➢ The Philippine Islands as ruled by Spain

○ The Islands were regarded as an integral part of Spain

○ National Loyalty meant loyalty to Spain, but His Most Catholic Majesty being
closely connected with the Church
○ Loyalty expressed itself as loyalty to the Church and its priests
○ Like national loyalty, it was a concept devoid of practical application to the
Filipino inhabitants of the Islands.
○ Spanish occupation of the Islands begun in 1565, had developed on the basis of
ideas prevalent in Spain
○ Comparison with those parts of Europe that experienced the Reformation
➢ Jose Rizal’s birthplace & birthday
○ June 19, 1861
■ Nahirapan si Teodora nung ipinapanganak si Rizal dahil sa malaki ang
kanyang ulo kaya’t nung nag-aral siya sa Binan, naging tukso na sakanya
ang pagkakaroon ng malaking ulo
○ Calamba Laguna
● The heart of a region of agricultural prosperity, the flat lands
around it producing sugar and rice, its orchards being stocked with
a rich variety of tropica fruits.
● “The rice basket”
● Big native jar
● Most productive area in the country
■ Mount Makiling - landmark
● The rear windows of the Rizal house faced Mount Makiling
● So imminently near as to be almost shielding Rizal’s house, which
is where the boy’s constructive thinking started in wonders of
nature.
■ Laguna de Bay - in places it is so wide that water stretches to the horizon
● And its waves which when the wind blows are almost like those of
the sea, it attracted the boy from an early age
● Ingratitudes, published in La Solidaridad
■ In the rear compound of their house were some fruit trees, treating each
tree as if it were a personal friend.
● Developed an interest in botany and zoology
○ Rizals’ were mixed racial origin.
■ Father side - Chinese, Chinese mestizas (Filipino and Chinese ancestry)
■ Mother side - Spanish, Chinese & Filipino blood
➢ Taught to pray by his mother & Father Leoncio Lopez
➢ Francisco Mercado
○ Prosperous sugar-planter and land-holder whose house was the best in town.
Situated on the central of Calamba
○ Was the first member of the family to settle at Calamba
 ■May kaya ang pamilyang Mercado-Rizal, sila’y nagmula sa Sta Cruz
Manila at lumipat sa Calamba Laguna dahil meron inupahan na mga
lupaing na sa pagaari ng mga Dominican Friars
○ Foremost figure in the community
○ His father and grandfather served as chief town official - capitan - of Binan
○ A colonial society who mixed with Spaniards
○ “Principalia” - good and middle class family
○ Francisco’s house, and the family consistently kept on good terms with the local
alcalde mayor (usually a mestizo) and alferez (lieutenant) of the Civil Guard
○ Latin school at Binan and College of San Jose in Manila
○ Higit na nag-impluwensiya sakanya upang maging manunulat
■ El Amigo Del Nos Ninos (Ang Kaibigan ng mga Bata) ang binabasa niya
kay Pepe
➢ Teodora Alonzo
○ Remarkable woman, one of the best-educated Filipina of the day, one of the best
business brains in Calamba
○ Born nationally prominent family, from Binan
○ Father was municipal capitan
○ Jose Alberto - cousin of Teodora
■ Inspired Rizal to develop his artistic abilitiy
■ Son of a deputy in the Spanish Cortes
○ Dominican College of Santa Rosa in Manila
○ Spoke excellent Spanish
■ Letter to Blumentritt, Epistolario Rizalino
“And she is nevertheless no ordinary woman; she is acquainted
with literature, and speaks Spanish better than I do; she used to
correct my poems and gave me wise advice when I was studying
rhetoric; she is a mathematician, and has read a great many
books.”
○ Helped Francisco with his land-holdings, running a small flour-mill, curing hams,
dyeing cloth, and managing a medicine and general goods store
○ Priest during baptizing Jose Rizal
■ “Take good care of this child, someday he will be a great man”
○ His mother often reads him before sleeping
■ Transmitted to him her own love of Tagalog poetry
● Tagalog, at that time spoken chiefly in the Manila region and
central Luzon, the richest and most developed main Philippine
languages.
● Ninth year - wrote his first verses in Tagalog, from birthdays,
wedding, or baptism, and they appear to have been well received.
● Wrote a short comedy in Tagalog which was given publicly in
Calamba and much admired.

➢ Jose Rizal’s Siblings

 ○ Malaki ang naging gampanan ng kanyang kapatid o kuya na si Paciano, lahat ng
gusto ni Jose ay pinagbibigyan dahil sa kinokonsider siyang bunso sa lalaki
○ Narcisa described him
■ “He was nearly always quiet, and very observant. One knew however
when he was very interested in anything, or indignant over something, for
his dark eyes would flash intensely… His pastimes, notions and habits
were more characteristic of the mature than of the young. He liked being
alone; he did not play with ordinary toys. He loved reading, and listening
to his elders discuss matters of moment.”
○ “Nipa hut” - books, clay modelling
■ His sisters laughed at him for taking himself so seriously
● “All right, laugh at me now! When I die, see if people don’t make
images of me!”
○ At age 4, his younger sister Concepcion died. Eto ang unang beses na umiyak si
Rizal bilang bata at natuklasan ang halaga ng pagmamahal bilang kapatid.
○ Isa sa mga paboritong memorya ni Rizal nung bata pa siya (3yrs old) ay tuwing
naglalaro sila sa hardin ng kanilang bakuran ng kaniyang mga kapatid kasama
ang kanilang magulang.
○ Sabay-sabay na pagdadasal ng angelus
➢ On his side, next to his love of country, which is the dominant theme of his life, stood his
love of his family. In effect the two loves were for him synonymous. One was the symbol,
the other the reality.
➢ Tio Manuel - inspired him with physical discipline, taught him to ride a horse, and to
swim, the importance of exercising regularly.
➢ Calamba school - teacher told him that he knows everything already, what is it to teach?
➢ Tutored with “Latin and arithmetic” - formal education
○ Jose delighted in posing to adults questions he was sure they would be unable to
answer
➢ Marionettes - decorative arches, Rizal designed and executed
➢ Laguna de Bay
○ … countries beyond, on the other side of the lake.
➢ Moth Story
○ Isang karangalan para kanino mang tao ang mamatay para sa kanyang mithiin
katulad ng munting gamugamo. At gaya ng batang gamugamo siya ay
nakatakdang mamatay na martir para sa isang dakilang mithiin.
➢ 8 yrs old Rizal, wrote “Sa Aking mga Kabata”
➢ Teodora was sent to jail (11 yrs. Rizal, Ateneo)
○ Napagbintangan si Teodora na nag-lason sa kanyang hipag sa Alberto side kahit
hindi sila gaanong close doon at walang ebidensiya pero naparusahan pa din
ang kanyang ina, right before pag-aralin si Rizal sa Ateneo. 11 years old si Rizal.
➢ GOMBURZA
○ Feb. 15, 1872, Pagbitay sa Gomburza. Sakristan si Paciano ni Jose Burgos,
nanonood siya nung ginagarote eto sa bagong bayan. Kaya kwinento niya kay
Rizal, syempre nalungkot si Rizal. Nais ni Paciano palitan ang pangalan Mercado
dahil may mga suspetsiya na din sakanya kaya pinalit ang apelido sa Rizal