Arquivo5203 1

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Centro de Informática
Departamento de Ciência da Computação
Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação
TURING’S ANALYSIS OF COMPUTATION

AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Wilson Rosa de Oliveira Júnior
Ph.D Thesis
Recife
February 2004
2
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Centro de Informática
Departamento de Ciência da Computação
Wilson Rosa de Oliveira Júnior
TURING’S ANALYSIS OF COMPUTATION AND

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Pós-
graduação em Ciência da Computação of the Centro de
Informática at Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
Adviser: Prof. Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto
Recife
19th of February, 2004
Acknowledgments
In my academic life I have had the pleasure of having been supported, taught
and influenced by so many friends. I am very grateful indeed for all that
they have done. In chronological order of their appearance in my life I list:
Ivan Pedro, Múcio Gomes da Silva Queiroz, Antônio Carlos Pavão, Teresa
Bernarda Ludermir, Sóstenes Luı́s Soares Lins, Rildo Pragana, Benedito de
Melo Acioly, Manoel Agamêmnon Lopes, Emı́lio de Barros Lucena, Michael
Berry Smyth, Pietro Di Gianantônio, Dieter Spreen, Sı́lvio Romero Lemos
Meira e Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto.
I would like to thanks the support of my families in all phases of my
life, for all that we have shared, for being understanding that so many times
when I was absent from their company for doing my work and for having
influenced making myself what I am. My parents: Wilson Rosa de Oliveira
and Glauce Tavares de Oliveira. My first wife: Teresa Bernarda Ludermir.
My two sons: Artur Ludermir de Oliveira and Rodrigo Ludermir de Oliveira.
My wife: Sı́lvia Carla Felipe da Costa. In the course of my life I have had
many dog-friends all having their share in my heart. In chronological order:
Preta, Cacilda, Ieda, Plutão, Bruna, Laila, Julie and Lambão. I am grateful
to all of them for their love and friendship.
I would like to thanks Prof. Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto for having
suggested to extend an earlier old result of mine from weightless to weighted
neural networks which ended up in this thesis. For achieving my results I
had the institutional support of Prof.Teresa Bernarda Ludermir. The sys-
tematics of requiring that the student must defend the thesis proposal is very
illuminating. The examiners back then - Clylton Galamba Fernades, Edson
Carvalho de Barros Filho e Gérson Zaverucha - made fruitful and decisive
suggestions. The examiners for the viva voce - besides the three, Benjamin
Callejas Bedegral and Francisco de Assis Tenório - have also their share in
the contribution for the improvement of this final version of the Thesis.
Special gratitude to Gérson Zaverucha for many suggestions in the pro-
posal. Feeling overwhelmed I must admit that his suggestions made the
Thesis much clearer. He also made me see my work in a better perspective.
i
ii
Abstract
A simulation of Turing Machines (TMs) by Artificial Neural

Networks (ANNs) is presented, inspired by a suggestion of McCulloch and
Pitts in their seminal paper. In contrast to previous work, such a simulation

is in agreement with the correct interpretation of Turing’s analysis of com-
putation; compatible with the current approaches to analyze cognition as an
interactive agent-environment process; and physically realizable since it does

not use connection weights with unbounded precision. A full description of
an implementation of a universal TM into a recurrent sigmoid ANN focusing

on the TM finite state control is given. The tape, an infinite resource, is
left out of the encoding as an external non-intrinsic feature. This resulting

network will be called a Neural Turing Machine.
The classical model of computation
Turing Machine = Tape + Finite State Automaton (FSA)
is replaced by the neural model of computation
Neural Turing Machine (NTM) = Tape + Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Arguments for cognitive and physical plausibility of this approach are given
and the mathematical consequences of them are investigated.
iii
iv
It is widely known in the neurocomputing theory community that not

every arbitrary FSA can be implemented in an ANN when noise or limited
precision is considered: under these conditions analog systems in general, and

ANN in particular, are computationally equivalent to Definite Automata —
a very restrict class of FSA. Among the main contribution of the approach
is the definition of a new machine model, definite Turing machine(DTM),

which arises when noise is taken into account. This result reflects on the
second equality described above giving
Noisy NTM (ηNTM) = Tape + Noisy ANN(ηANN)
with a corresponding
Definite Turing Machine = Tape + Definite Finite State Automaton

(DFSA)
The investigation of the computational abilities of the Definite Turing Ma-
chines is another important contribution of the Thesis. It is proved that they

compute the class of elementary functions (Brainerd & Landweber, 1974)
from Recursion Theory.
Keywords:
i) Theory of Computing.
ii) Artificial Neural Networks - Neurocomputing.
iii) Automata Theory - Definite Automata.
iv) Recursive Functions - Simple and Elementary.

