes

that usually committed)
1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Hindi pagbabayad ng utang (Estafa)
__ __ __ __ __2. Krimeng kaugnay sa droga at mga
ipinagbabawal na gamot (Crimes relative to opium and
prohibited drugs)
__ __ __ __ __3.pagsusugal (Gambling)

Maraming salamat po…

Questionnaire for DSWD Officers and Personnel

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your
answer.
 A.Personal Profile

1. Gender:

__Male

__Female

2.Age:

__60-65yrs. old (late adulthood)

__40-59yrs. old (middle adulthood)
__20-39yrs. old (early adulthood)
_____________Please, specify.

3.Present Position:

__Administrative Officer
__Secretary
__Treasurer
__PRO
______________Please, specify.

B.What degree of offenses do minors under your care commit as to the

following? Please check the blank__which reflects one (1) of the five
(5) options for your answer.
Options:
5-always
4-often
3-sometimes
2-seldome
1-never

1. Crimes against property

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
 __ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!

Questionnaire for Local Government Officials and Citizens

Directions: Please check the blank (_) which reflects the item for your
answer.

A.Personal Profile

1. Gender:

__Male

__Female
 2. Sector:

__Municipal Official

__Barangay Official

__Private Citizen

B.What degree of crimes is dominant or prevalent in your area as to the

following? Please check the blank (_) which reflects one (1) of the five (5)
options for your answer.

Options:

5-always

4-often

3-sometimes

2-seldom

1-never

1. Crimes against property

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __ 1. Theft
__ __ __ __ __ 2. Malicious Mischief
__ __ __ __ __ 3. Arson and other crimes involving destruction

2. Crimes against person

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Physical Injury
__ __ __ __ __2. Destruction of Life

3. Other crimes that usually committed

1 2 3 4 5
__ __ __ __ __1. Estafa
__ __ __ __ __2. Crimes relative to opium and prohibited drugs
__ __ __ __ __3. Gambling

Thank you very much…

God Bless!!
 APPENDIX C

A. PNP officers and Personnel

A. Personal Profile
1. Gender O E
Male 8 5.5
Female 3 5.5
11

X2= Σ (O-E)2
X2= (8-5.5)2 + (3-5.5)2
5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364
X2= 2.2728 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted
2. Age O E
40-56 0 5.5
20-39 11 5.5
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (0-5.5)2 + (11-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= 5.5+5.5
X2= 11 <cv= 3.841
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted

3. Present Position O E
Intelligence 1 2.2
Investigation 2 2.2
WCPD 3 2.2
Traffic 2 2.2
Operation 3 2.2
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E
 X2= (1-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2 +(3-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2+(3-2.2)2
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .6545+.0812+.2909+.0182+.2909
X2= 1.2727 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
5-1
Df= 4
H01= accepted

B. Degree of Crimes
1.1 Crimes against property
1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 50 0 5 0 0
4 3 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 7 21 3 5 15 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 6 12 2 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 11
11 35 11 27 11 11
Wta= 35 Wta= 27 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 3.18 Wta= 2.45 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
3 1 0 1 0 1 3
7 4 5 4 0 4 12
1 2.3 6 2.3 0 2.3 7
0 3.7 0 3.7 11 3.7 11
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-1)2 + (7-4)2 +(1-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2 +(3-1)2 + (5-4)2 +(6-2.3)2 + (0-

2
3.7)
1 4 2.3 3.7 1 4 2.3
3.7
+ (0-1)2 + (0-4)2 +(0-2.3)2 + (11-3.7)2
1 4 2.3 3.7
 X2= 4+2.25+.7348+3.7= 10.6848
1+.25+5.9522+3.4= 10.9022
1+4+2.3+14.4027= 21.7027
43.2897

X2= 43.2897 <cv= 12.592

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.2 Crimes against person

2. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 4 20 50 0
4 6 24 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 8 15
2 0 0 2 2 12
1 0 0 1 1 0
11 47 11 29
Wta= 47 Wta= 29
11 11
Wta= 4.27 Wta= 2.64

O E O E total
4 2 0 2 4
6 3 0 3 6
1 4.5 8 4.5 9
0 1 2 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2)2 + (6-3)2 +(1-4.5)2 + (0-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-2)2 + (0-3)2 +(8-

4.5)2 + (2-1)2 + (1-.5)2
1 4 2.3 3.7 2 2 3 4.5
1 .5
 X2= 2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
18.4444

X2= 18.4444 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

1.3 Other crimes

3. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 1 0 50 0 5 1 5
4 5 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 5 21 3 8 24 3 0 0
2 0 2 2 2 4 2 7 14
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3
11 35 11 29 11 22
Wta= 40 Wta= 29 Wta= 22
11 11 11
Wta= 3.64 Wta= 2.64 Wta= 2

O E O E O E total
1 .7 0 .7 1 .7 2
5 1.7 0 1.7 0 1.7 5
5 4.3 8 4.3 0 4.3 13
0 3 2 3 7 3 9
0 31.3 1 1.3 3 1.3 4
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.7)2 + (5-1.7)2 +(5-4.3)2 + (0-3)2 +(0-1.3)2 + (0-.7)2 +(0-21.7)2 +

(8-4.3)2
.7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3 .7 1.7
4.3
+ (2-3)2 + (1-1.3)2 +(1-.7)2 + (0-1.7)2 + (0-4.3)2+(7-3)2+(3-1.3)2
 3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3

X2= .1286+6.4059+.1140+3+1.3 = 10.9476

.7+1.7+3.1837+.3333+.0692 = 5.9862
.1286+1.7+4.3+5.3333+2.2231= 21.7027
30.6188

X2= 30.6188 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)

Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

B.Inmates

A. Personal Profile

1. Gender: O E
Male 9 5.5
Female 2 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
X2= (9-5.5)2 + (2-5.5)2
5.5 5.5

X2= 2.2273+2.2273
X2= 4.4546<cv= 3.841 – significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= rejected
2. Age O E
40-59 3 5.5
18-39 8 5.5
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-5.5)2 + (8-5.5)2

 5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364
X2=2.2728 <cv= 3.841not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted
3. Civil status O E
Single 4 2.75
Married 5 2.75
Separated 1 2.75
widower 1 2.75
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2.75)2 + (5-2.75)2 +(1-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2

2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75

X2= .5682+1.8409+1.1136+1.1136
X2=4.6363 <cv= 9.488 - not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
4-1
Df= 3
H01= accepted
4. Number of Child O E
5 1 .54
4 1 .54
3 1 .54
2 1 .54
1 6 .54
No child 1 .54
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.54)2 + (1-.54)2 +(1-.54)2 + (1-.54)2+(6-.54)2 (1-.54)2

.54 .54 .54 .54 .54 .54

X2= .3918+.3918+.3918+.3918+55.2067+.3918
X2= 57.165 <cv= 11.070 – significant at 5%
Df= N-1
6-1
Df= 5
H01= rejected
5. Educational Attainment O E
College graduate 1 2.75
High school graduate 1 2.75
Elementary graduate 8 2.75
Kindergarten graduate 1 2.75
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2 +(8-2.75)2 + (1-2.75)2

2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75

X2= 1.1136+1.1136+10.0227+1.1136
X2= 13.3635 <cv= 7.815
Df= N-1
4-1
Df= 3
H01= accepted

6. employment O E
barber 1 2.2
carpenter 2 2.2
laundrywoma 2 2.2
farmer 6 2.2
fisherman 1 2.2
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-2.2)2 + (1-2.2)2 +(2-2.2)2 + (6-2.2)2+(1-2.2)2

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .6545+.6545+.0182+6.5636+.6545
X2= 8.5453 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
5-1
Df= 4
H01= accepted
7. monthly income O E
P4,000-P6,000 1 3.67
P1,000-P3,000 8 3.67
P900 and below 2 3.67
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
 E

