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Section:

DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.1


Page
SERVICEABILITY 1 of 1
Revision
General & Date
0 (10/09)

A. Introduction

There are two distinct categories of limit states: strength and serviceability. The AISC's
"Serviceability Design Considerations for Steel Buildings" describes the difference between the
two limit states:

"Strength limits control the safety of the structure and must be met while serviceability defines
the functional performance of a structure and should be met.”

The distinction between the two categories lies in the consequences of exceeding the limit.
The consequences of exceeding a strength limit are buckling, instability, yielding, fracture,
etc, that may be detrimental to the structure, its occupants or contents. These
consequences are the direct response of the structure or element to load.
In general, serviceability issues are different in that they involve the response of people and
objects to the behavior of a structure under load. The consequence of exceeding a
serviceability limit only affects functionality or appearance of the structure and is not a life
safety concern.

B. BlueScope Serviceability Policy

As outlined in AISC’s Design Guide 3, and the MBMA Code of Standard Practice, “the
customer, or his agent, must specify or identify any and all criteria so that the metal building
can be designed to be suitable for its specific condition of use and compatible with other
materials and equipment used in the metal building system”.

In the absence of customer specified performance criteria, the serviceability recommendations


included in DP Chapter 6 shall be used for the design of building components and are in
substantial compliance with the following.

1. International Building Code (see DP 1.1)


2. National Building Code of Canada (see DP 1.1)
3. 2006 MBMA Metal Building Systems Manual & Code of Standard Practice, Sec. III.
4. AISC’s Design Guide 3, Serviceability Design Considerations for Steel Buildings.
5. “Concrete Masonry Walls for Metal Buildings”, published by the National Concrete Masonry
Association (NCMA)

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.2


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Revision
Vertical Deflection Criteria & Date
5 Nov2014

A. VERTICAL DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Vertical deflections for serviceability considerations are a function of imposed live load or snow
load acting on a structure. Building dead loads are not included in serviceability deflection
calculations. Serviceability criteria establish acceptable movement under temporary live/snow
loads that occur after building is complete and all dead weight is in place.

Dead weight deflection is included in evaluations for drainage checks. See DP13.1 for more
details concerning roof drainage design.

B. BLUESCOPE SERVICEABILITY RECOMMENDATIONS

Component Loading 3, 8 Limit


PRIMARY STEEL FRAMES
& ROOF / JACK BEAMS
(Solid Web, Open Web & Hot Roll)
1. Non-Snow Areas à DL + Cg
2. Roof Snow ≤ 30 psf à DL + Cg + 0.5SL Drainage 1
General 3. Roof Snow ≥ 40 psf à DL + Cg + SL

Supporting Metal Roof or Membrane Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/180
Supporting Roof & Ceiling Grid Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/240
Supporting Roof & Plaster Ceiling Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind L/360
SECONDARY FRAMING
(Cold Formed Purlins, Truss Purlins, Hot
Roll, Built Up, & Bar Joists)
1. Non-Snow Areas à DL + Cg
2. Roof Snow ≤ 30 psf à DL + Cg + 0.5SL Drainage 1
General 3. Roof Snow ≥ 40 psf à DL + Cg + SL

Supporting Metal Roof 4 { Roof Live


Roof Snow or 70% Wind 6
L/150
L/180
Supporting Roof & Ceiling Grid Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind 6 L/240
Supporting Roof & Plaster Ceiling Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind 6 L/360
Supporting Membrane Roof 4 Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind 6 L/180

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.2


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Vertical Deflection Criteria & Date
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Component Loading 3, 8 Limit


STEEL ROOF PANELS & DECK
Steel panels exposed to weather Roof Snow or Roof Live or 42% Wind 6 L/60
Roof Snow, Roof Live, or 200 lb
Deck w/ membrane or other covering L/240
Concentrated (1 ft sq)
LINTEL BEAMS or HEADERS
L/600 £ 0.3”
Max
Vertically Supporting Walls Wall Dead Load
or 1° rotation
max
FLOOR BEAMS 5
Live Load L / 360
Supporting Floor Only
Live Load + Dead Load L/240
Live Load L / 360
Supporting Floor & Ceiling Live Load + Dead Load L/240
Dead Load L / 360 £ 1”
Supporting Floor & Plaster Ceiling Live Load + Dead Load L / 360 £ 1”
Live Load L / 360
Supporting Floor & Partition Live Load +Dead Load L/240
50% Live Load £ 3/8 to 1” 2

Table Notes:
1. Insure positive drainage of roof under load. (Ref: AISC Design Guide #3, Chapter 2, Page 9 & DP13.1). For
snow loads between 30 psf and 40 psf, linear interpolation is used to determine percentage of snow load to
use for deflection calculations. Code required roof snow should be calculated from specified ground snow
and include rain on snow when required by Code.
2. For moveable and de-mountable partitions refer to the partition manufacturer for additional limits.
3. For deflection design, BlueScope will use un-factored code live loads (L or L r) or uniform snow load (S) as
defined by the Code for strength analysis, unless deflection criteria are specified otherwise in contract
documents.
4. Bar joists that are governed by SJI provisions shall have a maximum deflection of L/240.
5. One inch under the weight of wet concrete + steel deck + steel floor framing
6. Components and cladding wind.
7. 42% wind load factor (IBC 2012 Table 1604.3 Footnote f.) accounts for ultimate to service level and 50-to-10-
year MRI conversion. For IBC editions prior to 2012, substitute a 70% wind factor for the 42% wind factor.
8. For Canadian applications the “SLS” factor is 0.75 for wind, and 0.90 for snow loads. Replace 42% Wind with
75%. Similarly, use the reduced snow load (90%) in all instances where Roof Snow is listed.

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.2


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Vertical Deflection Criteria & Date
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Document and Revision History


REV. # DATE NAME DESCRIPTION
0 10/01/2009 Skip Hyder Original document
1 12/01/2009 Igor Marinovic Wind load included for roof members. Notes 6 and 7 added.
2 12/18/2009 Igor Marinovic Updated Canadian limits – Note 8 added.
3 08/12/2011 Al Harrold Adjusted wind load percentages to reflect new ASCE7-10 ultimate wind reference.
4 04/22/2014 Skip Hyder Updated drainage requirements to be consistent with DP13.1 and 2012 MBMA.
5 11/18/2014 Skip Hyder Corrected drainage check criteria to match AISC DG#3 (linier interpolation between 30 psf & 40 psf).

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.3


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Revision
Lateral Deflection Criteria & Date
4 (02/14)

A. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND

There are basically two types of lateral deflection limits:


building drift and
in-span deflection of a vertical wall.
The following are definitions that are often used with lateral deflection limits:

A1. Bare Frame Deflection


Typical building drift or frame sidesway criteria expresses lateral movement in terms of "bare
frame" deflection. Bare frame deflection considers the stiffness of the frame alone without any
help from the roof or wall diaphragm. Actual lateral deflections of completed buildings are far
less than theoretical calculations for "bare frames". The MBMA Building Systems Manual goes
into great detail on this subject in Section III.

The MBMA Manual and the AISC - Serviceability Design Considerations for Steel Buildings
both recommend using a 10-year mean recurrence wind pressure instead of 50 year when
calculating lateral deflections. AISC's Design Guide 3 explains the philosophy behind the 10-
year wind.

A2. Ten Year Wind


A 10-year wind pressure can be converted from a 50-year wind pressure if multiplied by 0.7.
The probability function conversion factors are listed in ASCE 7-05 Table C6-7. The
conversion for the wind speed is V10 / V50 = 0.84/1.0; after squaring (for pressure) it becomes
0.842 0.706. Similarly, the National Building Code of Canada Table 4.1.7.1 uses the
Serviceability Importance Factor, Iw = 0.75 times the 50-year wind pressures.

Beginning with the 2010 edition of ASCE 7, US wind speeds are expressed at ultimate levels
corresponding to the mean recurrence intervals (MRI) of 300, 700, and 1700 years for Risk
Categories 1, 2, and 3-4 respectively. For serviceability conditions, IBC Table 1604.3 Footnote
f indicates a multiplier for wind loads of 0.42 which is a simple combination of the 0.6 ASD
wind load factor and the 0.7 conversion between 10-year wind and 50-year wind pressures
that was previously used.

"Ten year recurrence interval winds are recommended due to the non-catastrophic nature of
serviceability issues and the need to provide a standard consistent with day-to-day behavior
and average perceptions. Fifty year winds are special events."

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.3


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Lateral Deflection Criteria & Date
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A3. Seismic Drift


Story drift limits ( ) for seismic loading are listed in ASCE 7 Table 12.12-1. These pertain to
“strength limit state” stability checks under prescribed (amplified) loads and are NOT
considered serviceability criteria. Therefore, modification of this limit state is not allowed.

Commentary: Serviceability criteria for such rare and extreme events are not appropriate and are unnecessarily
expensive since the primary objective of Code seismic provisions is collapse prevention and life safety, not the
post event serviceability. The expected performance level is best addressed by proper selection of the Risk
Category, since higher categories (III and IV) come with more stringent drift limits, while the exception for flexible
wall buildings (“footnote c”) does not apply in those cases. Canadian standard takes the same approach.

Seismic drift check:


is required for all Seismic Design Categories, except for SDC ‘A’.
is based on the amplified seismic deflections obtained from frame elastic analysis (for
IBC load amplification see DP 1.4.6, and DP 1.6.6 for the Canadian amplification factor)
is not required for 1-story buildings with flexible walls.
is required for buildings with a mezzanine (only for the affected frame lines). Each story
drift (inter-story drift) is checked independently.
is carried independently for each story (as applicable).
is calculated independently for each line of resistance when flexible roof diaphragm is
present. With rigid diaphragms (including mezzanines) the maximum drift must consider
all four corners of that diaphragm, in both principal directions!
Using actual (calculated) fundamental period (T) instead of the approximate period (T )
may be advantageous in some cases – see example in DP 1.4.6.EX.

ASCE Table 12.12-1 lists four types of “Structures” which refer to the designated basic
structural systems (SFRS, not the adjoining wall type). Hence, two masonry wall categories
would never apply to BBNA framing. Two remaining options should be selected based on the
wall flexibility and the assigned Risk Category.

For “normal occupancy” jobs (Risk Cat. II) that are NOT exempt from drift checks, the
applicable limit would be = 0.025H (i.e., H/40) for flexible walls, or 0.02H (i.e., H/50) for non-
flexible walls. Since these limits are used in conjunction with amplified deflection, if = 3.0, the “effective drift
limit” becomes H/120 or H/150, respectively.

Note that selection of drift limits in the Vision ‘Deflection Limits’ tab applies those limits to all
frames in a building, although it may be required along some frames lines only – user should
make the adjustments as appropriate.

Design Example: Building has a full floor mezzanine in two bays and part of the building is surrounded by
reinforced concrete wall (by builder) which is utilized as a shear wall.

The roof diaphragm condition is “flexible - by definition”, since all perimeter framing consists of braced frames or
shear walls. The portion of the building between frame lines C and F will be analyzed “line-by-line” since the roof
diaphragm is flexible. Each individual frame line must satisfy the allowable drift ( ).

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.3


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Lateral Deflection Criteria & Date
4 (02/14)

However, the mezzanine is a rigid diaphragm. Since SFRS along FL A and C are different (moment frames are
typically more flexible than braced frames); amplified drifts ( ) are needed at all four corners of the mezzanine
(A1, C1, A4, and C4, in both directions of loading). The largest of all calculated drifts becomes the design drift ( ),
which shall not exceed the allowable drift ( ).

This sketch shows each line or resistance (seismic-force system) separately, with the applicable drift limits.

A B C D E F FL A: 2-story OCBF, flexible walls Da=Hi/40


d2
1 H2

RC shearwall
d1
H1
2
mezzanine
FL B/C: 2-story IMF, flexible walls Da=Hi/40
3 d2
H2
d1
4 H1
Metal wall
FL D/E: 1-story OMF, rigid wall Da=H/50
FL 1: 2-story shearwall (by Builder) Da=Hi/50
d1
Drag strut d2
H2 OK by
Drag strut d1 inspection!
H1

FL 4: 2-story OCBF, rigid wall Da=Hi/50


FL F: 1-story shearwall (by Builder) Da=H/50
d1
d2
H2 d 2’ Ledger angle OK by
d1 inspection!
H1

Drift check steps:


1. Obtain frame horizontal deflection at each level from elastic analysis (subscript refers to that level):
Vision does not report horizontal deflection at the mezzanine level unless a joint is inserted manually!
2. Apply deflection amplification per Code: = . Note that provisions for horizontal combination of
systems in ASCE 7 Section 12.2.3.3 may require the lowest -factor to be used for all SFRS (in the direction
of loading), and use of consistent !
3. Calculate design drift and compare it against the allowable drift: (for one-story systems = = .For
two-story systems = max( , ).). However, the drift criterion is also satisfied if all individual calculated drifts
are less than the applicable allowable drift (for the direction of loading).
A B C d1X=0.21” Sample deformations obtained using BBNA Design
shearwall Tool for Rigid Diaphragm Torsional Analysis
1 K>400 k/in
DX_DIR =d4X=1.68” Note: This particular
Rigid diaphragm x Da=H/50 example results in
K=30 k/in

K=10 k/in

torsional analysis
K=7 k/in

Torsional Irregularity
y which is not permitted
(for two bays DY_DIR =dCY=3.48” for some high seismic
containing Da=H/40 categories.
Possible solution:
mezzanine) dAY=3.09” Provide independent
mezzanine
bracing at FL 1 rather
4 dCY=3.48” than using shearwall
K=40 k/in
Combined for two bays of bracing at FL 4 d4X=1.68”

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.3


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Lateral Deflection Criteria & Date
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B. BLUESCOPE SERVICEABILITY RECOMMENDATIONS

Component Loading3, 10, 11 Limit

PRIMARY LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM


(FRAMES & BRACING) 3, 6, 9
Supporting Metal Walls H / 60
1/8”
Supporting Unreinforced Masonry
10 Year Wind Crack1
Supporting Reinforced Masonry H / 100 2
Supporting Concrete Precast/Tilt-up Panels H / 100
GIRTS, BEAMS, GIRDERS, SPANDREL WALL
SUPPORTS 4
Supporting steel walls or foam core systems 0.42 x Component & L / 90
Supporting flexible finishes Cladding Wind Loads L/120
Supporting brittle finishes OR L/240
Seismic Loads7
L / 240
Supporting Masonry, Concrete Tilt, or Precast Wall = 0.5 x Fp < 1-1/2”
ENDPOSTS & SOLDIER COLUMNS
Supporting steel walls or foam core systems L / 120
Supporting flexible finishes L / 120
0.42 x Component &
Supporting brittle finishes Cladding Wind Loads L / 240
L / 240
Supporting Masonry, Concrete Tilt, or Precast Wall 5
< 1-1/2”
0.42 x Component &
STEEL WALL or FOAM CORE PANELS L / 60
Cladding Wind Loads

Notes:
1. 1/8” crack at base of wall with joint control, 1/16” if no joint control. The size of the base crack is
defined as: C = t /H
Where: t = Wall thickness (in)
= Wall drift from base to top (in)
H = Wall height (in)
This criterion could be expressed as a ratio of the wall height as follows.
max = H/(t/C)
Where: C = Allowable base crack size (in)