Resumo
Inspirado por uma sugestão de McCulloch e Pitts em seu trabalho pioneiro,

uma simulação de Máquinas de Turing (MT) por Redes Neurais Artifiais
(RNAs) apresentada. Diferente dos trabalhos anteriores, tal simulação está

de acordo com a interpretação correta da análise de Turing sobre computação;
é compatvel com as abordagens correntes para análise da cognição como um
processo interativo agente-ambiente; e é fisicamente realizável uma vez que

não se usa pesos nas conexõs com precisão ilimitada. Uma descrição completa
de uma implementação de uma MT universal em uma RNA recorrente do

tipo sigmóide é dada. A fita, um recurso infinito, é deixada fora da codificção
como uma caracterstica externa não-intrı́nsica. A rede resultante é chamada

de Máquina de Turing Neural.
O modelo clássico de computação
Máquina de Turing = Fita + Autômato de Estados Finito (AEF)
é trocado pelo modelo de computação neural
Máquina de Turing Neural (MTN) = Fita + Rede Neural Artifial (RNA)
Argumentos para plausabilidade fı́sica e cognitiva desta abordagem são forneci-

dos e as conseqüências matemáticas são investigadas.
v
vi
É bastante conhecido na comunidade de neurocomputação teórica, que

um AEF arbitrário não pode ser implementado em uma RNA quando ruı́do
ou limite de precisão é considerado: sob estas condições, sistemas analõgicos

em geral, e RNA em particular, são computacionalmente equivalentes aos
Autômatos Definidos – uma classe muita restrita de AEF. Entre as principais
contribuições da abordagem proposta é a definição de um novo modelo de

máquina, Máquina de Turing Definida(MTD), que surge quando ruı́do é
levado em consideração. Este resultado reflete na segunda equação descrita

acima se tornando
MTN com ruı́do (ηMTN) = Fita + RNA com ruı́do(ηRNA)
com a equação correspondente
Máquina de Turing Definida = Fita + Autômatos Finitos Definidos (AFD)
A investigação de capacidades computacionais das Máquina de Turing
Definida é uma outra contribuição importante da Tese. É provado que elas

computam a classe das funções elementares (Brainerd & Landweber, 1974)
da Teoria da Recursão.
Palavras-Chave:
i) Teoria da computação.
ii) Redes neurais artificiais - Neurocomputção.
iii) Teoria dos autômatos - Autômatos definidos.
iv) Funções recursivas - Simples e elementares.

Contents
1 Introduction and overview 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Artificial neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Feedforward and sequential neural networks . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Models of artificial neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Recurrent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Organization of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Classical Models 17
2.1 Strings, alphabets and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Finite-state machines and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 Finite-state machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Finite-state machines with finite memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.1 Finite-memory and definite-memory machines . . . . . 30
2.4 Turing machines and effective computation . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 Neural Networks Models 45
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Recurrent weighted neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 Discrete-time recurrent weighted neural network . . . . 48
3.2.2 First-order Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.3 Second-order DTRNNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.4 NARX networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Recurrent asynchronous neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Recurrent networks behaving as FSMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.1 Recurrent networks based on threshold units . . . . . . 61
3.4.2 Recurrent networks based on sigmoid functions . . . . 63
3.4.3 Stable Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5 Simple single-layer sequential WNNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.1 Weightless Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 Implementations of TMs in ANNs. 83
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Weighted Neural Turing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2.1 Networks with infinite number of neurons . . . . . . . 85
4.2.2 Networks with a finite number of neurons . . . . . . . 86
4.3 A Critique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.3.1 Turing’s analysis of computation . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3.2 Analog noise and ANNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.3 Turing machines and the study of cognition . . . . . . 94
4.3.4 Objections for super-Turing computation . . . . . . . . 96
4.4 TM and Weightless Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

