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  • ASTM A 370-08a Mechanical Testing of Steel Products PDF

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    ASTM A 370-08a Mechanical Testing of Steel Products PDF

    Hochgeladen von

    Abhinandan Admuthe

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
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    von 47
    Designation: A 370 - 08a Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products' ‘This snd shad unre fins deigston AD; the mumber imei filling the dsgtivn inde the yur of Util ttn oi the cane of iso he yur It rvs Aum preteen the your bat appa supersope spon odessa evel cage since he kt vision ce ep issn nas boon apne fr ase by agencies of the Departmen of Defoe L. Scope 1.1 These test methods? cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used 10 determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed t0 ‘obtain reproducible and comparable results, In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique for at Variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall contro 1.2 The following mechanical tests are described: Sects Teesion Sits Bere % rine © Fle Porta pat iva Keyards 2 1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products ‘are appended 10 these test methods as Follows: Annan Bar Produce att Tubal Proeuts ene Ae Brn As Am A ‘Soriianoe of Nowe. Bar impact Tsing srmec AS ‘CurwringPerceriag Elorgaton of Rout Specimens to rn A ‘guvalens for Flt Specrners Tesing Mute Sane Arne A Rouring ot Tox Dats. An AB Mahods er Tesing Siva Reboring as Armee Ab Procecen ets and Carole Hoa C9 Sian ar 810 1.4 The values stata in incl-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, 1.5 When this document is referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in ‘Toe 1S mas ad defn of under We jution of ASTM rapensbiy of Suhooneigce AUN. on Mecbicil and Choma Testing Prasoate Met of Sts Prt a Praca Cuncrt sition approved Apel 1. 2008. Published Muy. 2H, Orgy spy 1953, Lin prvies sition wppoved #200 gs AST =C8 Tur ASME Bier and Prccre Yel Coke ppitions soe rea Spi cation SA-390 i Section Lo that Cs pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in ineh-pound gauge lengths of 2 of 8 in, may be reported in ST unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm, respectively, a applicable. Conversely, when this document is referenced in an inch-pound product specification, the yield tnd tensile values may be determined in ST units then con verted into inch-pound units. The elongation determined in SI unit gauge leagths of $0 or 200 mm may he reported in pound gauge lengths of 2 of 8 in, respectively, us applicable, 1.6 Attention is directed to ISOMBC 17025 and E 1595 when there may be # need for information on criteria for evalustion of testing laboratories 17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro priate sajety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents, 2.1 ASTM Standards: * ‘A20R/A 703M Specification for Steel Castings, Geneeal ‘Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts ATRIA 781M Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, ‘Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use A833 Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metall rials by Comparison Hardness Testers E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test- ing E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, E 8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Mate- rials (Metric) E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi- alls E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials Mate: Pr wfeased ASTM staan vst the ASTM webs wong comme ASTM Caster Serves at serve exty og Por Ama Bok of ASTM Sondons che iforaton rt the saan Dosen Summary pags “A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard cepyign © AST Hamat 1D Ba Haar Ee, PO Hot SO, eet Crwraacan PR KES, Uns Sts, fly a 370-084 E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impuct Testing of “Metallic Marerials E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to ‘Determine Confoemance with Specifications E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- ‘someter Systems E110 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic “Materials by Portable Hardness Testers E 190 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductlity of ‘Welds 290 Test Methods for Bend ‘Testing of Mater Ducility E1595 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Me- chanical Testing Laboratories* 22 ASME Document:* ASME Boiler and Prewure Vessel Code, Seetion VI, Division I, Part UG-8 23. 