X2= (1-3.67)2 + (8-3.67)2+(2-3.67)2

3.67 3.67 3.67

X2= 1.9425+5.1087+.7599
X2=7.8111<cv= 7.815 - not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
3-1
Df= 2
H01= accepted
B. Degree of Crimes
1. Crimes against property
4. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 50 0 5 0 0
4 1 4 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 2 6 3 1 3 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 0
1 7 7 1 10 10 1 11 11
11 19 11 13 11 11
Wta= 19 Wta= 13 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 1.73 Wta= 1.18 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
1 .33 0 .33 0 .33 1
2 1 1 1 0 1 3
1 .33 0 .33 0 .33 1
7 9.33 10 9.33 11 9.33 28
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.33)2 + (2-1)2 +(1-.33)2 + (7-3.9.33)2 +(0-.33)2 + (1-1)2 +(0-.33)2

+ (10-9.33)2
.33 1 .33 9.33 .33 1 .33
9.33
+ (0-.33)2 + (0-1)2 +(0-.33)2 + (11-9.33)2
.33 1 .33 .33

X2= 1.3603+1+1.3603+.5819 = 4.3025

.33+0+.33+.0481 = .7081
.33+1+.33+.2989 = 1.9589
6.9695
X2= 6.9695 <cv= 12.592 – not significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= accepted

2. Crimes against person

1. Sf sf 2. S f sf
5 0 0 50 0
4 1 4 4 0 0
3 2 6 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 1 2
1 8 8 1 10 10
11 18 11 12
Wta= 18 Wta= 12
11 11
Wta= 1.64 Wta= 1.09

O E O E total
1 .5 0 .5 1
2 1 0 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
8 9 10 9 18
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.5)2 + (2-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (8-9)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-1)2 + (1-.5)2 +(10-9)2

.5 1 .5 9 .5 1 .5 9

X2=.5+1+.5+.1111 = 2.1111
.5+1+.5+.1111 = 2.1111
4.2222

X2 = 4.2222 <cv= 7.815 – not significant at 5%

 Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (4-1)

Df= (1) (3)

Df= 3

H01= raccepted

c. Other crimes
1. S f sf 2. S f
sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 5 00 5 0 0
4 0 0 4 00 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 13 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 12 2 0 0
2 10 10 1 99 1 11 11
11 13 11 14 11 11
Wta= 13 Wta= 14 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 1.18 Wta= 1.27 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
1 .67 1 .67 0 .67 2
0 .33 1 .33 0 .33 9
10 10 9 10 11 10 30
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.67)2 + (0-.33)2 +(10-10)2 + (1-.67)2 +(1-.33)2 + (9-10)2

+(0-.67)2 + (0-.33)2 + (11-10)2
.67 .33 10 .67 .33 10
.67 .33 10

X2= .1625+.33+0 = .4925

.1625+1.3603+.1= 1.6228
.67+.33+.1 = 1.1
3.2153

X2= 3.2153 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

 (3-1) (3-1)

Df= (2) (2)

Df= 4

H01= accepted

C. DSWD officers and personnel

1. Personal Profile
A. Gender O E
Male 3 5.5
Female 8 5.5
11

X2= Σ(O-E)2
X2= (3-5.5)2 + (8-5.5)2
5.5 5.5

X2= 1.1364+1.1364
X2= 2.2728 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted
4. Age O E
40-56 4 5.5
20-39 7 5.5
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-5.5)2 + (7-5.5)2

5.5 5.5

X2= .4091+.4091
X2= .8182<cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted

5. Present Position O E
Adm. officers 2 2.2
secretary 1 2.2
treasurer 1 2.2
 PRO 2 2.2
Social worker 5 2.2
11
X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (2-2.2)2 + (1-2.2)2 +(1-2.2)2 + (2-2.2)2+(5-2.2)2

2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

X2= .0182+.6545+.6545+.0182+3.5656
X2= 4.909 <cv= 9.488 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
5-1
Df= 4
H01= accepted

B. Degree of Crimes
1.4 Crimes against property
1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 50 0 5 0 0
4 5 20 4 1 4 4 0 0
3 3 9 3 1 3 3 0 0
2 0 0 2 5 10 2 1 2
1 3 3 1 4 4 1 10 10
11 32 11 21 11 12
Wta= 32 Wta= 21 Wta= 12
11 11 11
Wta= 2.91 Wta= 1.91 Wta= 1.09

