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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Physics & Aerodynamics

“... There are two ways to lead your life….

One is as though nothing is a miracle….
The other is as if everything is…. “
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Course Outline

Assignment/Practical 50%
Quizzes/Midterm 20%
Final Examination 30%
18 weeks consisting of both lecturing and practical..

Note : Those who missed 10% of the class attendance

without any valid reason or justification will be BARRED
from taking the final examination.
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Topics to be covered:
1. Measurement & Unit
2. Matter & Energy
3. Work, Power, Force, and Motion
4. Thermodynamics
5. Pressure and Gas Law
6. Fluid Mechanics
7. Sound
8. Light
9. Airplanes
10. Aerodynamics
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Topics for Research and Presentation:

1. Research on the principle of Newton’s laws and its application in
today's modern world
2. The use and application of gyroscopic principles
3. Research on the various methods of heat transfer and describe its
application and benefit in today’s world
4. Research on the application of Bernoulli’s theorem in today’s
modern world
5. Research on the aerodynamics principle on both fix wing aircraft and
rotary wing aircraft.
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WHAT IS PHYSICS?

Physics is the study of the most

fundamental interactions between:

Time, Space, Energy and

Matter.
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Why is PHYSICS so important?

Every aspect of our life involves with the
principle of physics! All modern technology ever
created by mankind deals with physics!
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Measurement
&
Unit
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Measurement
1. Physics is an experimental science which involves measurements.
2. Measurements are generally describe with the use of numbers.
3. Number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively
is called a Physical Quantity.
4. Example: Give two physical quantities that describe yourself?

Units
1. When we use number to describe a physical quantity , we must always
specify the unit that we are using; to describe a distance of “23.02”
would not simply mean anything.
2. Engineers and Scientist around the world have adopted a system units
commonly called “ the metric system” but now commonly known as
“International System or SI unit
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Units (Continue)
3. The consequence of making mistakes in the use and conversion of units
may prove costly or, in certain circumstances, catastrophic.
EXAMPLE
1. Consider a simple task of inflating the aircraft tire using the ground
support unit. If the proper inflation tire should be 30 ib/in2, imagine
what would happen if the inflation equipment was set to pressurize
the tire in bar.
2. Torque – loading of nuts and bolts which require the nut to be
tightened using the unit of lb/in but the torque range was set to NM!
4. It should be remembered that all systems apart from SI, are now
regarded by the international community as absolute.
5. This is exception to American manufactured aircraft which still utilized the
English/US units.
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Units (Continue)
6. The SI system is based on the following units;
1. METRE (m)
2. KILOGRAMME (kg)
3. SECONDS (s)
7. Aircraft engineers need to be aware of the use of English/US units and
should be able to convert between units when required.
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Definition of the SI base units :

Unit of Length Meters m

Unit of Mass Kilogram kg

Unit of Time Second s

Unit of Electric Current Ampere A

Unit of Thermodynamic Kelvin K

temperature
Unit of amount of substance Mole mol

Unit of luminous intensity Candela cd

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SI Supplementary units SI unit name SI unit symbol

Plane angle radian rad

Solid angle steradian Srad or sr

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SI derived Units: Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of
the seven base quantities via a system of quantity equations. The SI derived units
for these derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI
base units. The names and symbols of some of the derived units may be
substituted by special names and symbols
Area Square meter m2
Volume Cubic meter m3
Speed, Velocity Meter per second m/s
Acceleration Meter per second squared m/s2
Mass density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Current density Ampere per square meter A/m2
Magnetic field strength Ampere per meter A/m
luminance Candela per square meter Cd/m2
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SI prefixes
Prefix Symbol Multiply by
Peta P 1015
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Hecto h 102
Deca da 101
Deci d 10-1
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro µ 10-6
Nano p 10-12
Femto f 10-15
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Non-SI units
Certain units are not part of the International System of Units, that is, they
are outside the SI, but are important and widely used.
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Conversions of Units
• Same quantity may be measured in different units. Therefore, it is important to know
how to convert from one unit to another.
E.g. 1
An aircraft carrying a fuel load of 300 gallons. What is the value of the fuel load in Liter?
(1 gallons = 4.54609 liter / 1 liter = 0.21997 gallon)

P/S: It is important to convert all units to SI units before solving any mathematical
problems.
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INTRODUCTION TO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1. In mathematics and science, dimensional analysis is a tool to
understand the properties of physical quantities independent of the
units used to measure them. Every physical quantity is some
combination of mass, length, time, electric charge, and temperature.
2. Note that dimension is more abstract than scale unit: mass is a
dimension, while kilograms are a scale unit (choice of standard) in the
mass dimension.
3. This technique facilitates the study of interrelationships of systems
(or models of systems) and their properties. Acceleration, for example,
is expressed as length per unit of time squared; whether the units of
length are in the English or metric system is immaterial.
4. The unit of a physical quantity and its dimension are related, but not
precisely identical concepts. The units of a physical quantity are defined
by convention and related to some standard; e.g., length may have units
of meters, feet, inches, miles or micrometers; but any length always has
a dimension of L, independent of what units are arbitrarily chosen to
measure it.
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Dimensional Analysis
Quantity and Dimension

QUANTITY DIMENSION SYMBOL

Mass [mass] M
Length [length] L
Time [time] T

Electric Current [current] A

Density [mass] / [length]3 ML-3
Velocity [length] / [time] LT-1
Acceleration [velocity] / [time] LT-2
Force [mass] * [acceleration] MLT-2
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Dimension Analysis can be used to:

1. Checking equation & units (In general)
2. Derive an equation (simple equations)

E.g. Verify the dimension analysis for velocity (True or False)

V (velocity) = u (initial velocity) + a (acceleration)* t (time)
L/T = L / T + (L / T2) T
L/T = L / T + L / T (This formula is dimensionally correct)

Dimension analysis method cannot be used to:

• Dimensionally correct does not mean the equation is correct! – Only to check
• Completeness of an equation
• Whether the constant (in the equation) is correct – Constant can be anything..
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Vector
Scalar Quantity
1. Quantity (by a single number)
2. Number with units (+ve, -ve, 0)
3. Example: length, time, temperature, mass, density, volume

Vector Quantity
1. Quantity (by a number / magnitude and a direction)
2. Example: Force, momentum, velocity, displacement, acceleration
3. Acceptable symbol for vector is F
4. Magnitude of vector: |F| = F always +ve
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A scalar is a quantity which has magnitude

(numerical size) only. Examples of scalars are
the natural numbers, speed, distance, energy,
charge, volume and temperature.
Scalar quantities can be manipulated by the
laws of arithmetic applicable to natural
numbers. Many physical quantities can be
added together in the same way as natural
numbers. For example, if we first put 100 cm3 of
water into a cup and then put in an additional
150 cm3, the cup will contain 250 cm3 of water.
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Similarly, if you were to run around a square

field having a side length 100 m, you would have
run a total distance of 400 m.
Such quantities can also be subtracted in the
usual way. For example, if you were to eat 100 g
cheese from a piece of mass 500 g, the mass of
the remaining piece would be 400 g.
We have used volume, distance and mass as
examples of physical quantities called scalars.
Other examples are time, temperature and any
natural number. The value of a scalar is called
its magnitude
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A vector is a quantity which has both a magnitude and a

direction. Vectors arise naturally as physical quantities.
Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force and electric field.
Special arithmetic rules must be obeyed when adding
vectors together. Much of this topic is devoted to these
rules!
Some physical quantities cannot be added in the simple
way described for scalars.
For example, if you were to walk 4 m in a northerly
direction and then 3 m in an easterly direction, how far
would you be from your starting point? The answer is
clearly NOT 7 m! To find the answer, one could draw a
scale diagram (1 cm = 1 m).
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Vector Addition
If a particles undergoes a displacement A, followed by a second displacement B. The
final result is the same as if the particle had started at the same initial point and
undergone a single displacement C. We call the displacement C as Vector Sum or
Resultant.
B

A C
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Addition of vectors
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Method of components
The components of a vector are those
vectors which, when added together, give
the original vector;
“The sum of the components of
two vectors is equal to the sum
of these two vectors”
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In such a situation, an arbitrary displacement A

can be thought of as being made up of two
components A1 and A2 directed along these
axes, such that A = A1 + A2.
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Subtraction of vectors
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Polygon method
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Null vector
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EQUILIBRANT Force
1. A single force that can hold the original system of forces in equilibrium is
known as the EQUILIBRANT.
2. It is equal in magnitude to the resultant but it is opposite in sense.

A
A C
B

Equilibrant Force
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Parallelogram method
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Q1: A UniKL Miat student walks 12 km east one day and 5km east the following day.
Find the resultant vector for the journey of the student?

First day 12 km Second day 5 km

17 km to the east

Q2: A UniKL Miat student walks 12km east one day and 5km west the next day. Find
the resultant vector for the journey of the student?
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Find the Resultant of the following vectors:

A1 A3
A2
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ANSWERS A2

A1
A1 A3
A3
A2

Resultant Resultant

Resultant
A1
A2 A3
A3
Resultant
A1
A2
Regardless of the arrangement of the vectors, the resultant will remain the same!!
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Vectors in 2 Dimension form. (axis – x and axis – y)

A vector in two dimensions may be resolved into two component vectors acting along any two
mutually perpendicular directions to find the magnitude (distance) and direction.

+y

A = Ax + Ay A is the resultant vector

(Refer Vector Addition)

Ax = Acos θ
Ay = Asin θ Trigonometry
A
Ay Magnitude, |A| = √(Ax2 + Ay2)

Direction, tan θ = Ay / Ax
θ
+x
Ax
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A1, the component in an easterly direction, will have a

magnitude
|A1| = |A|sinQ.
A2, the component in a northerly direction, will have a
magnitude
|A2| = |A|cosQ
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Rectangular components:
In all vector problems a natural system of axes
presents itself. In many cases the axes are at
right angles to one another. Components
parallel to the axes of a rectangular system of
axes are called rectangular components.
In general it is convenient to call the horizontal
axis X and the vertical axis Y. The direction of a
vector is given as an angle counter-clockwise
from the X-axis.
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In all vector problems a natural system of axes presents

itself. In many cases the axes are at right angles to one
another. Components parallel to the axes of a
rectangular system of axes are called rectangular
components.
In general it is convenient to call the horizontal axis X
and the vertical axis Y. The direction of a vector is given
as an angle counter-clockwise from the X-axis.
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You could have reached the same final position

by walking 5 m in the direction 36.9° east of
north. This is the result of adding "4 m north"
and "3 m east". The physical quantities, 4 m
north, 3 m east and 5 m 36.9° east of north
require both a magnitude and a direction to fully
describe them. These quantities are called
displacements. Displacement is an example of
a vector quantity.
Other examples of vector quantities that you will
encounter are velocity, acceleration and force.
All vector quantities can be added together
in the same way as displacements.
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Vectors are distinguished from scalars by

writing them in special ways. A widely
used convention is to denote a vector
quantity in bold type, such as A, and that
is the convention that will be used. In
some books, you may also encounter the
notation or .
The magnitude of a vector A is written as
|A|.
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Since several important physical quantities are vectors, it

is useful to agree on a way for representing them and
adding them together.
Used a scale diagram in which displacements were
represented by arrows which were proportionately
scaled and orientated correctly with respect to our axes
(i.e., the points of the compass). The reference direction
is indicated.
1. The scale is indicated.
2. The vectors are represented as arrows with a length proportional
to their magnitude and are correctly orientated with respect to
the reference direction.
3. The direction of the vector is indicated by an arrowhead.
4. The arrows should be labeled to show which vectors they
represent.
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Vector representation
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Component vector along x and y axis depend on the angle, θ

Bx – Negative A
By - Positive B Ax – Positive
Ay - Positive

C D
Dx – Positive
Cx – Negative
Dy - Negative
Cy - Negative
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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|B| = 180 N
θ = 25o |A| = 150 N

θ = 20o
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Obtain the Resultant Force of the Following Vectors?

|A| = 60 N

θ = 35o

θ = 30o

|B| = 80 N