180 Standank® ISOMLEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence oF Testing and Calibration Laboratories for 3. General Precautions 3.1 Certain methods of fabrieation, such as bending, form- ing, and welding, or operations involving heating, may affect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, the product specifications cover the stage oF manufacture at which me= chanical testing is to be performed, The properties shown by testing priot 10 fabrication may not necessarily be representa tive of the product after it has been completely fabricsted, 3.2 Improper machining or preparation of test specimens may give erroneous results. Care should be exereised to assure good workmanship in machining. Improperly machined spec! mens should be discarded and other specimens substituted. 3.3. Flaws inthe specimen may also affect results, any test specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicable product specification shall govern 34 IF any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such ay failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it may be discarded sind another specimen taken. 4. Orientation of Test Specimens 4.1 The terms “longitudinal test” and “transverse test” ane used only jn material Specifications for wrought products anc ‘are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made 10 ‘8 test coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply 4.14 Longitudinal Test, unless specifically defined other- wise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is parallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during solling or forging. The stress applied to a longitudinal tension test specimen is in the direction of the yreatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test specimer is at right angles to the ditection of greatest extension (Fig. 2, Fig. 2a, and 2b) alah: fam Amrien Sst of Mashurl Eginasn (ASME). ASME, Inca Headey, Te Pr Ave. New Yr NY 1016-599, = avs fm Anerican Natal Sand ne (ANSM) 25 W. $3 4h Br, Now Vk, NY TOL, power, FIG. 1 The Relation of Test Coupons and Test Specimens to Rolling Direction or Extension (Applicable to General Wrought Products) 4.1.2 Transverse Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, Signiffes that the Tengthwise axis of the specimen is at right angles to the direction of the grestest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stess applied to a transverse tension test specimen is at right angles to the greutest exten- sion, and the axis ofthe fold ofa teansverse bend test specimen is parallel to the greatest extension (Fig. 1). 4.2. The terms “radial test” and “tangential test” are used! in material specifications for some wrought circular products and are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made to "test eoupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply: 42.1 Radial Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen- dicular to the axis of the produet and coincident with one of the radii of a cirele drawn with a point on the axis of the produet asa center (Fig. 2a), 42.2 Tangential Test, unless specitically defined otherwise, jes that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen- dicular toa plane containing the axis of the product and tangent toa citele drawn with a point on the axis of the peoduet as a venter (Fig, 2a, 2b, 26, and 20D, TENSION TEST 8. Description 5.1. The tension test related tothe mechanical testing of steel products subjects « machined or full-section specimen of the ‘material under examination 10 2 measured load sufficient to cause rupture, The resulting properties sought are defined in Terminology E6, 5.2 In general, the testing equipment and methods are given ‘Test Methods F 8. However, there ure eertain exceptions 10, Test Methods E 8 practices in the testing of steel, and these are ceovered in these test methods Af a 370-088 olongation Protongotion Teal Lorgnudine Toot (4) Shafts and Rotors Pratengetien fag) aereer ® oo he Cengtedina Teel (0) Hotiow Forgings. “Tongentia Tea Protengotion| Protengotion 4 Foraine Tangentiot Test iL “Tangential Test 6 Ring Foren FIG. 2 Location of Longitudinal Tension Test Specimens in Rings Cut from Tubulr Products 6, Terminology 6.1 Bor definitions of tems pertaining 1o tension testing, including tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elonga- tion, and reduction of area, reference should be made to Terminology E.6, 7. Testing Apparatus and Operations 7.1 Loading Systems—There are two general types of load