O E O E O E total
5 2 1 2 0 2 6
3 1.3 1 1.3 0 1.3 4
0 2 5 2 1 2 6
3 5.7 4 5.7 10 5.7 17
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (5-2)2 + (3-1.3)2 +(0-2)2 + (3-5.7)2 +(1-2)2 + (1-1.3)2 +(5-2)2 + (4-

5.7)2
2 1.3 2 5.7 2 1.3 2
5.7
 + (0-2)2 + (0-1.3)2 +(1-2)2 + (10-5.7)2
2 1.3 2 5.7

X2= 4.5+2.2231+2+1.2789 = 10.002

.5+.0692+4.5+.5070 = 5.5762
2+1.3+.5+3.2438 = 7.0438
22.622

X2= 22.622 <cv= 12.592 – SIGNIFICANT AT 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.5 Crimes against person

1. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 1 5 50 0
4 7 28 4 0 0
3 0 0 3 1 3
2 0 0 2 1 2
2 3 3 1 9 9
11 36 11 14
Wta= 36 Wta= 14
11 11
Wta= 3.27 Wta= 1.27

O E O E total
1 .5 0 .5 1
7 3.5 0 3.5 7
0 .5 1 .5 1
0 .5 1 .5 1
3 6 9 6 12
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E
 X2= (1-.5)2 + (7-3.5)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-.5)2 +(3-6)2 + (0-.5)2 + (0-3.5)2
+(1-.5)2 + (1-.5)2 + (9-6)2
.5 3.5 .5 .5 6 .5 3.5 .5
.5 6

X2= .5+3.5+.5+.5+1.5 = 6.5

.5+3.5+.5+.5+1.5= 6.5
13

X2= 13.0 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

a. Other crimes

S
f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5
0 0 50 0 5 1 5
4
0 0 4 0 0 4 5 20
3
0 0 3 7 21 3 2 6
2
0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0
1 11 11 1 3 3 1 3 3
11 11 11 26 11 34
Wta= 11 Wta= 26 Wta= 34
11 11 11
Wta= 1 Wta= 2.36 Wta= 3.09

O E O E O E total
0 .33 0 .33 1 .33 1
0 1.67 0 1.67 5 1.67 5
0 3 7 3 2 43 9
0 .33 1 .33 0 .33 1
11 5.67 3 5.67 3 5.67 17
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E
 X2= (0-.33)2 + (0-1.67)2 +(0-3)2 + (0-.33)2 +(11-5.67)2 + (0-.33)2 +(0-
1.67)2 + (7-3)2
.33 1.67 3 .33 5.67 .33
1.67 3
+ (1-.33)2 + (3-5.67)2 +(1-.33)2 + (5-1.67)2 + (2-3)2+(0-33)2+(3-
5.67)2
.33 5.67 .33 1.67 3 .33
5.67

X2= .33+1.67+3+.33+5.0104 = 10.3404

.33+1.67+5.3333+1.3603+1.2573 = 9.9509
1.3603+6.6401+.3333+.33+1.2973= 9.921
30.6188

X2= 30.2123 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)

Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

D. Local Government officials

1. Gender O E
Male 3 5
Female 7 5
10

X2= Σ(O-E)2
X2= (3-5)2 + (7-5)2
5 5

X2= .8+.8
X2= 1.6 <cv= 3.841 – not significant at 5%
Df= N-1
2-1
Df= 1
H01= accepted
2. Sector O E
Municipal officials 10 3.3
Brgy. officials 0 3.3
Private citizen 0 3.3
 10
2 2
X = Σ(O-E)
E

X2= (10-3.3)2 + (0-3.3)2+(0-3.3)2

3.3 3.3 3.3

X2= 13.6030+3.3+3.3
X2=20.203<cv= 5.991 - significant at 5%
Df= N-1
3-1
Df= 2
H01= accepted

