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PIQUES
PIQUES yy CHIMENEAS:
CHIMENEAS:
Diseño,
Diseño, Construcción
Construcción yy Operación
Operación
Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI
tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org
Consultor INTERCADE
Junio 2008

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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6. EXCAVACION MECHANICA
DE PIQUES
(Shaft Boring)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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SHAFT VS. RAISE

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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SHAFT BORING

• Use raiseborer for smaller diameter shafts.

• Use specialized shaft boring machines.
– Wirth, Robbins (Atlas Copco).
– V-Mole (rodless).
• Applies to vertical shafts only.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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PROCEDURE
• Drill pilot hole (see ”Raises”).
– Use directional drilling tools.
• Ream the pilot hole to diameter of between 1.83 and
2.4 m.
– The center pilot hole to drop the cuttings down.
– Sufficient verticality of the reamed hole is of
essence (a challenge if over 1,300 m.)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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MORE ON PROCEDURE

• Ream shaft downwards to the final diameter.

– Boring diameter from 5.0 to 8.5 m.
– Assembly of the borer some 6 weeks.
• Foreshaft needed to start the shaft drilling operation.
– To place the drilling mchine and associated
equipment.
– Slipped and lined to the depth of ca.11 m.
• Install the hoisting facilities.
– Needed to hoist the people and material to/from the
stage.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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MORE ON PROCEDURE (3)

• Shaft support and equipping.

– Robotic arm installed on the stage.
• Reaming, muck disposal, shaft support, permanent
shaft equipping performed continuously and
concurrently.
• Feasible performance.
– 7 m/d for concrete lined, 7 mm. dia shaft.
• Removal of the boring machine from the shaft bottom.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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REQUIREMENTS

• Relatively competent rock.

– Unsupported core center to stand up.
– See above for geomechanics evaluations.
• Reamed pilot hole required.
– 1.83 to 2.4 m in diameter.
– Sufficient verticality.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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RVDS: ROTARY VERTICAL

DRILLING SYSTEM Tubular Housings
And Stabilizer

Bearing Section
Assembly

Transmission
Unit

Power Unit
(Rotor and Stator)

Dump Sub

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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V-MOLE

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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TABLE 3-STATISCAL DATA ON SHAFT BORERS

1971 1977 1980

Machine V.Mole 1 V.Mole 2 V.Mole 3
Drive Elec/Hydr. Elec/Mech. Elec/Mech.
Drill diam 4.5-5.0 m 5.0-6.5 m 6.5-8.0 m
Cutter head 3 x 75 kw 4 x 110 kw 6 x 110 kw
Total kw 230 kw 490 kw 7450 kw
Torque mkp 27 000 76 000 141 000
Thrust 300 Mp 550 Mp 740 Mp
Load/disc App. 4 Mp App. 12 Mp App. 12 Mp
Cutters Two discs One disc One disc
Disc spacing 48 mm 70 mm 70 mm
Head angle 30º 45º 45º
Gripper pressure 12 kp/cm2 12 kp/cm2 12 kp/cm2
Weight App. 100 Mp App. 150 Mp App. 237 Mp

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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PERMANENT LINING INSTALLATION

(ROCK REINFORCMENT)

Support Deck
(independent
of rotational
& vertical
mole motion)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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AUTOMATED SHOTCRETING

Initial support:
Segmented steel
ring pushed against
rock by hydraulic
Jacks.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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FULL-FACE SHAFT BORER

- No pilot hole.
- Hydraulic muck
disposal.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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SHAFT BORING MACHINE

(NO PILOT POLE)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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Large diameter
Drill rig
(Hughes)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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A COMPARISON
In relatively hard rock, the speed of the various operations
might be as follows:
• Pilot hole drilling: 15 m/day.
• Enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres: 7.5 m/day.
• Enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole: 6 m/day.

Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting the

time to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take
368 days — an advance rate of 2.7 m/day — which is no
faster than conventional sinking.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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ADVANCES
• In relatively hard rock, the speed of the various
operations might be as follows:
– pilot hole drilling — 15 m/day.
– enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres — 7.5 m/day.
– enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole — 6 m/day.
• Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting the
time to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take
368 days — an advance rate of 2.7 m/day — which is no
faster than conventional sinking.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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FEATURES
Advantages:
• Shaft walls remain smooth.
• The overbreak is eliminated.
– Less rock to handle (15%+ ?)
• No rock damage by blasting.
• Less manpower / people involved.

Problems:
• Independent access to shaft bottom is a must.
• Cost and expertise.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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MECHANICAL
SHAFT
EXCAVATOR

(Gewerkschaft
Walter)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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Comparison Items Conventional Shaft Bore

Blind Sink

Competitively
1 Depth Restrictions None Economical from
600 m

2 Diameter None 4.5 m to 8.5 m in

Restrictions diameter

3 Speed of sink Faster up Faster from 600 m

to 600m onwards

4 Blasting All sinking None

5 Need bottom No Yes

access

6 Lining thickness Thicker Thinner

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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Comparison Items Conventional Shaft Bore

Blind Sink

Thinner
6 Lining thickness Thicker

Comparison,
7 Safety aspects Poorer Best
cont ….
8 Stage requiriment Large Small

Large hoist
9 Kibble hoist Small hoist for men
for rock &
requeriment & material only
material

10 Stage hoist Large Smaller

11 Sinking crew Larger Smaller

size

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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Additional
Available Data
Data
Compatability of raise
Raise Geotechnical Preliminary Site Specific
specification With Ground Monitoring
Information Evaluation Investigations
Conditions Investigations

Proceed
Acceptable
With Raise
Raise General Major
MONITOR
Diameter Geology Features -Pilot hole
Air Photo
Interpretation -Advance Input
Assess Acceptable For
-Delays Future
Underground Contracts
Risk
-Falis of
Mapping Re Assess Ground
Variability
Raise Regional
-Strenght
Lenght Structure Possibly Risk -Bit Life
Structure
Acceptable/ Orientated
Unacceptable Core Drilling Machine

-Machine
Perfromance
Acceptable
Premeability
Testing
Groundwater Local Stability
Structure

Material
Property
Machine Tetsing
Groundwater Boreability
Characteristics

In-Situ RE DESIGN
Stress -Relocate
Measurement -Amend
Location In-Situ Inflows Specification
Stress
-Diameter
-Method
Unacceptable -Sink
Conventionally

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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“Q” VALUE
(MSUS – MAX STABLE UNSUPPORTED SPAN)

RQD Jr Jw
• Q= ------------ x -------- x ---------
Jn Ja SFR
Where:
RQD – Rock Quality Designation. 1. Estimate of rock
Jn - Joint set number. block size.
2. Discontinuity shear
Jr - Joint roughness number.
strength.
Ja - Joint alteration number. 3. Condition of active
Jw - Joint water reduction factor. stress around the
SFR - Stress reduction factor. excavation.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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“QR” VALUE FOR SHAFTS

Apply adjustment factors (cumulative):
1. Wall condition adjustment factor.
2. Discontinuity orientation adjustment factor.
3. Weathering and alteration adjustment factor.

Note:
Qr does not predict stand-up times. These need to be
based on RMR rating.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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STABILITY OF SHAFT EXCAVATION

(AFTER MCCRACKEN & STACEY)

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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SUGGESTED LEVELS OF
RELIABILITY
(MCCRACKEN & STACEY)

Service Reliability Probability

Excavation Type Life R of Failure
(Years) (%) P(f)

Unlined hoisting Shaft >15 99 0,01

Ventilation Shaft 10 95 0,05

Ore Pass >2 85 0,15

Ore Pass 1 75 0,25

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

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HOW TO TREAT ADVERSE

CONDITIONS?
Control of ground conditions:
• Cement grouting prior to shaft boring.
• Provide immediate rock support.

Others:
• Keep the pilot hole and open during shaft boring.
• Watch for potential scaling and deterioration of the
center core pilot shaft.

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade