The Struggle for the BreechesStudies on the History of Society and Culture
Victoria. Bon and Lyon Hun Editors
wo.
1
18
1,
Pics Catareand Cls i the Franch Rolaton by Lymn Hane
The oop of Pari An sy Poplar Clare the ghee
Contry By Dail Roche
Pont-St-Pir, 1898-1783: Lodein Commanty and Catlin
sn aly Modern Franc, by Jonathan Deval
‘The Wedding of the Deed: Ritual Peis and Poplar Cure in
Thexeylvani by Gail ligman
Stns Pesos nd he Sate Tait Rui,
by Samuel. Kasow
The Naw Cuba History eed by Lynn Hane
‘Ar Nowwean in Fine ice France: ais Peyclogyand Sipe
by Deo L siverman
sores of Plague Yar The Socal an the Imaginary in Baroque
Floren by Gili
ilar of th Fare The Pole Movement in Resluionary
usa by Lyn Maly
Bred and Authority in Rasa 1924-192, by Lane ih
‘Terris of Grace: Cultural Chong in the Sevetenth-Cntery
Dioseof Grenoble by Keay Lia
Publishing ed Ctrl Poin Revolutionary Pari 2788-1810,
by Cals Hewe
Limited Litton: Gonder and Cle Ninetenth-Cetury England,
lyySenya 0. Rose
Mora Communities: The Cate of Cla Relations i the Russian
Printing nur 1867-1907 by Mat Seber
Bole estas 1917-1920 by fame van Gelder,
Ven’ iden Enemies alan Heretic ne Renatsaes City,
by faba Mastin
‘Wondrous is Sins Cuter Reformation Propagandan Bacar,
by Philp Mt Soerget
rote ies nd Public Afi The Canes Claes of Peele
‘ioary France by Sarah Maza
1.
an
2
2.
2.
2.
ny,
2.
Hcligenism: Crime Culture and Powe in St. eters
1900-1914 by Joan Nevberger
-Pasessing Nature Maseums Collecting and Seni Caltare in Ely
‘Moder tay by Pala Fine
steing Pars: A Cultral ltr by James Johan
The Fabian of taba Germany a Brin, 680-1914,
by Richard Biel
The rae forthe Breeches Gender andthe Making ofthe Bis
ork Clan by Aas Cla
“te nd Power: Fumishing Mader Fre, by Lear Alacer
Cholera in Pos-Rerlusonary Par A Calta Mio by Catherine
Rick
The Women of Pari and Ther rock Recoluion by Dengue
Gwen
Ieonorapyof Power Soi Plt! ters ander Lenin an Sain
by Viorin Bonnell
rac Spectce The Aesth of Power x Maslin’ Hay by
Simonet ales Zampon
sion of th Tongue: Language Delon i Til ig 1591-1870,
‘by SumathiRamaewany,The Struggle
for the Breeches
| Gender and the Making
of the British Working Class
University of California PressFen pa ig 97
usin nf tote
ineriaenakea
ey the
Syl Smith Clark,
for encouraging my writing
and to my father,
for pining my lose af historyContents
sof trations and Tables ~
Adowlegmenss sii
1 Idan 1
AKT ONE WOMEN AND WEIN PLERNAN CULTORE a
2 Seng the Stage: Work and Fry B
3 Men and Women Togother and Apart B
Peeian Culture and Commies
4 Plebian Sel Meaty, 1780-1820 a
5. The trogale for the Breshes: Conlin “
Peeian Mariage
ARE WO THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS »
6 SinandSalatian: Men, Women, nd fuith 2
7. The Struggle over the Gender Divison of a9
Labor, 178-1826
[Manhood snd Geni Radi Polite, a
ve-1a6
9 AWider Vision of Commanty, 1815-1920 158
‘ine WORKING eLAss, 1830-2850
10 Seva Rakai and he Pressure of Plies vwgait or Donec the Dilemma
ferLabor
(Chi: Domest and Pie
(Chari ithe Problem of Women Workers
| Dial el: Demos Popul
ule Price
aves
Appendix on 1841 Glsgow Consus Sample
Notes
Bibliography
Inder
7
20
24s
ms
5
mn
Illustrations and Tables
Mustrations
1
2
In Wapping isa Resin! Drew My Breath
(iy Scavengers Cleansing the London Sirs
Inpartist
“The Coblers Care fer a Seong Wile
“The Drunken Cobbler
The Relics of Propet or, Huntingdon Sle
‘Trade Union Eble of the Garg Asotin of
Cowon Spinners
The Bele Alans or the Female Reformers
lca!
AR-—L Eeample or Westiater Blchgoard
Ising Hs Wie
wen arth
Pernt ie Masier
Tables
‘Oaupstions of Men Appearing for Meitiasy and
Irregular Manage in Kick Session, 1796— 1830
Assaults on Women in Glasgow 1813-1826
Occupations of Men Charged with Assan Females ad
to Kep Peace Fels, Coun of Lancaster 1799-1834
‘Ocapson of Men Who Prstewted Proctor Thee
‘or Robbery inthe OH Bay Sesion, 1795-1820
2
31
ns
aw
168
rr
254
6
56iJ Mhntaions ond Tables
5. Wile bering Glssgow 1813-1835
6 scuptions of Men Charged with Wife-beatng County of
ance 1799-1834
76
”
‘Acknowledgments
Ta he sn yous since Bean wrk on thi ook many olga nd
fends ave pd wher nd revsine Ft al honk ower
spe eal tote aon ofthe HiaryWerahopmovenet in Bri
{nd the (no nly dana} Eni Hiory gov Bak llores
fory How tte aval ender 6A Poveda or
‘minghior scene nox Jot semi
“The mane ean ies Rages Ph.D diseeonon the Landon
wolg clo ils and Elen Ros ted thigh of ove
ork and red my capers Maryn Mortis ped «ge elon he
‘aes ofthe 170s uta Sclaraop shared wih ve her knoedge
etme nd Charan Sun Moor pried anita omg
‘on wth he nat of nan. Randolph Tramfachgeerotaly pt
tee ober Lando pl end eal Rope an ad nrg
conventions about peer theory wn hitary Race Wel and Carl
Sirah pel wlth myer of ehten-xtay sx
iy whl conversations with Poly Moss end her exelent dneraion,
irate the problem of seal repute, Mor import ath
Wills xcs ve, who col days ppc ny
“Bough whe pining ou conan nsec and gpg She
‘eat beyond hl of ys mading te al nanan 1988 Her
‘gow gt rey Inprved slough Lam sre 0 sy
ot her concen.
‘Athi projec expand beyond the spe of monograph on London
twa caparte uy of Gln Lance, ed Lando, many more
peolehae epee My deremetalaegue peal ela Blake
‘eles and Wii Bowman, cig. cpr inprvig hem
‘ih neh from the eli bn Srp, bo works on heiv J Acknowledgments
ningf the English idles Yorkshire, iid me with iad
rows adhe igh sd pte a a oo ft
Ey bo-Leonre Devil who advised ae atthe University of Essex
Fas halleged efor yar stoning tach new ena emerge rom
the aches every summer, pointing out the pos and cons and fering
snore sugges for farther ending tant have Been abet cry out
She carefully fd she nize completed manag and made suggestions
for iaproveren on every level, fom style an struct fo substance In
Solan, Heanor Gordon allowed me wo ead the profs of er book
‘women ad abr in Scand bfove pcan. ames Vernon and Jot
than Tucker alo Kindly sent me the formative manvacripts belore
publation
‘Arthe University of California Pres, Eck By fen shepherded
the book ehroagh the eo and profusion pres, an Jane-len
Ling’ mesons and deeply knowledesble copy eltng ret ime
proved the fin produc. Shas Levine has been an enthuse ait,
picking eels ender forthe manag. James Epstein’ work on ety
ietenth-comsary ral as alway en mest helpful se nd 0
were hi comments onthe mariscrpt. Thoma Laguea insight in
Changes in ender and sexy have provided me with an ingotant he
Isc amework and his gracious aceptance of my work on Queen Ca
Tne ha lays een apeested Hs ete forced ne to daify ny
sgumens forthe final evsion. Theodore Kadischek's awa amin and
Innovative say of elas formusin in Bradford provid ene with model,
tnd hisentesive, detailed emmente ch improned the al vera of
‘hisbeck
vara an archivists al oer Gzest Britain hve alo lp ocak
‘his work poole, The Brash Library’ Bie dome calmed thi esercer
she pore eer ples of amples The eal ofthe Joba ehnson Colle
‘on of Ephemera inthe Boden Library, Oxford, sd he Golam Li
brary, Univerty of London, were ost pal County record festa,
stragling with endless budge cut, nonethles patty exhumed doty
Aaocuments. Deserving af special mention are the ahi the Grete
{ondon Record te, he Gaal Library the Lancshie Resor Of
repel the Seti archives which re all of nels ihe: the
Stahl Regional Archives, te Lal History Room of the Michell
Library, Glasgow, and both branches of the Scoih Record. Ole in
Edburgh,
The year of esuarch for his poet wer intl funded by «gradu
ste fllowship from Rugers Laivecsty and bythe Sil Science Research
Foundtion. The Univers of Necth Casi at Catt aly Devel
Acknowledgments wv
opment Fund very geneouly funded five samers of rar hich
mae possible te wanstonnation oF Landon monagraph int national
fray The American Phlosophial Sodety’ alo aed rummer research
The Bs dete of hi manag was writen a the Natal Huei
CCener in Resentch Tingle Park, Noth Carlin, Faded by the Rocke
eller Foundater, which provided a year of uninereuped thoaght wri
Ing, and the siulaing company of fellow schlarespecily Steve
Golds, Ser Haney, Linda Kerby Mac Rob Shey Samael,
Mak Selaer and Lawrence tone.
My fiends and aly hae tained me through the year of reserch
ad writing My gradatesadent oleapues, oly Bes Krn Calo0-
Sith, and Lana Tab suid me thronghot thove yous, acd in
Charlot, Lise Kannenburg and had fal dass on Ibo history
Job Sil and Tia Wright connuoualy provided lovely ders and the
‘worth f thei fiendship. In ny homes Ducham, Now acl, Har
‘Het Whitchead nd Helen Langa cseed contemporary theory on ender
‘nd sevality with me, Den Leer Bla Verne, nd Daffy Bar pro
‘ied reality check fam cutie the acndemy and forsed met expan
Some ies in lin English and to sertence, Cynthia Hero, Ja
Bennet and Boars Has have always been supportive of my caer
career In Englnd Alison Oram, Jalie Wheelwright Walle Mente
{Clae dpe. Chee Dymkowsk Anna Davi, Meg Arot and Henk
sun Kekjk provide hospitality and endshpon ny sumer reser
wp.
Finally my mother, fates, strand nie have provided ne with
loving wneadonal fly vale, de rather than coed mind,1 Introduction
‘Atwander Won cul be lena he acelin f
serrate hiory. A porter stad oman mtb
STE Sod Ameria 74 ven by ar of lt pres
se wh mee sural wore However, ws mare pera i
‘tad Meg Or The Wie Reformed many a» ned
TR Gpicts brn. Meg nus her henge hashed
ays hme ed ding the las To ee het
ELE aes obi he esd etn ve br adn
{TONES Terme bog alone sad unrated. Megabit
eset Forethey dander Hanks forenther"ny-mo0n*
"Mont Wien bin bie er to demand sbminon fom ie
“wParam to Sy srt power This bok wil
‘rope anoer sch questions by king te pean wih he pot
‘Sweats story dpi he ing of ewig cleo
aeeesneie betes The pate bre of range wa in
TRUS inpatient omen the “stor
Hebd in ht nes ido ob shad of hin col
pet penn men sha bon hy werden te all
hood oases. e
wets the fst att lk he personal with he
pole urns eta, Inthe 1950, Nel Seer depicted
‘working-class radicals as irrationally reacting 10 the los oftheir patriarchal
coe sng the natal eto Iams, inhi ac The
Ty te tagok Working Cl EP Thonn orca working
dene co atonal ees who forge wong ns ncn
GR Shabu yale hs pur he negleced he connectne Bowen
fey pai ie?
12 Ineoducton
it a oan Sot pins on, Thoma san marginalized wsnen in
rand prevented a masculine version of working-class history
_ Indeed, Thonn explained he projet a "a biography of the English
working das rom ts aolscnce ett ely anon." By conte
Barhr Tyo, belly nating fein atta cewite he ak
ing ofthe wotkng css desibed the snovatons of Otis.
Feminist rom the 1820s othe 18405 ver the Owes woe cy sal
inary of proletarian the mainstream ofthe working-class movement
Moped ui conserve se of mast and fem evenly
‘xlding waren from politics This book wll begin oexpli why
My projec wll psy homage othe work of. Thompeon ad Barbara
“iyo by re-vsoning Thompeons mitative once yonder andy Pat
ting Taylors Owens in the larger conte of plein and workings
clr. fe wll at replace Thompson history of mantood with hi
tory of workng-ass women. Insted pred by the werk of such Feri
rst histvian as Leogore Daido, Caen Hal Joan Set nd Selly
Alexey, wil infuse gender—the scl cnsruction of anion ad
omanho-—into che analy of cae? The lite eighceth and erly
imsteenh eta wtnese sigan changsin ves nent
and Sein the seal von of lik, and ox moce and thee
‘hangs were imimaely inerewined with the ection of cs oie,
This peri awa ai frm» nation of gener arity ta aon
sf gender as agparicomplementary pees, Porto the mid-ightenth
sentry, men and women were no seen 4 oposite rater people rt
bender ete social srcrre as a whol tern of hese Fat
instance, they often envisioned women ae fed versions of men, Men
ruled over women who were sen a tn inferin, just gener Fle
‘aver common people, householders over servants and masters oer a
press and joureyeen. The manhood ofthe maser mus not the same
In degre or hind asthe masa of hi servnt. By the ery nineteenth
“etary, howovez anew iecogy of ender as ete epheres hd aren,
Inwhichintvidal een ined together ax east on the publcsphere
‘of polis, whl Kepag thet wies nthe private phere ofthe home|
Puningsparae spheres ino practice, however ia privilege deve
10 working men and women. Working men were denied pls power
sand working wornen could no take sheer nthe home, but Bd 1 ear
wags Thi bok will damnstaeeha she making ofthe working clas
‘asin para mga by rakes to universal thi cloud nation |
ender
Tointgrate gender ino cls il ke neces transform the
ional egos of workings try. I wil dics clans formation
on four levels work, sammy, culture, and case consousess™ For
Introduction 13
“Thorpe and many orthodox Maris, cls fst begins with he “come
‘nom experince” of ome men “lrely determine by preducive ela
Fin In eter wot, working sen gine rene of thee om expla
tation oc work sing bbe of ther lan the profs of her bor
But gener elo shape she division of bor daring the sds revl
tons employes sought replace skilled men wh cheaper Fra ae
‘hil labor a sponse, working men ienifed sil with manhood ae
tought to keep worn oa ofthe workplace ee cost of diving the
inbor fre Second oder to rane fight eas extation and
jai, workers had eo draw pom the strength of community bond)
But gender shapes the boundaries of comments as wel Di plebeine
{fie thr onimuniieacording to the male words of workshop and
pub or did they incl women nthe wider ces of neighborhoods and
era?
rb Thompon gens ay
slsyrems, ew, and inserusonl" their “plein cute
term pebeian i wal fr ie diliterrly wage ieasion of working
‘eolin genera defined at bya reliin o «mode of podation but a
the "lower drs” ranging fom rough slr, et, nd prostates
toncalewomen servants, artisan and factory workers and eying in
the lower levels wha wold Hesomethe mile cls, that sll >
ter shopespes,eraesmen, and plans, Howevet 3s Thompon hi
‘Sf noted plabsane dino form lass in the Sociologia seve of x
Stratum of people who shared smn experienc of productive reli
‘done and saci vals” Indeed. gender conic and elses over sora
‘alc olen feud plbvion clare" The relgus respecte comme
‘he rough Ihertns texile works needed women help while artisans
‘shunned fale labor”
Fourth, tis iportant tn explore haw thes diverse and vided pope
sisinad elise onsiuanes how ia Thompsons words did iy "fs and
Srulate the Mein of thir stress as between themschves, and as
“Seunstother men how interests are diferent from and sally opposed
to] thls?” For orthodox Mace, dass eonsiousnes simply eeicted
the steutre of comic lations and cee lo being whe wor b=
fame avare of she “obecive” analy of thot seston.” But Gareth
Stedman Jones andor historians ave correct noted dh the aia
ism of working peopl sn he 1830s and 640 Gd ot imply ella 0-
‘hl rays of exon eplrionfetea, Seda fone examines
‘he langage of working dcals—and ds that they borowed he
pull lngeage folder republican movements rather san looking fo
trad socal economic”
However, we ejecting ial notion of clas os dtermined by pro41 rtuction
active eons we a il ak owe rad of the 1806 and 1405
senpedm cewe and dene working claw snes fat em
teat porno coder ba he rds and te ogra
rash woking movements. Dug th pei entre of
‘engl cron eed serene ocsing oe
Behl hf ll tne oki men nh
Sil oy par of ge communi By orang og new
‘acd wo cee aed de rious tt of ddd com
Tunis, And onze working pepe, ale aw cee
thor a eons wih ples experiences and at roid
Solton ode tums fe dtl revlon, Rada ae
‘ev sol, hr, re od poll sole semen
‘rye
Teng lange nd orga prac etary we
scetounderund th rl of erin ering ase mover oun
Seat rac fer tun, tht Se Jones gre he way whch
Tepbiancachp fre ecadel were fon pao By dlsing
them a wie and morse wl ena to np wally
“Sos mae sy enprence tla nguge® Ac prc
ingin pls movement one ven were be more enpore
‘ey fom dames, reign ple et nd emi
‘eto cea for themsles The ens betwee ren lant
‘vn andthe here amet wa nto mane
ofthe wong as movement By combining th sy owing eos
Pesexpete thelr ths ok pond
the moe dle sot wheter eno o ngage at ete
rns ss nuns,
If der to nso regis reiting theron nt
sats ofthe rig of the Beak king i’ Hiren acne
thes fe etic kro nl rein he
filled artisans and the lower-status textile factory workers who replaced
them Mars ad tepid tule ose he de pee
‘enced rm thal wkshop tthe experienc of he
fre wh therfore sold hve bon he gu of roring rc
‘cost Hover Marist isons have seer bee Scape th
‘het hat ny ofthe plein re ween nhl cone
tec EP Thom cert the aaa iene of dom dpe
tng enna oe Rgares who dre upon ane call waton
{tee pli and econo esisane As ig Cleon poms eu
“Thompson diberaty neglect etl ory wey dtl por
tang tr toggle pe ination tan egizatons™ Yee
Imioduction 5
tory Becomes ute diferent when examined through the es of gender
“ans ape ln hei and rte workers moe creative
(Genie shapel he indurril revoltion®"Ax Masine Berg and Pat
don point ont, "New work dselines,new fom of subontcting
find ptngroutsetwor, new fatey onpnzton, and even new eh
‘er were ted oe nity on women and chen", Ske men
{hus fed earpettion fm thee cheaper ares of labor. The mst fx |
ee af bees ain wie tome
Sanctum 2)
‘ire tended machines hoe proce far oust
Sandor were Bat un employers aso sought to undercut the clot
Clshowmskersad tals by eblvding ee bor process and aking a
anmage of women hile a sewing and epee for work.