ing systems, mechanical (serew power) and hydraulic, These differ chicily in the vatiablity of the rate of loud application, ‘The older serew power machines are limited to a small number ‘of fixed free running crosshead speeds, Some ma power machines, and all hydraulic machines. permit stepless variation throughout the range of speeds, 7.2 "The tension testing machine shall be maintained in good operating condition, used only in the proper loading range, and calibrated periodically in accordance withthe latest revision of Practices E4. Nort 1 Many machines are equipped with stress reorders for ncuven. It should be noted thet some ng component enttely seperate rom the Toad indicator of the testing machine. Such recordens ure ealbated spat, 73 Loading—It is the function of the gripping or holding vice of the testing machine to transmit the load from the heads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essential requirement is that the lol shall be transmimted axially. This implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis ofthe specimen fly a 370-084 at the beginning and during the test and that bending or twisting be held to @ minimum, For specimens with a reduced section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip section. Tn the ease of certain sections tested in full size, nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be permissible, 7A Speed of Testing—The speed of testing shall not be ‘greater than that at whieh loud and strain readings ean be made accurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonly expressed: (/) in terms of free running eroxshead speed! (rate of movement of the crosshead of the test thine when not under Joa), (2) in terms of rate of separation oF the two heals of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rite of stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of staining the specimen, The following limitations on the speed of testing ate recommended as adequate for most sleel products: Nore 2—Temion tests using clonei-loop avashines (with feodbeck contol of re) should nat be performed using ld contol as his mode of tening wil result in eccelraion of the crosshead upon yiekling ond elevation of the mesure yield srengih, TAL Any convenient speed of testing may be used up to ‘one half the specified yield point or yield strength. When this point is reached, the free-running fate of separation of the shied shall be adjusted so as not to exceed Ys in. per min per inch of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test specimens not having reduced sections. This speed shall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. In determining the tensile stiength, the fiee-ruming rate of separation of the heads shall not exceed Yin, per min per inch ‘of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test specimens not having reduced sections. In any event, the minimum speed of testing shall not be Tess than Yo the specified maximum rates for determining yield point or yield strength auxd tensile strength, 7.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the testing machine by adjusting the free running crosshead speed to the above specified values, inasmuch as the rate of separation of heads under load at these machine settings is less than the specified values of free running crosshead speed. 7A As an alternative, if the machine is equipped with a device to indicate the rate of loading, the speed of the machine from half the spovified yield point or yield strength theough the yield point or yield strength may be adjusted so that the ate of Stressing does not exceed 100.000 psi (690 MPayimin, How- ever, the minimum rate of stressing shall not be less than 10.000 psi (70 MPay/ni. ‘8, Test Specimen Parameters 8.1 Selection—Test coupons shall be selected in accordance With the applicable product specifications. 8.1.1 Woughe Steels—Wrought steel products are usually tested in the longitudinal direction, but in some cases, where size petmits and the servive justifies it, testing is in. the transverse, radial, or tangential directions (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, 8.1.2 Forged Steels—For open die forgings, the metal for tension testing is usually provided by allowing extensions or prolongations on one or both ends of the forgings, either on all or a representative number as provided by the applicable product specifications, Test specimens are normally taken at ‘mid-radius. Certain product specifications permit the use of a representative bar oe the destruction of a peaduetion pact Tor test purposes. For ring ot disk-like fongings test metal is provided by increasing the diameter, thickness, or length of the forging. Upset disk or ring forgings, which are worked or extended by Forging in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the forging, usually have their principal extension along. cconcentrie circles and for such forgings tangential tension specimens are obtained from extra metal on the periphery oF end of the forging. For some forgings, such as rotors, ria tension tests are required. In such cases the specimens are cut to trepanned from specified locations. 8.1.3 Cast Steels—Test coupons for castings from which tension test specimens ure prepared shall be in aeeordance with, the requirements of Specifications A 703/A 703M or A 781/ ATRIM, as applicable, 8.2 Size and Tolerances—Test specimens shall be the full thickness or section of material as-rolled, or may be machined to the form and dimensions shown in Figs. 3-6, inclusive. The selection of size und type of specimen is preseribed by the applicable product specification. Full section specimens shall be tested in 8-in. (204mm) gauge length unless otherwise specified in the product specification, 83 Procurement of Test Specimens—Specimens shall be sheared, blanked, sawed, trepanned, or oxygen-cut fromm por- tions of the material, They are usually machined so as to have reduced ctons section at mid-length in order to obtain uniform distribution of the stress ever the cross section and to localize the zone of fracture. When test coupons are sheared, blanked, sawed, of oxygen-cut, care shall be taken to remove by ‘machining all distorted, cold-worked, or heat-affected. areas from the edges of the section used in evalusting the test B4_Aging of Test Specimens—Unless otherwise specified, it shall be permissible to age tension test specimens. The time- temperature cycle employed must he such that the effects of previous processing will not be materially changed. It may be accomplished by aging. at room temperature 24 10-48 hi, oF in shorter time at moderately elevated temperatures by boiling in water, heating in oil or in an oven. BS Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens: RS.1 Standard Rectangular Tension Test Specimens—These forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 3. To determine the eross-seetional area, the center width dimension shall be ‘measured to the nearest 0.005 in, (0,13 mm) for the in (200-mm) gauge length specimen and 0.001 jn. (0,025 mm) for the 2-in. (50mm) gauge length specimen in Fig. 3. The center thickness dimension shall be measured to the nearest 02001 in for both specimens, 85.2 Standard Round Tension Test Specimens—These forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. $. To determine the cross-sectional area, the diameter shall be ‘measured atthe vemter of the gauge length to the nearest 0,001 in, (0.025 mm) (see Table 1), 8.6 General —Test specimens shall be either substantially full size or machined, as prescribed in the product specifica tions for the material being tested. MENSIONS, ‘Seca Species ‘Sebsze Specimen Pato Tipe, Se ere an Rao 2a Bonn Shesyp0, ite Gauge Ler Gauge Leng ino (2S. ee ven een) Wie im m7 & an 8 on in im Gap lah oo -Gor Booz Eom —wO+aT Bowe» _wO~0GID somH> Om HO onm ‘ete 1 rd 2) ‘00s, ‘0s wih oss i 4048 GBD 25 +025 ozs ~ OZ 625+ 005 Neos 5,5, an 6 ve = “8 oi tienes aidan ‘oe “Tek ot Rha eta ” 18 “ 8 % 8 “ 5 oie) Sree cog in © “50 5 00 8 a0 4 100 (Nets 288) actangih 3 ° es a 0 ry we 2 rend ston, min BoLengiho re Seton. min 3 1 2 = 2 0 4 2 ‘waee) CW of ap secon appro 0 2 ” % 2 % 0 (ois 4 10,0 [Nore I—For the |'s-in, (40smm aside specimens, pnch marks for measuring elongation fer rata shall be made on the Mat of on the ede of the specimen and witin the reduced Section. For the Sin. 200mm) gauge Tangth specimen, 2 set of nine oF more puch musks 1 in 25 mn apurt ‘orone of more pas of punch marks 8 In. 21K mm) par May be wsed. For the 2in (30-1) gauge Feng specimen, a seo hee or mee paneh Marks {in 25 mn apr, or one or more pis of punch marks 2 in. (0 mam apart may he used Nore 2—For the Vs rms) wie specimen punch marks foe meaning the alongation after facture shall be made on the Mt or on the edge ‘of the specimen and within the redused seston, Either a sel ot thee of aoe pnch marks | in, 25 mn) apt oF one or more pain of punch marks 2 in, (50 amy apart may be used [Nore 3~For the for sien of specimens, the ends of the reduce seston shall not fein width by more hn (L004, (,004 (002, 00.001 in, (0.10, 0.10. 005, or 0.025 mm). respectively. Also, there may be gradual decreas in wid fom dhe eds to the cent ur the width a ther end shall mo ‘be more than D415 in, 0.013 In, 0.85 in, 1003 in. (040, 04D. 0-10 or DON ram), respelvely, larger than the wilh tthe center. [Nore 4Por each specimen type the rai of al ets shal be equal to exch other with a tolerine of 0S in. (1.28mi), and the cenkers of curvature ‘of ths io fillets at pstcular end shal be located acto rom eachother (ona line perpensiculae to the cenetin) within a tolerance of (10 in, 25 [Nore 5 For euch ofthe for sizes specimens, nartwer Widins(W and C} may he wsed when necessry. Im uh cases, the width ofthe wedced section shouldbe as Ig s the wshth the meter being tested perms: howeset,unles stated speifaly the requirements for elongation in pr specication shall rt pply when ltexe narrower specimens ue aod 1 ke width Re mae is Hens tht Wy Te des may be parallel throshoon the length of th specinen, ‘Nore 6 The specimen may be noied by making the sides parallel Uhroughout the length of the spesimen, the widih and tolerances being the same thos spevtedabove. When necossar1 narrower specimen may be usod- in which ase the width should bea goat as ho wid of the material being tened permits I the wid i 1% in. C38 wy or lose te side may be poillel thoughout the length of the npecinen [Nore 7—The dimension 7 isthe thickness of the tes specimen as provided for inthe applicable prod specication. Mininvam nominal highness (of 1¥n. isram) wide specimens shell be 2 in. 3 mm). except is permed by the produet spevilieaton. Maximum nomingl thickness of Yin. {123.zum) and Vain. Gum) mide Spacimens shall Be % In. (19 many ad Yin, (© mM, respectively [Nore S—To aid obtaining wil Toading ring testing of in. (ums) wise specimens, the overall length showld be ws large a the material wil emit [Nore 9 lis desire if posible, make the length ofthe grip setion lage enough o allow the specimen io extend into the eps a dsance ea to wo think o more of the lnguho the grip. I'he thickness of Yin. (3.1mm) wide spesimens i over Yin (10mm, longer grips andcorrespondingly longer sip sections ofthe specimen my Be necessary w preven ale inthe giip sein, [Note 10—For standard sheet-ype specimens end subsize specimens the ends the specimen sal be symmetrical ih the emt scotioa within O01 and 0.005 in (0-25 and 0.13 amy, respectively, except tha or sel ith anc ofthe Vn. (12 Sm} wide spec ‘within DOS in (1.0 rm specie may be considered salsfietory for all but rtere testing. [Nore HIF sanardplat-iype specimens, the ends of the specnie sll be symisrical withthe center line of the seduced sseion within (125 in, (635 mm, excep for referee testing in which case the emis ofthe specimen shall be symmetrical with the cee Tne ofthe redued setion within OAD in, (25 mn, ine of the rece jn te symimetical FIG. 3 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens 5 = oMensions. aed Space ak Sis Spans Proper Siw Nominal Oise mn = mr om at Bas 2 Faas Zoo faa *—taogr 507 Lor 2507 Gator Tea” aso 100 008 “ow “oo = a10 om 0008 Ow Om sO (D-Diamter Note) oso" 125" Ost ATT OS™ GEST OND DT OIE 28) ooo nas oor = ote os Oe boos “oboe 08, sf ie, min ee 6 Me % 4 See 2 SoLangin of vise tecton, mo om m2 % ” a 6 ra (Note 2 Nore 1 The redwed setion may have a eradl Lape rom the nds twa he center, with the eds rx more then | persent lng in dismete than the center (contoling dimension) ‘None 2—It Uesied, the length of the reduced section may be increanel to accommenlate an extemometer any conven xuge length, Reference ‘marks forte meesurement of elongation should, neverheles, be spaced atthe india fAve® length, (Nore 3—The pauge length and iets shall beak shown. bu the loa shall be aie see Fig 9}. ends ae o be held in wedge grip it is tallow the specinien to extend into the grips askance eal to fe this Nore 4—On th round specimens in Fig. Sand Fig. 6 the ga the ends ay Be of ny fort Gt the holder of the testing machine in such a way that is desimble posible, io make the length of the grip section geal enough ‘or oreo the Tength of the rip, Teng ae egsl to Cove time the nominal dsmter. fa some product specifications ‘other specimens may be provided for, bot less the Hol rio ismsinsined witan dimensional elrances, the elongation vas ay not be comparable With those laine from the sand ten spesimien. ‘Nore 5—The use of specimens smaller an 0 2504, (625mm) diameter sce o obiain le KIL in Both mac Nore 6-1 nd texting. ‘muliplying cio) ‘esies of specimens olen wed have diameters of approximately 0.55, 0357, 0.282 0.161, sn 0,

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