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Lateral Deflection Criteria & Date
4 (02/14)

These serviceability limits are intended to prevent excessive cracking in the wall caused by flexure
resulting from deflection-induced curvature in the wall. Proper base detailing refers to wall base details
that will promote crack formation at the base thus resulting in rotation about the base and limiting
curvature related wall flexure. Refer to the AISC Design Guide Series No. 3 for a more detailed
discussion.
2. H/100 with consistent base details, H/200 otherwise. (See note 1 for description of proper base details).
3. This serviceability criterion does not apply to earthquake loading unless specifically noted. See Section
A.3 above.
4. Spandrel or girt deflections are not considered to be additive to the overall building drift. Each is treated
separately.
5. Wind column criteria pertain to horizontally reinforced walls supported by end posts or soldier columns.
6. Building drift limits apply to diaphragm deflection as well as rigid frame drift
7. Wall support deflection criteria under seismic loading is not specified by code. BlueScope standard is
established based on engineering judgment and recommendations of Structural Engineers Association of
California (SEAOC) Vision 2000 (1995). Full seismic design loads are extremely rare events which is
unnecessarily expensive for serviceability criteria. The 50% x Fp load is still a rare event but is the
BlueScope recommended deflection criteria for wall support members under seismic loads. Fp loads are
per ASCE 7 Section 12.11.1 or other code equivalents.
8. Loads used to check deflection are service loads (i.e.- prior to applying load combination factors for ASD,
LRFD, or LSD combinations). Serviceability loads are the same for ASD, LRFD methods.
9. For seismic drift limits and applicability of Code prescribed limits see DP 1.4.6 (Section J).
10. For Canadian applications the “SLS” factor is 0.75 for wind loading. Replace 0.42 Wind with 0.75 Wind.
11. Minimum wind load (MW) is specified for strength applications only; therefore, not included in the
serviceability checks.

Document and Revision History


REV. # DATE NAME DESCRIPTION
0 10/01/2009 Skip Hyder Original document
1 12/18/2009 Igor Marinovic Updated Canadian limits – Note 10 added.
2 08/01/2011 Al Harrold Updated for S16-09 / 2010 NBCC
3 08/12/2011 Al Harrold Update for ASCE7-10 ultimate wind factors.
3.1 04/17/2012 Igor Marinovic Note 11 added – clarification about minimum wind (MW) loading.
4 02/21/2014 Igor Marinovic Seismic drift check section rewritten and expanded.

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.4


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Revision
Crane Deflection Criteria & Date
3 03/14

A. BLUESCOPE SERVICEABILITY RECOMMENDATIONS

Deflection criteria for the design of crane systems and buildings supporting cranes shall be as
recommended below.

Table 1 TOP RUNNING BRIDGE CRANES


Component Loading Limit 1
VERTICAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM
Class A, B or C Crane Vertical w/o impact LB / 600
Class D Crane Vertical w/o impact LB / 800
Class E & F Crane Vertical w/o impact LB / 1000

LATERAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM Crane Lateral LB / 400 6

STEEL FRAME (Bare frame analysis)


Pendent Operated Crane (tethered or radio) Crane Lateral at Runway Elevation 2
H / 100 7
or
Cab Operated Crane 10 Yr Wind H / 240 £ 2”

RUNWAY SUPPORTS 3
Total Differential Inward Movement D + f1 * Snow ½ inch
If pg ≤ 13 psf → f1 = 0
Total Differential Outward Movement If 13 psf > pg ≤ 31 psf → f 1 = 0.5 1 inch
If pg > 31 psf → f 1 = 0.75

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DESIGN PROCEDURES DP 6.4


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Crane Deflection Criteria & Date
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Table 2 UNDERHUNG AND MONORAIL CRANES


Component Loading Limit 1
VERTICAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM or
Intermediate Support Beams
Class A, B or C Crane Vertical w/o impact LB / 450
4
STEEL FRAME (Rafter Vertical Defl.)
Frames supporting underhung or monorail 5
At bracket loc;
crane running NORMAL w/ frame. Crane Vertical w/o impact
(BSL + BSR) / 450
Class A, B or C

Bracket to bracket differential deflection.


