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A. Introduction
There are two distinct categories of limit states: strength and serviceability. The AISC's
"Serviceability Design Considerations for Steel Buildings" describes the difference between the
two limit states:
"Strength limits control the safety of the structure and must be met while serviceability defines
the functional performance of a structure and should be met.”
The distinction between the two categories lies in the consequences of exceeding the limit.
The consequences of exceeding a strength limit are buckling, instability, yielding, fracture,
etc, that may be detrimental to the structure, its occupants or contents. These
consequences are the direct response of the structure or element to load.
In general, serviceability issues are different in that they involve the response of people and
objects to the behavior of a structure under load. The consequence of exceeding a
serviceability limit only affects functionality or appearance of the structure and is not a life
safety concern.
As outlined in AISC’s Design Guide 3, and the MBMA Code of Standard Practice, “the
customer, or his agent, must specify or identify any and all criteria so that the metal building
can be designed to be suitable for its specific condition of use and compatible with other
materials and equipment used in the metal building system”.
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Vertical deflections for serviceability considerations are a function of imposed live load or snow
load acting on a structure. Building dead loads are not included in serviceability deflection
calculations. Serviceability criteria establish acceptable movement under temporary live/snow
loads that occur after building is complete and all dead weight is in place.
Dead weight deflection is included in evaluations for drainage checks. See DP13.1 for more
details concerning roof drainage design.
Supporting Metal Roof or Membrane Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/180
Supporting Roof & Ceiling Grid Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/240
Supporting Roof & Plaster Ceiling Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/360
SECONDARY FRAMING
(Cold Formed Purlins, Truss Purlins, Hot
Roll, Built Up, & Bar Joists)
1. Non-Snow Areas à DL + Cg
2. Roof Snow ≤ 30 psf à DL + Cg + 0.5SL Drainage 1
General 3. Roof Snow ≥ 40 psf à DL + Cg + SL
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Table Notes:
1. Insure positive drainage of roof under load. (Ref: AISC Design Guide #3, Chapter 2, Page 9 & DP13.1). For
snow loads between 30 psf and 40 psf, linear interpolation is used to determine percentage of snow load to
use for deflection calculations. Code required roof snow should be calculated from specified ground snow
and include rain on snow when required by Code.
2. For moveable and de-mountable partitions refer to the partition manufacturer for additional limits.
3. For deflection design, BlueScope will use un-factored code live loads (L or L r) or uniform snow load (S) as
defined by the Code for strength analysis, unless deflection criteria are specified otherwise in contract
documents.
4. Bar joists that are governed by SJI provisions shall have a maximum deflection of L/240.
5. One inch under the weight of wet concrete + steel deck + steel floor framing
6. Components and cladding wind.
7. 42% wind load factor (IBC 2012 Table 1604.3 Footnote f.) accounts for ultimate to service level and 50-to-10-
year MRI conversion. For IBC editions prior to 2012, substitute a 70% wind factor for the 42% wind factor.
8. For Canadian applications the “SLS” factor is 0.75 for wind, and 0.90 for snow loads. Replace 42% Wind with
75%. Similarly, use the reduced snow load (90%) in all instances where Roof Snow is listed.
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The MBMA Manual and the AISC - Serviceability Design Considerations for Steel Buildings
both recommend using a 10-year mean recurrence wind pressure instead of 50 year when
calculating lateral deflections. AISC's Design Guide 3 explains the philosophy behind the 10-
year wind.
Beginning with the 2010 edition of ASCE 7, US wind speeds are expressed at ultimate levels
corresponding to the mean recurrence intervals (MRI) of 300, 700, and 1700 years for Risk
Categories 1, 2, and 3-4 respectively. For serviceability conditions, IBC Table 1604.3 Footnote
f indicates a multiplier for wind loads of 0.42 which is a simple combination of the 0.6 ASD
wind load factor and the 0.7 conversion between 10-year wind and 50-year wind pressures
that was previously used.
"Ten year recurrence interval winds are recommended due to the non-catastrophic nature of
serviceability issues and the need to provide a standard consistent with day-to-day behavior
and average perceptions. Fifty year winds are special events."
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Commentary: Serviceability criteria for such rare and extreme events are not appropriate and are unnecessarily
expensive since the primary objective of Code seismic provisions is collapse prevention and life safety, not the
post event serviceability. The expected performance level is best addressed by proper selection of the Risk
Category, since higher categories (III and IV) come with more stringent drift limits, while the exception for flexible
wall buildings (“footnote c”) does not apply in those cases. Canadian standard takes the same approach.
ASCE Table 12.12-1 lists four types of “Structures” which refer to the designated basic
structural systems (SFRS, not the adjoining wall type). Hence, two masonry wall categories
would never apply to BBNA framing. Two remaining options should be selected based on the
wall flexibility and the assigned Risk Category.
For “normal occupancy” jobs (Risk Cat. II) that are NOT exempt from drift checks, the
applicable limit would be = 0.025H (i.e., H/40) for flexible walls, or 0.02H (i.e., H/50) for non-
flexible walls. Since these limits are used in conjunction with amplified deflection, if = 3.0, the “effective drift
limit” becomes H/120 or H/150, respectively.
Note that selection of drift limits in the Vision ‘Deflection Limits’ tab applies those limits to all
frames in a building, although it may be required along some frames lines only – user should
make the adjustments as appropriate.
Design Example: Building has a full floor mezzanine in two bays and part of the building is surrounded by
reinforced concrete wall (by builder) which is utilized as a shear wall.
The roof diaphragm condition is “flexible - by definition”, since all perimeter framing consists of braced frames or
shear walls. The portion of the building between frame lines C and F will be analyzed “line-by-line” since the roof
diaphragm is flexible. Each individual frame line must satisfy the allowable drift ( ).
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However, the mezzanine is a rigid diaphragm. Since SFRS along FL A and C are different (moment frames are
typically more flexible than braced frames); amplified drifts ( ) are needed at all four corners of the mezzanine
(A1, C1, A4, and C4, in both directions of loading). The largest of all calculated drifts becomes the design drift ( ),
which shall not exceed the allowable drift ( ).
This sketch shows each line or resistance (seismic-force system) separately, with the applicable drift limits.
RC shearwall
d1
H1
2
mezzanine
FL B/C: 2-story IMF, flexible walls Da=Hi/40
3 d2
H2
d1
4 H1
Metal wall
FL D/E: 1-story OMF, rigid wall Da=H/50
FL 1: 2-story shearwall (by Builder) Da=Hi/50
d1
Drag strut d2
H2 OK by
Drag strut d1 inspection!
H1
K=10 k/in
torsional analysis
K=7 k/in
Torsional Irregularity
y which is not permitted
(for two bays DY_DIR =dCY=3.48” for some high seismic
containing Da=H/40 categories.
Possible solution:
mezzanine) dAY=3.09” Provide independent
mezzanine
bracing at FL 1 rather
4 dCY=3.48” than using shearwall
K=40 k/in
Combined for two bays of bracing at FL 4 d4X=1.68”
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Notes:
1. 1/8” crack at base of wall with joint control, 1/16” if no joint control. The size of the base crack is
defined as: C = t /H
Where: t = Wall thickness (in)
= Wall drift from base to top (in)
H = Wall height (in)
This criterion could be expressed as a ratio of the wall height as follows.
max = H/(t/C)
Where: C = Allowable base crack size (in)
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These serviceability limits are intended to prevent excessive cracking in the wall caused by flexure
resulting from deflection-induced curvature in the wall. Proper base detailing refers to wall base details
that will promote crack formation at the base thus resulting in rotation about the base and limiting
curvature related wall flexure. Refer to the AISC Design Guide Series No. 3 for a more detailed
discussion.
2. H/100 with consistent base details, H/200 otherwise. (See note 1 for description of proper base details).
3. This serviceability criterion does not apply to earthquake loading unless specifically noted. See Section
A.3 above.
4. Spandrel or girt deflections are not considered to be additive to the overall building drift. Each is treated
separately.
5. Wind column criteria pertain to horizontally reinforced walls supported by end posts or soldier columns.
6. Building drift limits apply to diaphragm deflection as well as rigid frame drift
7. Wall support deflection criteria under seismic loading is not specified by code. BlueScope standard is
established based on engineering judgment and recommendations of Structural Engineers Association of
California (SEAOC) Vision 2000 (1995). Full seismic design loads are extremely rare events which is
unnecessarily expensive for serviceability criteria. The 50% x Fp load is still a rare event but is the
BlueScope recommended deflection criteria for wall support members under seismic loads. Fp loads are
per ASCE 7 Section 12.11.1 or other code equivalents.
8. Loads used to check deflection are service loads (i.e.- prior to applying load combination factors for ASD,
LRFD, or LSD combinations). Serviceability loads are the same for ASD, LRFD methods.
9. For seismic drift limits and applicability of Code prescribed limits see DP 1.4.6 (Section J).
10. For Canadian applications the “SLS” factor is 0.75 for wind loading. Replace 0.42 Wind with 0.75 Wind.
11. Minimum wind load (MW) is specified for strength applications only; therefore, not included in the
serviceability checks.
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Deflection criteria for the design of crane systems and buildings supporting cranes shall be as
recommended below.
LATERAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM Crane Lateral LB / 400 6
RUNWAY SUPPORTS 3
Total Differential Inward Movement D + f1 * Snow ½ inch
If pg ≤ 13 psf → f1 = 0
Total Differential Outward Movement If 13 psf > pg ≤ 31 psf → f 1 = 0.5 1 inch
If pg > 31 psf → f 1 = 0.75
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LATERAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM Crane Lateral LB / 400
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Table Notes:
1. LB = length of crane support beam from support to support.
LR = frame rafter length (column to column)
2. H = height at runway elevation, however drift at eave height may be used in analysis. Ref AISC Design
Guide #3 and AISE Tech Report #13.
3. Lateral differential movement between runway supports (center to center of rail) shall be limited.
Commentary: This check shall not include the weight of building framing and crane runways, since these dead loads
would be in place prior to any rail alignment.
4. Vertical deflection for frame design is evaluated independently of runway beam deflection (i.e.- deflection
criteria is not additive).
5. BSL; BSR = Bay space on left and right side of supporting frame respectfully.
6. There are conflicting sources of information for beams designed to Canadian standards. S16 Appendix D
(non-mandatory) recommends L/600 while the CISC and CSSBI crane guides utilize the same L/400 noted
above. The engineer should verify with their end customer or specifier for the proper criteria to use on an
individual project.
7. For Canadian projects, the lateral frame drift is recommended to be limited to 2” (50mm) maximum for
nd
pendant operated cranes (CISC Guide for the Design of Crane-Supporting Steel Structures-2 Ed; Table
4.1).
Frame load sharing is an economical design method to reduce the effects of concentrated
lateral loads (lateral crane loads) applied on one frame. A lateral force applied to one frame
may be distributed to the frames on either side by roof rod bracing or some other physical
means. Frame load sharing does not apply to lateral wind or seismic loads. Further
discussion of frame load sharing is addressed in DP 8.1 - Crane Loads & Fatigue.
C. EXCEPTIONS TO STANDARDS
These guidelines are established consistent with good industry practice and sourced from
documents listed in DP 6.1. These criteria may be relaxed on specific projects where written
permission is given by the builder, crane supplier, or customer.
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