"This book sna the gender elo of tists and wale workers
lathe meropolita aces of London, Lanse ard Glasgow” I mon:
rate tha exe worerandarevan found iferent ay of centing a
zing communities one bed on fraternal bonding the other om <-
ative ot sl puta laos between men and women * London
‘fos ete of atan cre aad politcal ait, acing meso
Folin indstiizatin inthe foray of eating ether thin mechani
tin. Bat aria culture reached beyond the merpolis to Lancihie and
‘Chis 2 wll Arcs oui ao longer ello the wana sequence,
fom speci io journey nd the he seats of master and
rial man. Unable ford thei awn workshops they ocd on cet
tine ala through» Bachlor jormeyman clare of inking its
nd combinaiis Uawling ro lerte elon ebay, an artisan would
‘cn mary oF cohabit lying onthe ween’ earrings to lp suppor
the family. However the arts’ bcklorosetton cou easly be
trope into misogyny and voles agsnt women, directed Both gins
Tiel female workers and aginst wives who compte of tine and money
‘pent with workmates inthe pub. Artizans alloweé en cals rade
{ion ste directed gsm ony women ut ther male workers 8
‘well farther contributing to dvisone among working poe
rate and Glasgow were bah dominatd by te carton exile
teoe he vanguard ofthe industria revolution. By examining Satish
‘Seunstances indepth os wel ar thse in the more fai loa of Lan
coe this ook ented the ory ofthe making of the working as
ond he Engl the rinshconten- Ye tx trade-anon stages
{led In Sooland bur scored a Lancashire resulting in sige
Alifeent gender divans of labor ad pli, Ses workers, however
Shared many of the poems and sponses of thir English oanerpars
fd they were able to atclate ther through ch et rele ane
\6 Fttrtusion
sud pp re The deen Seth eso ely
romans unc afar fe
eu ed eine woes nso ely Sage
‘Seaman me pv er ah was
Ti al ngs yd din i ne
sy notes oe eee teh
of inka’ lug hss ee coe oe,
iced el donteneeheces ce
A sr ofa saan nce ok
toy wos hn i nda onan pea ee
cuvinuagers apiece rly The
‘Fy le ype cs le none ee
"ete water weed none tota sone ae
nl fy sony hyn tere ay
aly cs hyd he ae
Men smpeain ne on von ap chs
Syne connie ay ole
‘trmnen nee earetaee at sates
‘ail ccryrend ey ae
Serco fra eel en
Sirti dense eke eas a
Inner foes ye cae na sea ee
Sri wns Sten eserols eeaeT sae
‘Son ng cin malar old ec et
‘Soon ew ahd sone iy
Serie nnn
sony teary nee nant
SE a "tu han es
iy cio sea rent et
Tiere cme ace iy
{Hessen nig ene loc Se se
Sonia aisagendtvowl elon
Soon later ces nen eae amen
reg se san pe et ee
Iori od eae Seek
Spee sla deste rae een
ives royrline na cane es tet
Mngt cc copa shen eee
Sriiourlandhseponectonren oe se
Iroducton 7
In che ch poplar eur of whan a eb fund ssl
coTSe Wye which te rae tlm” Soa cs
“badly often uscecnt ales Bu ao epee aE ol pn
then Aare and vex wore ad diferent set of erp nd
{Scenes we emery and fly Bary hare ope
Ieee oft cares sewsepers nd rama Even they
‘oul ted they bed nthe of were boc on he eet hel
pl faa or in penny heey pd he ter ears a
fring windows, a Intend to fl woes ed be nevoppet
{Ta However the poplar erste thr rg cneed dd no
‘tne om an smomne working pres ie
‘Sion! clare mend opr ec pubis oped
from bth so snag erat aig
tre ia ol song The pe coe ale y peng
flees fv, angel andi ie oo gh
Tele dpe fut highly syed genre of se comely, oF
‘elt
elon, prove heats woe feeling te of
Aiea ene My ef wgon re lie Grn that of Tap
Son ke doped Mathdam ara marci tton fo he eal
{te ef lic ea wl rie ht era lon phe pet
Sonal dea wich ely raion fen gored”
Cre 10 sh beandarir ewes linac mile ci
wipe git ae for pba af charlie and fer
i the ig higher dig nen, smal pkgs
{nd aner rast he est nary pore ewer so
‘Sot eadsmen ad nhs cel shemses om ho np
{Swi wee sig dpe ns rains an oer
“Teldec Wwe ft develop cern a esti. Ove
shes he nec and ey ninth ern ering
‘Toculne wok fom be omnis hone bese s are lect
$n” Moe than seer a enor pers hal pond
‘hvalimptatone ars Mice orere lene her
‘Reso more toes han eer ie Malate ity orth gh
fein epee te ped rs
Dring apo the ene of Gc anim, miele
[Ein dfne he site ta pryered mle Rol, heh
‘doing os werkng se, who fad no proerty a fen cou at
Sono mama x hecheld. Ths cory ofthe ie ce ws de
Sel enshrined inthe HSE Reon A which enamel mide
tren nd xed ewer se”81 toduction
_As Erne Lac and Chanel Mout sage ltl language
a8 dy drwing Hdl so dif beeen ao
dele" Cinder mor vie exproed me dno of
emai ethers Maas, nd pala eno just
fedthe extn of woking pol fm epg of parton
these inven woke acl weed wth gem
cl ceing pote lal Grocer among demoed
dive wring pole, They deopel her of cas cnn
‘etre he mertng dt Fa ee ome in scl ea
‘efr they had rome cbse gop of role sing ono ox
perenne, Rail had os gente poe on
tng pce mo awed “agi cmmsng of cay, eng new
fom af pla reiztions thy wen slg Ba whan of
omy neil op wring! Won one
x wile cman, nding women ad cfm e meal hy
sirly maketh eres led wring ment :
nore 0 wnly working pol alee toca opel
shor ht cou cathe hyd irs aan sd
thy could ii ded hse ess Tae treo ee
Secs tings» log, spe ts ens tc es
sd promt opponeno “Te compl ft ak ston ad
aes the pean of working pop aor y mel dry
Ianhiser roving crear ft sition bby ewig
‘pen cps and moter pope cate eae ako?
tron endo vried experienc ints pore ge ah
tht of hearer dstoying apy foe * They Se ad
to provides vn of he frei produced es ais
{nano peer cle plage ery ning sera gr
‘andes bowen ae Ta ao resarbot eh
ingen stain he lof ptr regs and women wey a
Tied wrk nee rand
“owe eancans frm Prime, nde had to manipulate
the enuncon tween poll ony sd he notion fare
spheres In shping see sages rad fal many hes, Wal
they spt thera -vning of gndertr Once roi emi
sv wail they ssp the miles soy prt pres
{ert own ens Would dials demande voto thes of ner
tutor or etabianen one, bun tre marcel Wome wor
er that of oh igen nd ge een Wn ane tse
incor pedicel surg ae of gad Stagininatwocka
srhin he home Alou ee cnc were pray rhe a
2 Lando thy ao antl hemes ange rts of bn Lat
aires Cg who wl beeen ow sare values an or
Tio oe wid hs ntropaian bothers
The Tete Trades
‘Spinners, weavers and other exe workers dominated northern ies.
‘Glasgow Mancha, andthe slr towns rounding them ad aye
hada coat arsne and merchants, br the texte indstry rely faced
ton gro inthe lite ighteont and early minetsonh center. Pople
thn density ates fo instance, “been 01 and IS Manche
nore than qurapled its poplin rover 20,00" Clap pope
Tan grew fon 7.385 in 180 0 274,328 181." By 1826 whe
‘hid ange ty in the Units Kingdom, afer London and Manchest
‘The crn texte inary Bourised i such ars at Machen
‘Stokport and Glygo Bec there a aban cove provided «pl of
sll ral abr ands real itecand provided worker for age
Industri andthe Set actriee. Growth in Lancshie andthe lange
sea follaed a ptter ge diferee fom the heterogenatyof London,
sr homogenes tex laos merged sto arban conglomeration. The
Sal ete villager such a Psy, Anderton, Clean Bridgeton, andthe
Gobet ater merged no Glasgow til matali own ds
ides in he early nineteenth eamtry In Scotland eonton employed
‘ore 159010 people 1814 and ost of them were onthe i pi
‘ing and wening sound Glagow ad he suthes
‘Changs in tex roduton spurred population expansion, The Man
ctertr, Olam, and Bolton ars Lance grew rapidly fom the
dle of the igen centry an instal southern Lanai ard
Be
Seringthe Stage 19
caster Cheshite eben population in the first half ofthe nine
Sp nnovtions in pining sachnery ieeted yam profucson bands
Team mein seed through he url areas, espe northeast an
Cesk whore cottages had often takes in weang wo augment
Sant eaninge from the orn ground By B11, more sham 9 ted of
Tancshires population was invelved inthe cot indy, mol In
Inndoom wewing Spinning ones established in ror aces
to tae avenge of water owe further stnoltd rural cote indus
fry Wik the invention ofthe ste-powered mle spinner fete were
‘Stblshed in ub ree such ar Manchester ass.
“The aay of chen ele anc labor wae spec imporant
{or the exe industry Contemporary commentators who he onl
‘mented chat women ancien foun few ppt lp op
por thie fais
ose work wa formerly unproductive" For isan, several at of
de gentry setup tread penninghinsesin wns around Glasgow and
‘he Lowlnde to provide stable femal emlayment =
‘oon the booming cotton ade neded he laker of wives and chien |
1 well 3p men. mating the las wo dead of the hone conuy
2 golden age of domestic industry.” Yr the very conditions tht fos
‘ered exile worker prosperity alintelyundersne t Medhaeason
Trough new opportune for ten, such mle pinning bot employes
soon ried tosfotutewonen and hldre on simpler machines, Fam
‘working together cold ergo income but they lo ied mare we
‘Grand thus overtake the ude
“The tory of how spaning cue wo bea man tae in Lancashire and
lage exemple she constant shits inthe gener dvsion of abr end
‘nary exons Brought aboot bythe eomon inary The png,
fennies were at fst used within te home by women, who coal vas
‘peeae thei oupat of yar andcara more mone. the 17805 ill
ferpalejenny-pinner coal ar ac much of mow hah a ale wewer =
(One contemporary wrt cold not undenand why people bce he
machines for they made a “precious difference.» in the guns of the
females inthe fly” He wen on Ewer re tht the ese get
es ye a5 his wife ges mony his fly docs nt sf." However,
trae weavers by have their traionl marital dominance resend
ile andepinnes witout aces tothe jennis found hat thei alendy
meager eaings had plummeted
In any cise the jony-rpnners’ prosperity aif aot as lang for the
Inuoduction of waterpowered mule sinning machines sche fois
nero thir caning” To be are at fis unt mils employed
lomed the cotton indy for employing thse.0 Women and Mn ix Plein Culture
women and clden om ight mules, aking lvarage of the depeation
Tha force eo aseptaw wage Buty the 1750 the advent eh
tines mae posible age spianing mses whic required ot only sl
ie steength, so cmplayers baat lente atresia tes wih a supply
male arcane, Raph Mather, contemporary alleged tha the new ie
Chines prevent weer Gam uring bo of shee wives and hen
{ospnat home and hus ade it mpoasle or hi aes to urs.