Runway Beams
Crane Vertical w/o impact + f 1 * Snow
If pg ≤ 13 psf → f1 = 0 DiffMax
Bridge Span
If 13 psf > pg ≤ 31 psf → f 1 = 0.5 Bridge Span / 240
If pg > 31 psf → f 1 = 0.75
Diff

Crane Vertical w/o impact Throughout Rafter


And LR / 450
Frames supporting underhung or monorail
crane running PARALLEL w/ frame. Crane Vertical w/o impact + f 1 * Snow
If pg ≤ 13 psf → f1 = 0
Class A, B or C
If 13 psf > pg ≤ 31 psf → f 1 = 0.5 LR / 240
If pg > 31 psf → f 1 = 0.75

LATERAL DEFLECTION
CRANE RUNWAY BEAM Crane Lateral LB / 400

STEEL FRAME (Bare frame analysis)


2
Crane Lateral at Runway Elevation
Pendent Operated Crane (tethered or radio) or H / 100
10 Yr Wind

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Table 3 JIB CRANES


Component Loading Limit 1
VERTICAL DEFLECTION
Crane Vertical at End of Boom
JIB CRANE BOOM L / 225
w/o impact

Table Notes:
1. LB = length of crane support beam from support to support.
LR = frame rafter length (column to column)
2. H = height at runway elevation, however drift at eave height may be used in analysis. Ref AISC Design
Guide #3 and AISE Tech Report #13.
3. Lateral differential movement between runway supports (center to center of rail) shall be limited.
Commentary: This check shall not include the weight of building framing and crane runways, since these dead loads
would be in place prior to any rail alignment.
4. Vertical deflection for frame design is evaluated independently of runway beam deflection (i.e.- deflection
criteria is not additive).
5. BSL; BSR = Bay space on left and right side of supporting frame respectfully.
6. There are conflicting sources of information for beams designed to Canadian standards. S16 Appendix D
(non-mandatory) recommends L/600 while the CISC and CSSBI crane guides utilize the same L/400 noted
above. The engineer should verify with their end customer or specifier for the proper criteria to use on an
individual project.
7. For Canadian projects, the lateral frame drift is recommended to be limited to 2” (50mm) maximum for
nd
pendant operated cranes (CISC Guide for the Design of Crane-Supporting Steel Structures-2 Ed; Table
4.1).

B. FRAME LOAD SHARING

Frame load sharing is an economical design method to reduce the effects of concentrated
lateral loads (lateral crane loads) applied on one frame. A lateral force applied to one frame
may be distributed to the frames on either side by roof rod bracing or some other physical
means. Frame load sharing does not apply to lateral wind or seismic loads. Further
discussion of frame load sharing is addressed in DP 8.1 - Crane Loads & Fatigue.

C. EXCEPTIONS TO STANDARDS

These guidelines are established consistent with good industry practice and sourced from
documents listed in DP 6.1. These criteria may be relaxed on specific projects where written
permission is given by the builder, crane supplier, or customer.

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Crane Deflection Criteria & Date
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Document and Revision History

REV. # DATE NAME DESCRIPTION


0 10/09 Skip Hyder Original Document
1 9/19//2011 Al Harrold Rearranged but no technical changes
2 5/24/2012 Skip Hyder Revise frames supporting pendant operated cranes lateral drift to H/100. Deleted 2” upper limit per MBMA.
3 12/9/2013 Skip Hyder Added note 7 adding back to the criteria that the 2” drift limit still applies in Canada as requested in Enh
#11514.
3.1 03/31/2014 Igor Marinovic New Commentary – Table 1, Note 3 about support differential displacement clarified.

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