CONTENTS ix
5 Neural Turing Machines 101
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Simulating the finite control of a TM in ANN . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3 Implementing a Universal TM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.4 A Proof of Universality of ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6 Turing Machines with Finite Memory 113
6.1 Definite Turing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2 Simple Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3 Finite Memory Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7 Conclusions and further directions 121
7.1 Final remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A Robinson-Fallside Networks and FSA 125
A.1 Single Layer Robinson-Fallside Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.2 Augmented Robinson-Fallside Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
B Related Published Papers 133
B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
B.2 Turing Machine Simulation by Logical Neural Networks . . . . 133
B.3 Agent-Environment Approach to the Simulation of Turing Ma-
chines by Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
B.4 Turing Machines with Finite Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
B.5 Turing’s Analysis of Computation and Artificial Neural Net-

works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
B.6 Computational Complexity and Pyramidal Architectures . . . 135

x CONTENTS
B.7 Synthesis of Probabilistic Automata in p−RAM Neural Net-

works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
List of Figures
1.1 A typical feedforward neural network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 A typical sequential neural network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 A typical weighted neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 The finite-state machine model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 A conventional implementation of an FSM . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 An FSM computing the dual parity of its inputs . . . . . . . 27
2.4 An implementation of an FMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 An FMM of input-order 2 and output-order 2 . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6 An implementation of a DMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7 A DMM of input-memory 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 A Turing machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 A schematic view of an DTRNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 A schematic view of a Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) . . . 51
3.3 A schematic view of a Robinson-Fallside Network . . . . . . . 52
3.4 A schematic view of an augmented Robinson-Fallside Network 53
3.5 A second-order architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6 An implementation of a second-order DTRNN . . . . . . . . . 56
xi
xii LIST OF FIGURES
3.7 A NARX network with 2 input-memory taps and 3 output-

memory taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.8 A TDNN with 3 input-memory taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.9 A Typical Hopfield network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.10 A Simple Single-layer Sequential WNN (SSSWNN) . . . . . . 78
4.1 A WNN simulating the TM instruction δ(qi , σ) = (qj , σ 0 , m) . 98
5.1 (a)A Turing machine T which multiplies by two a given num-
ber in unary base. (b)The control of the TM T as a Mealy

machine M , as in the text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2 (a)The split-state split-output Mealy machine S, from M ,

above. Again pairs been encoded into integers. The encoding
takes (q, σ) into q + |Σ| ∗ σ. (b)The Mealy machine R obtained

from S above removing the inaccessible sates . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3 The control of the TM T as a Mealy machine M , as in the
text. The composed output pairs (σ, d), σ ∈ Σ, d ∈ D, has

been coded into the integer σ|M | + d, i.e. it is seen as a
number in base |D| (which is 3 in this case). . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4 The split-state split-output Mealy machine S, from M , above.
Again pairs have been encoded into integers. The encoding

takes (q, σ) into q + |Σ| ∗ σ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.5 The Mealy machine R obtained from S above removing the

inaccessible sates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
6.1 A not definite Turing machine T which finds the GCD of two
number in unary notation using the Euclid’s algorithm . . . . 114
A.1 (a) FSA for odd parity, i.e. recognizes the language of 0’s and
1’s in which the number of 1’s is odd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

xiv LIST OF FIGURES

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Inputs
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Activation
function
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u W1 junction
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Memory
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Memory
devices
(Delays)
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x 3[t]
x [t-1]
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1 x 1[t] Output
Processing layer of hidden

u [t] and output neurons
1
u [t]
2
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Delay Units
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Delay Units
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Input layer
k
u 1 [t] 11...1 C[2 - 1]
External inputs g
...
u 2 [t]
...
00...1
C[1]
00...0
C[0]
u 3 [t]
p random external-input connections
C[2k- 1]
n -bits
11...1
g U
...
...
00...1 C[1]
external
00...0
C[0]
input
...
Internal inputs
11...1 C[2k- 1]
...
...
00...1 C[1]
k
00...0 11...1 C[2 - 1]
C[0]
...
...
00...1
C[1]
00...0
C[0]
y 1 [t-1] y 1 [t]
y 2 [t-1] y 2 [t] n -bits

Y
internal
y 3 [t-1] y 3 [t] input
...
q random internal-input connections
Tapped delay line
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Index
accept, 29 Definite Automata, 134
activation, 2 degree, 21
activation function, 8 deterministic, 28
algorithmic, 92 dynamical recognizer, 68
alphabet, 17
edges, 26
analog states, 9
effective computability, 91
associative, 18
elementary functions, 115
basic simple functions, 116 Entscheidungsproblem, 103
bounded, 68 equivalent, 29
concatenation of string, 18 equivalent states, 29
connections, 2
final states, 22, 28
definite, 20, 21 finite-memory, 117
Definite Memory Machine of or- and regular languages, 118
der m, 34 Finite-Memory Machine (FMM),
equivalent definition of, 21 30
k-definite, 21 Finite-Memory TM, 117
transition system, 36 Finite-State Automaton, 27
Turing Machine, 114 Finite-State Machine, 22
weakly k-definite, 20 forbidden, 72
155
156 INDEX
free, 18 Mealy Machine, 26
minimal, 29
gain, 72
monoid, 18
hard limiter, 8 Moore Machine, 26
high, 72
Neural Turing Machine, 103
homomorphism, 18
Neural Turing Machines, 103
Hopfield-Turing Machine, 124
noiseless, 68
inaccessible, 29 nondeterministic, 28
initial, 37
output alphabet, 22
initial state, 22, 27
over, 19, 20, 37
input alphabet, 22, 27
potentially, 91
instability, 71
practical computable functions, 115
instructions, 91
prefix, 18
iteration, 19
processing elements (artificial neu-
language, 19, 20 rons), 2
language accepted, 25 product, 19
language represented, 25
quotient, 29
layers, 3
learned, 92 reduced, 29
learning, 122 region, 69
length, 18 regular expressions, 19
lexicographic ordering, 19 regular language, 20
local memory, 2 reject, 29
low, 72 robust, 68
INDEX 157
saturated-linear, 9 Turing Machine, 37
set of states, 22, 27

union, 19
simple functions, 115
universal for, 5
split-state, 53
universal Turing machine, 39
split-state split-output, 73, 105, 111
windowing, 5
stable encoding, 71
stack, 91
standard (logistic) sigmoid, 9
star closure, 19
state-splitting, 130
string (sentence, pattern, or word),

18
substring, 18
suffix, 18
k-suffix, 20
sum, 19
testing graph, 32, 114
testing table, 32, 114
The Church-Turing thesis, 37
threshold, 8
tolerance, 123
transfer, 8
transfer function, 2
transition function, 27
Citation Index
Adeodato & Taylor (1995), 60 Carrasco et al. (2000), 10, 12, 36, 37,
Aleksander & Hanna (1976), 11 41, 42, 50, 53, 57, 79, 80
Aleksander & Morton (1991), 7, 60, Casey (1996), 53
62 Casey (1998), 53
Aleksander & Morton (1993), 62 Chen et al. (1990), 35, 36, 44
Aleksander (1971), 59, 60 Cleeremans et al. (1989), 35, 36, 38,

Aleksander (1990), 10 39, 50, 51
Aleksander (1996), 60, 62 Clouse et al. (1997), 35, 36, 44, 46,
Alon & Bruck (1994), 49 51
Alon et al. (1991), 49, 78 Copeland & Sylvan (1999), 97
Alquezar & Sanfeliu (1995), 50, 78 Crutchfield & Young (1989), 51
Arbib (1964), 30, 78 Das et al. (1992), 51
Austin (1998), 10 Elman (1990), 7, 35, 36, 38, 39, 77,
Bains & Johnson (2000), 74 101
Bengio et al. (1994), 77 Fernandes (1977), 60, 62
Braga et al. (2000), 48 Forcada & Carrasco (1995), 35, 36,
Brainerd & Landweber (1974), 4, 89, 38, 39, 43, 50
91, 92 Forcada (2001), 67
Browne & Aleksander (1996), 60, 62 Franklin & Garzon (1990), 4, 10, 65,
Carrasco & Forcada (1995), 51 66, 69–72, 78
158
CITATION INDEX 159
Frasconi et al. (1996), 10, 50 Horne & Hush (1996), 49, 78
Gardner (1985), 72 Hornik et al. (1989), 5, 9
Giles & Gori (1997), 36 Indyk (1995), 67
Giles & Goudreau (1995), 67 Jordan (1986a), 77
Giles et al. (1992), 7, 35, 36, 38, 39, Jordan (1986b), 39, 45
43, 50, 51 Kilian & Siegelmann (1993), 67
Giles et al. (1994), 4 Kilian & Siegelmann (1996), 68
Giles et al. (1995), 35–37, 44 Kitjaidure (1998), 60, 62
Gill (1962), 24–26, 28 Kleene (1956), 4, 48, 49, 64, 77
Golomb (1967), 28 Kohavi (1978), 11, 24, 26, 33, 90
Gorse & Taylor (1991), 7 Kohonen (1972), 77
Gorse et al. (1997), 5 Koiran (1994), 67
Goudreau et al. (1994), 10, 41, 78, Koiran (1996), 68
98 Kolen (1994a), 51
Greeno & Moore (1993), 72, 73 Kolen (1994b), 51
Hartley & Szu (1987), 4, 49, 65, 69– Kremer (1995), 78
72, 78, 97 Kremer (1996a), 49
Haykin (1994), 37, 40 Kremer (1996b), 10, 50
Hertz et al. (1991), 7, 37 Lapades & Farber (1987), 45
Hong (1988), 65 Ludermir & de Oliveira (1993), 10
Hopcroft & Ullman (1979), 11, 17, Ludermir & de Oliveira (1994), 10
22–24, 30, 57, 63, 67, 70 Ludermir et al. (1999), 10
Hopfield (1982), 7, 35, 46, 77 Ludermir (1990a), 60, 62
Hopfield (1984), 47 Ludermir (1990b), 7
Horne & Giles (1995), 44 Ludermir (1992), 10, 62, 63

160 CITATION INDEX
Maass & Orponen (1998), 53, 69, 71, Rabin & Scott (1959), 77
89 Robinson & Fallside (1991), 36, 38–
Maass & Sontag (1997), 12, 53, 71, 40
89, 95, 104 Rogozhin (1996), 82
McCulloch & Pitts (1943), 7, 11, 65, Rosenblatt (1962), 77

73, 77–79 Rumelhart et al. (1986), 8, 39, 48,
Miller & Giles (1993), 67 77
Minsky & Papert (1969), 77 Sales et al. (1996), 60, 62
Minsky (1956), 77 Savage (1998), 17
Minsky (1967), 4, 30, 49, 64, 78, 101, Scott (1967), 77

102 Servan-Schreiber et al. (1991), 35, 51
Mundici & Sieg (1995), 69 Siegelman & Sontag (1991), 75
Narendra & Parthasarathy (1990), Siegelmann & Sontag (1991), 4, 7,
35–37, 44 10, 65, 67–73, 78
Norman (1993), 72 Siegelmann & Sontag (1994), 65, 67,
Omlin & Giles (1996a), 50, 52, 56, 68
78 Siegelmann & Sontag (1995), 4, 78
Omlin & Giles (1996b), 50, 78 Siegelmann et al. (1997), 10, 67, 68
Ord (2000), 97 Souto et al. (1994), 63
Orponem (1992), 65 Steinby (1969), 29, 93
Perles et al. (1963), 16, 29 Sun et al. (1991a), 4, 75
Pollack (1987), 65, 66, 70, 72, 78 Sun et al. (1991b), 65, 69–72, 78
Pollack (1990), 77 Sun et al. (1993), 51
Pollack (1991), 4, 7, 35–39, 43, 50, Trakhtenbrot & Barzdin (1973), 22,
53 95
CITATION INDEX 161
Vasconcelos & Fernandes (1991), 60,

