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Definición: Son aquellas rocas ígneas que se formaron por el enfriamiento de lava en la
superficie terrestre o de magma a escasa profundidad. Las rocas volcánicas más
comunes en la tierra son el basalto seguido por la andesita.
SERIES DE ROCAS IGNEAS.
La diferenciación del magma del que proceden las rocas volcánicas produce que su
composición química puede variar gradualmente en su ascenso hacia la superficie,
dando lugar a diferentes rocas volcánicas.
CALDERA VOLCANICA.
Una caldera es una gran depresión, distinta a un cráter, causada por diferentes
factores, como pueden ser el hundimiento de una cámara magmática.
ESTRUCTURAS VOLCANICAS.
1. Batolito: cuerpos de dimensiones mayores a 100 km2.
2. Stock: Batolitos pequeños, de dimensiones >10km2 y <100km2.
3. Apófisis: Cuerpos de roca de forma irregular que penetra a la roca
encajonante.
4. Diques: Intrusión de magma de geometría tabular que corta a las rocas
sedimentarias en forma oblicua o perpendicular.
5. Cuello volcánico: Cuerpo cilíndrico formado por la consolidación del magma
dentro de la chimenea volcánica.
Definition: They are those igneous rocks that were formed by the cooling of lava in the
terrestrial surface or of magma to shallow depth. The most common volcanic rocks on
earth are basalt followed by andesite.
IGNEAS ROCK SERIES.
The differentiation of the magma from which the volcanic rocks originate produces
that their chemical composition can vary gradually in their ascent towards the surface,
giving rise to different volcanic rocks.
BIMODAL VULCANISM: It refers to the appearance of mafic and felsic lava of a single
volcanic center with few magma compositions. Most occurrences of bimodal
volcanism are associated with thinning of the bark.
A boiler is a great depression, different from a crater, caused by different factors, such as the
sinking of a magma chamber.
Materials that accumulate as a result of volcanic activity can be of the following types:
1. Porphyritic rocks: The solidification of lava usually results in porphyritic rocks, formed
by phenocrysts of varied nature (quartz, potassium feldspar and biotite in rhyolites,
plagioclase and amphibole, olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase in basalts), in a vitreous
matrix.
2. Obsidian: It is a fundamentally vitreous rock, although it may contain some
phenocrysts.
3. Perlite: It is a vitreous volcanic rock in which curved fractures develop to subcircular,
which isolate nuclei of intact glass.
4. Pómez: Rock extremely rich in vacuoles, these rocks are formed as a result of explosive
processes.
5. Blocks: Products of explosive eruptions, with a diameter greater than 64mm.
6. Lapilli: It is another pyroclaste, of average size between 64 and 2 mm.