B.Degree of Crimes

1.1 Crimes against property

1. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 0 0 50 0 5 0 0
4 3 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 7 21 3 5 15 3 0 0
2 1 2 2 6 12 2 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 11
12 35 11 27 11 11
Wta= 35 Wta= 27 Wta= 11
11 11 11
Wta= 3.18 Wta= 2.45 Wta= 1

O E O E O E total
3 1 0 1 0 1 3
7 4 5 4 0 4 12
1 2.3 6 2.3 0 2.3 7
0 3.7 0 3.7 11 3.7 11
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (3-1)2 + (7-4)2 +(1-2.3)2 + (0-3.7)2 +(3-1)2 + (5-4)2 +(6-2.3)2 + (0-

2
3.7)
1 4 2.3 3.7 1 4 2.3
3.7
+ (0-1)2 + (0-4)2 +(0-2.3)2 + (11-3.7)2
1 4 2.3 3.7
 X2= 4+2.25+.7348+3.7= 10.6848
1+.25+5.9522+3.4= 10.9022
1+4+2.3+14.4027= 21.7027
43.2897

X2= 43.2897 <cv= 12.592

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (4-1)

Df= (2) (3)

Df= 6

H01= rejected

1.2 Crimes against person

5. S f sf 2. S f sf
5 4 20 50 0
4 6 24 4 0 0
3 1 3 3 8 15
2 0 0 2 2 12
3 0 0 1 1 0
11 47 11 29
Wta= 47 Wta= 29
11 11
Wta= 4.27 Wta= 2.64

O E O E total
4 2 0 2 4
6 3 0 3 6
1 4.5 8 4.5 9
0 1 2 1 2
0 .5 1 .5 1
11 11 22

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (4-2)2 + (6-3)2 +(1-4.5)2 + (0-1)2 +(0-.5)2 + (0-2)2 + (0-3)2 +(8-

4.5)2 + (2-1)2 + (1-.5)2
1 4 2.3 3.7 2 2 3 4.5
1 .5
 X2= 2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
2+3+2.7222+1+.5= 9.2222
18.4444

X2= 18.4444 <cv= 9.488 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(2-1) (5-1)

Df= (1) (4)

Df= 4

H01= rejected

1.5 Other crimes

6. S f sf 2. S f sf 3. S sf sf
5 1 0 50 0 5 1 5
4 5 12 4 0 0 4 0 0
3 5 21 3 8 24 3 0 0
2 0 2 2 2 4 2 7 14
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3
11 35 11 29 11 22
Wta= 40 Wta= 29 Wta= 22
11 11 11
Wta= 3.64 Wta= 2.64 Wta= 2

O E O E O E total
1 .7 0 .7 1 .7 2
5 1.7 0 1.7 0 1.7 5
5 4.3 8 4.3 0 4.3 13
0 3 2 3 7 3 9
0 31.3 1 1.3 3 1.3 4
11 11 11 33

X2= Σ(O-E)2
E

X2= (1-.7)2 + (5-1.7)2 +(5-4.3)2 + (0-3)2 +(0-1.3)2 + (0-.7)2 +(0-21.7)2 +

(8-4.3)2
.7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3 .7 1.7
4.3
+ (2-3)2 + (1-1.3)2 +(1-.7)2 + (0-1.7)2 + (0-4.3)2+(7-3)2+(3-1.3)2
 3 1.3 .7 1.7 4.3 3 1.3

X2= .1286+6.4059+.1140+3+1.3 = 10.9476

.7+1.7+3.1837+.3333+.0692 = 5.9862
.1286+1.7+4.3+5.3333+2.2231= 21.7027
30.6188

X2= 30.6188 <cv= 15.507 – significant at 5%

Df= (c-1) (R-1)

(3-1) (5-1)

Df= (2) (4)