‘As rsh he state ever 000 poor men hao els 8 sles or
bilo to espe the tes of herring wits and ele." Dung
Tabor tspse m8, vue spinner rest that fore the sex es
{gins weeinedaced hk wives could work at home bratng ad clean
Fels of ton for the spinner sth factory, "eaming gh te, elie
shilling wok, ook and ated heir fae” But now lames
the spinners the wives ave noenplayen, xcept they gow workin
the aco al aya what cn be dane by hen fo fe sligs "=
"At fist urban men sist factory employer but he lure of new
highly pai acepatin esied many sans uch shemales
tnd mars noe ap male pinning Lk ober workers, mule pn
‘ers inially expat tht their woes Sl elp osappt the Fay,
‘ther by rein fo her hishands a By engaging in ssi corton-
Droesing tsk: However, mle spinner! high wages seem wo hve pat
them inthe vanguard of the texte tds dey adopted the breadwinner
ial ecm th 1820s, when high wages enabled them hep shir
vives ome instead of ending her othe factories * Thee ome,
‘hough perhaps ony couple of roms ina tenement were iy and prose
pero lien friced wth china books, clk, « mahogany bedstead,
rd ktchen thing, and wives ba fed eh fais mest several ies
‘eek, They alo bd large es, for chen could een wages by a
fing he ters or ther men.®
Tn the vet indstry elke the atsanal system, female ad child
Labor was say am inisoneble pare of the prac unit The sil
tnale mule spinner, who ean and adie the hese, camplex machines,
pid ite on young women east them ae ies, orig eogetor
broken thea removing opines, and deuning the machsey. Mule
Shinning wos orgasied sound fay nbr sete ia which a men
Suprise pi female and chi or. When pos, hey hid chat
‘om relatives et sins, aoe often hanno ml pinned ot ave
‘hough hldren of the ight ae hey offen oko len rom ober
families swe a wonnen® Even fa male spinner di nr supervise is
‘on chidten his per oer the proces ws pararcl As we shal se
inner shapers the hd of male le piner on heir ghd tate
ee
Seuing te Stage 21
nas somewhat tenuous, Lancashire and urban Chswegin pines
oreo lent non atiity tren hl peitons ga employers
forse replace them with feral spinners. Ia Sean in parc
Country mils economize by hiring cheap frale spinners inorder em
pene for thir lack of echlopea novation Female camped 611
percent of he ton ndurtry work ors in Scand, as compared 505 |
eset for Lanse”
Tecoresemployed ge numbers of women and ire seader and
alg wel pices Fr nancy, in 1809 forty-one orton al ia
Refewshize (near Glasgow around Pile) employed tral of 932 :en
29 women and 17792 deen Lange pool of ingle women nee
‘work, epee in Scoland There, many fewer women raced than in
England the proprdn of single women averaged around 20 percent of|
‘headlefemale yopulaton compared 0 10 percent in Eglin Male er
{gation and the alle ofthe tel inde, which allowed single women
{0 sappoc heme, however marginal, may acon for the grt
proportion of Scots spines" In Lanai the ete ius pid
tron and children higher wage than did ater scupatons algh
‘py oil lage ar behind men
‘While male me spinners created thrown provprity, however ten
i, hoping thee wine 8 home and sending oly thew chile the
factory, handler weavers silly dheove By dein thee wines and
~ baghters ii led wrk within the home Thy enjoyed the goen age
In the ate eighteenth entry, when ening an sil unechanned
‘eaves held hemlet be spero to corean all wockrs, wor they
indie ae degrade dy, and unshled™
Paley weavers for ntne, and god sandardflivig.Likehe
snue pnoers, weaver could ard wo furnish tvs booses coiobly,
they were enownel fr thi learning perhaps bese thee sede
tary work gave them ve to tile In TAD4« Glagow weaver nosal
tly rertomibered that 1782 “young joureyren weer xc the |
tos anspicuus seats in our cy church dressed nas of cates
‘gu in quality, {bole eo thelr employers, cach ho ed and pow
‘Ered alan ple of los anda wate.” He was ale ost up at
‘pevablehoushold with home an loom shop “in the decent style of
‘adewme”™
‘Wervers ried thelr independ fom supervision and hr reedom
ts facetheirwerk As Jn Mackinnon cbered fom bi own experienc
luting he fst decade ofthe nineteenth cenary, "xrmeynen i ma
‘other rads fost cccuptions and Bock nt th weaving ds
tects tem the rde One principle wich induced grown en22 (Wome and Men in Pebian Cala