62
Vera & Simon (1993), 72

Waibel et al. (1989), 45
Watrous & Kuhn (1992), 35, 36, 38,
39, 43, 50, 51

Wells (1998), 4, 69, 72, 73, 78
Werbos (1974), 77
Wolpert (1991), 65
Zeng et al. (1993a), 51
Zeng et al. (1993b), 43

Šı́ma & Wiedermann (1998), 46, 49,
50
Šı́ma (1995), 35, 49, 97
Šı́ma (1997), 53
de Oliveira & Ludermir (1992), 7,
10, 12, 63, 69, 74, 103
de Oliveira et al. (2001), 11, 104

de Oliveira et al. (2002), 104
de Oliveira et al. (2003), 7, 10, 104

de Souto et al. (1998), 10, 105
de Souto et al. (1999), 63

de Souto et al. (2001), 105
Castaño et al. (1993), 51
Hecht-Nielsen (1990), 3

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Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação

TURING’S ANALYSIS OF COMPUTATION

Wilson Rosa de Oliveira Júnior

Wilson Rosa de Oliveira Júnior

TURING’S ANALYSIS OF COMPUTATION AND

Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements

Adviser: Prof. Marcı́lio Carlos Pereira de Souto

A simulation of Turing Machines (TMs) by Artificial Neural

Pitts in their seminal paper. In contrast to previous work, such a simulation

interactive agent-environment process; and physically realizable since it does

an implementation of a universal TM into a recurrent sigmoid ANN focusing

left out of the encoding as an external non-intrinsic feature. This resulting

Turing Machine = Tape + Finite State Automaton (FSA)

is replaced by the neural model of computation

Neural Turing Machine (NTM) = Tape + Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

It is widely known in the neurocomputing theory community that not

precision is considered: under these conditions analog systems in general, and

is the definition of a new machine model, definite Turing machine(DTM),

second equality described above giving

Noisy NTM (ηNTM) = Tape + Noisy ANN(ηANN)

Definite Turing Machine = Tape + Definite Finite State Automaton

The investigation of the computational abilities of the Definite Turing Ma-

chines is another important contribution of the Thesis. It is proved that they

ii) Artificial Neural Networks - Neurocomputing.

iii) Automata Theory - Definite Automata.

iv) Recursive Functions - Simple and Elementary.

Inspirado por uma sugestão de McCulloch e Pitts em seu trabalho pioneiro,

(RNAs) apresentada. Diferente dos trabalhos anteriores, tal simulação está

processo interativo agente-ambiente; e é fisicamente realizável uma vez que

de uma implementação de uma MT universal em uma RNA recorrente do

como uma caracterstica externa não-intrı́nsica. A rede resultante é chamada

Máquina de Turing = Fita + Autômato de Estados Finito (AEF)

é trocado pelo modelo de computação neural

Máquina de Turing Neural (MTN) = Fita + Rede Neural Artifial (RNA)

Argumentos para plausabilidade fı́sica e cognitiva desta abordagem são forneci-

É bastante conhecido na comunidade de neurocomputação teórica, que

ou limite de precisão é considerado: sob estas condições, sistemas analõgicos

contribuições da abordagem proposta é a definição de um novo modelo de

levado em consideração. Este resultado reflete na segunda equação descrita

MTN com ruı́do (ηMTN) = Fita + RNA com ruı́do(ηRNA)

com a equação correspondente

Máquina de Turing Definida = Fita + Autômatos Finitos Definidos (AFD)

A investigação de capacidades computacionais das Máquina de Turing

Definida é uma outra contribuição importante da Tese. É provado que elas

ii) Redes neurais artificiais - Neurocomputção.

iii) Teoria dos autômatos - Autômatos definidos.

iv) Funções recursivas - Simples e elementares.

1 Introduction and overview 1

1.2 Artificial neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Feedforward and sequential neural networks . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4 Models of artificial neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5 Recurrent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.6 Organization of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.1 Strings, alphabets and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.2 Finite-state machines and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2.1 Finite-state machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3 Finite-state machines with finite memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.3.1 Finite-memory and definite-memory machines . . . . . 30

2.4 Turing machines and effective computation . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.5 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3 Neural Networks Models 45

3.2 Recurrent weighted neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46