Df= 8

H01= rejected

Educational Attainment and r = .27

Unemployment
Police Perceptors of Degree of
x x-x x² Crimes
5 16 2.56
3 -.4 .16 y y - y y² xy
2 -1.4 1.96 2.21 - .81 .6561 -1.296
6 2.6 6.76 4.27 1.25 1.5625 .5
1 -2.4 5.76 2.64 - .38 .1444 .532
17/5 εx² = 17.2 3.64 .62 .3844 1.612
x=3.4 SD = √17.2 2.32 - . 7 .49 1.68
5 15.08/5 εx² = 3.2374 εxy =
SD = √3.44 2.028
SD = 1.85 SD = √3.2374
5
r = εxy y = 3.02 SD = √.64748
√(εx²)(εy²) SD = .80
r = 2.028 T = r √N - 2
√(17.2)(3.2374) √1 - r²
r = 2.028 T = .27 √5 – 2
√55.68328 √1 – (.27)²
T = .27x √3
r = 2.028 √1 - .0729
7.46212302 T = .27x1.7320508
√
T = .467653716 Inmates Perceptors of Degree
√.9271 of Crimes
T = .467653716
.962860322 y y – y y² xy
T = .4857 < CV = 2.353 – not 1.73 .39 .1521 .624
equivalent at 5% 1.09 - .25 .0625 .1
df = N – 2 1.64 .3 .09 -.42
5–2 1.09 - .25 .0625 -.65
df = 3 1.15 - .19 .0361 .456
Ho = accepted 6.7/5 εy² = .4032
y = 1.34 SD = √.4032 εxy = .11
Educational Attainment and
5
Unemployment
T=r√N-2 SD = √.0806
x √1-r² SD = .28
1.6
T= .04√5-2
- .4
√1-(.04)²
-1.4
2.6 T= .04√3
-2.4 √1-.0016
εx² = 17.2
SD = 1.85 T = .04x1.7320508
√.9984
r = εxy
√(εx²)(εy²) T = .069282032
.999199679
r = .11
√(17.2)(.4032) T = .0693< CV = 2.353 not
significant
r = .11
df = N – 2
√6.93504
df = 5 – 2
r = .11 df = 3

r = .11
2.63344641

r = .04
Educational Attainment and DSWD Perceptors of Degree of
Unemployment Crimes

x
1.6 y y – y y² xy
- .4 2.91 .62 .3844 .992
-1.4 1.5 - .79 .6241 .316
2.6 2.27 - .02 .0004 .028
-2.4 1.68 - .61 .3721 -1.586
ԑx² = 17.2 3.09 .8 .64 -1.92
SD = 1.85 11.45/5 ԑy² = 2.021 ԑxy = -
2.17
y² = 2.29 SD = √2.021
r = ԑxy 5
√(ԑx²)(ԑy²) SD = √.4042
SD = .64
r = -2.17
√(17.2)(2.021) T = r √N – 2
√1 - r²
r = -2.17
√34.7612 T = -.37 √5 – 2
√1- (- . 37)²
r = -2.17
5.89586295 T = .37 √3
√1 - .1369
r = - .37
T = .37x1.7320508
√1

T = - .640858796
√.8631

T = - .640858796
.929031754

T = .6898 < CV = 2.353

df = N – 2
5–2
df = 3
Ho 3 = accepted
Educational Attainment and Public Officials Perceptors of
Unemployment Degree of Crimes

x y y–y y² xy
1.6 3.1 .66 .4356 1.056
- .4 1.95 -.49 .2401 .196
-1.4 2.5 .06 .0003 -.084
2.6 2.15 -.29 .0841 -.754
-2.4 2.5 .06 .0036 -.144
ԑx² = 17.2 12.2/5 ԑy² = .7637 ԑxy
SD = 1.85 = .27
2.44 SD = √.7637
r = ԑxy
5
√(ԑx²)(ԑy²)
SD = √.15274
r = .27 SD = .39
√(17.2)(.7637)
T = r √N – 2
r = .27 √1 - r²
√13.13564
T = .07 √5 – 2
r = .27 √1 – (.07)²
3.62431234
T = .07 √3
r = .07 √1 - .0049

T = .07x1.7320508
√.9951

T = .121243556
.997546991

T = .1215 < CV = 2.353

df = N – 2
df = 3
Ho = accepted
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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