solute trade was the compte evedom fam conta which journey
‘tan weaver enjoyed: He wi x mich his os mane the propio of
‘factory forthe eninge ofa weaver oa be the level of masons
fcr smth "> Weavers vewod theme ae ail, honor atsans
ering feet
Unlike rion arcs, however, male weavers wed mach of thelr
sense of contol apd ther promerty 20 the Fary-tased econ ir
‘hey oul supers and prot fom, she Inbr f thir wives and ch
dren. Wives helped inthe raducon of doth mos generally by winding
"pte Seah ecm for bobbins, sing hee horas rn ving
sop oko women to perform thistle Wier alo pan and they helped
{he sins when ther husbands had lom shops. Dvd Glo n=
till of Pais dhat wives roel pay tel bustans’deawboys (oa
‘Std waving) and also ced yarn fam she warchoare and delivered
finished clerk
Inthe 17, when tambouring, «typeof ebony, forse, ea
cen wives an daughters cold also ear exta cash a ha ade Me
‘fants pve out the doth co wotnen who would embroider x imtton
‘of fsktonable Idan clo, Gis wou Ter he slat «warchouse and
‘hen work at home eich llowe paren to keep thet chen there
‘ather than snd then out sevice. Tambor work ale enabled young,
men buy foniure ana finery. Asa clergyman noted disapproving,
the dress af women was "ore showy and expensive than formerly
‘Young wien wre scarlet wool o Back ik os and high-cownd bate
Co church intend of the of bron shal Some Gegow tmiboutes
‘sen purcied her own eaten crc Tarbouringsrenghend he
fan esomomy by allowing waren work at ome
In oth Lancashire and Glagow he core tok sy ther oppor
toni for sinning ome, many women ao bean weaving Linen
‘nd woole hand weaving had erigally Ben am artical ae th
‘it appronieship eplaton, bt the greet demand fo labor eel
rer 1790 inthe ew ate indy, ad employer to hte men ad
‘women witha indenture For «few pounds 2 sled weer would
Teach other men and omer the ade" Sines handloom wenn wa =|
‘oy tolesn and, nthe aly years so prota, tnany High
nd dpa Lowland agecaral workers took ip, event
‘ekg the rade and racing wages. By the te 15,4 Ato hid
‘the Bandloms in he oto online of the Gln area were
operated by women Aczotdingto Duncan Bythll “ascaryas 808 al
‘ll wees in England may hate bon women and cen
[Ube umtourng weaving by wie an dangers in fay workshops
eC
Sening te Stage)
could sengthen the fry ecnomy-but it cos ala wen fay
“ice By protidng a indcpendert soars of income fra single woman
Morsoer ine men controled the wages of their wives s womans wey
Sng wage cul rly goo support his dking In 1799, weaver frm
Lancashire ald Palette ian eis, wife weer (or
here women are weavers a lathe men apd instr er len
inthe et of weeving and T have bead many dclace tha ehey lied beter
sine thee haslands] enlisted than bore’
Buttheworkof women and cle in weaving es sscated th the
Alief tetra In time of property cari mariage sd he profi
bali of plying children led ole fies, an the sonst peg
rane homered women’ wage-enring Eventually there len would
‘grow up abe weaves and oeratck dhe nde, Ween anderen far
thermore, were moet to work on pin good, while wen worked on
Uhebtter-yuyng hey dots or ancy wok”
"The fortunes of handler weavers cxcltd ding the Napleonic
ware and plangel precptously son afterward. Wages dropped drama
‘ily nd he formerly rod wears were redaced tos stay worsening
__powent. Asa broads prayed one weaver nent,
When pee Lp ar fl wae nd strife
Ar fod was cheap and baw a’ fe
‘We made a shift jog thong ie
Wirmoderetaly
Ari mony apy man an wife
Livan a ely.
‘Arter whens ane [alls gone) heer
{Wi yore ase [shit change anther,
‘The hungry bene around vem gute,
dal soe] wae the
Whiledropi’ aed poet [ein] mithere
[Nang ie ive] then
“The huge supply of very law pid essere cll delayed meshes
tin ofthe rade The power lom hd ben invented hy 1793 n lag
tnd was Inco by 1800 Lancashire bu was git pie unt
ISLS and not pected ne 183. ln 125, 2.400 per loom rd 240,000
Indoome were in persion: by 1823 there wer 55.000 pe ome and
225000 hannns.” Te ope the early power looms ile employed
young women snost een t wage lower than men, an aious
Ueto male andlor wees Aa we salle, hndlom mesersen
rewcted angrily she that theirlvlRoo,stroyingpowelom fe
Tolle However, the ft hat many handloom mes