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The Struggle for the Breeches Studies on the History of Society and Culture Victoria. Bon and Lyon Hun Editors wo. 1 18 1, Pics Catareand Cls i the Franch Rolaton by Lymn Hane The oop of Pari An sy Poplar Clare the ghee Contry By Dail Roche Pont-St-Pir, 1898-1783: Lodein Commanty and Catlin sn aly Modern Franc, by Jonathan Deval ‘The Wedding of the Deed: Ritual Peis and Poplar Cure in Thexeylvani by Gail ligman Stns Pesos nd he Sate Tait Rui, by Samuel. Kasow The Naw Cuba History eed by Lynn Hane ‘Ar Nowwean in Fine ice France: ais Peyclogyand Sipe by Deo L siverman sores of Plague Yar The Socal an the Imaginary in Baroque Floren by Gili ilar of th Fare The Pole Movement in Resluionary usa by Lyn Maly Bred and Authority in Rasa 1924-192, by Lane ih ‘Terris of Grace: Cultural Chong in the Sevetenth-Cntery Dioseof Grenoble by Keay Lia Publishing ed Ctrl Poin Revolutionary Pari 2788-1810, by Cals Hewe Limited Litton: Gonder and Cle Ninetenth-Cetury England, lyySenya 0. Rose Mora Communities: The Cate of Cla Relations i the Russian Printing nur 1867-1907 by Mat Seber Bole estas 1917-1920 by fame van Gelder, Ven’ iden Enemies alan Heretic ne Renatsaes City, by faba Mastin ‘Wondrous is Sins Cuter Reformation Propagandan Bacar, by Philp Mt Soerget rote ies nd Public Afi The Canes Claes of Peele ‘ioary France by Sarah Maza 1. an 2 2. 2. 2. ny, 2. Hcligenism: Crime Culture and Powe in St. eters 1900-1914 by Joan Nevberger -Pasessing Nature Maseums Collecting and Seni Caltare in Ely ‘Moder tay by Pala Fine steing Pars: A Cultral ltr by James Johan The Fabian of taba Germany a Brin, 680-1914, by Richard Biel The rae forthe Breeches Gender andthe Making ofthe Bis ork Clan by Aas Cla “te nd Power: Fumishing Mader Fre, by Lear Alacer Cholera in Pos-Rerlusonary Par A Calta Mio by Catherine Rick The Women of Pari and Ther rock Recoluion by Dengue Gwen Ieonorapyof Power Soi Plt! ters ander Lenin an Sain by Viorin Bonnell rac Spectce The Aesth of Power x Maslin’ Hay by Simonet ales Zampon sion of th Tongue: Language Delon i Til ig 1591-1870, ‘by SumathiRamaewany, The Struggle for the Breeches | Gender and the Making of the British Working Class University of California Press Fen pa ig 97 usin nf tote ineriaenakea ey the Syl Smith Clark, for encouraging my writing and to my father, for pining my lose af history Contents sof trations and Tables ~ Adowlegmenss sii 1 Idan 1 AKT ONE WOMEN AND WEIN PLERNAN CULTORE a 2 Seng the Stage: Work and Fry B 3 Men and Women Togother and Apart B Peeian Culture and Commies 4 Plebian Sel Meaty, 1780-1820 a 5. The trogale for the Breshes: Conlin “ Peeian Mariage ARE WO THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS » 6 SinandSalatian: Men, Women, nd fuith 2 7. The Struggle over the Gender Divison of a9 Labor, 178-1826 [Manhood snd Geni Radi Polite, a ve-1a6 9 AWider Vision of Commanty, 1815-1920 158 ‘ine WORKING eLAss, 1830-2850 10 Seva Rakai and he Pressure of Plies vw gait or Donec the Dilemma ferLabor (Chi: Domest and Pie (Chari ithe Problem of Women Workers | Dial el: Demos Popul ule Price aves Appendix on 1841 Glsgow Consus Sample Notes Bibliography Inder 7 20 24s ms 5 mn Illustrations and Tables Mustrations 1 2 In Wapping isa Resin! Drew My Breath (iy Scavengers Cleansing the London Sirs Inpartist “The Coblers Care fer a Seong Wile “The Drunken Cobbler The Relics of Propet or, Huntingdon Sle ‘Trade Union Eble of the Garg Asotin of Cowon Spinners The Bele Alans or the Female Reformers lca! AR-—L Eeample or Westiater Blchgoard Ising Hs Wie wen arth Pernt ie Masier Tables ‘Oaupstions of Men Appearing for Meitiasy and Irregular Manage in Kick Session, 1796— 1830 Assaults on Women in Glasgow 1813-1826 Occupations of Men Charged with Assan Females ad to Kep Peace Fels, Coun of Lancaster 1799-1834 ‘Ocapson of Men Who Prstewted Proctor Thee ‘or Robbery inthe OH Bay Sesion, 1795-1820 2 31 ns aw 168 rr 254 6 56 iJ Mhntaions ond Tables 5. Wile bering Glssgow 1813-1835 6 scuptions of Men Charged with Wife-beatng County of ance 1799-1834 76 ” ‘Acknowledgments Ta he sn yous since Bean wrk on thi ook many olga nd fends ave pd wher nd revsine Ft al honk ower spe eal tote aon ofthe HiaryWerahopmovenet in Bri {nd the (no nly dana} Eni Hiory gov Bak llores fory How tte aval ender 6A Poveda or ‘minghior scene nox Jot semi “The mane ean ies Rages Ph.D diseeonon the Landon wolg clo ils and Elen Ros ted thigh of ove ork and red my capers Maryn Mortis ped «ge elon he ‘aes ofthe 170s uta Sclaraop shared wih ve her knoedge etme nd Charan Sun Moor pried anita omg ‘on wth he nat of nan. Randolph Tramfachgeerotaly pt tee ober Lando pl end eal Rope an ad nrg conventions about peer theory wn hitary Race Wel and Carl Sirah pel wlth myer of ehten-xtay sx iy whl conversations with Poly Moss end her exelent dneraion, irate the problem of seal repute, Mor import ath Wills xcs ve, who col days ppc ny “Bough whe pining ou conan nsec and gpg She ‘eat beyond hl of ys mading te al nanan 1988 Her ‘gow gt rey Inprved slough Lam sre 0 sy ot her concen. ‘Athi projec expand beyond the spe of monograph on London twa caparte uy of Gln Lance, ed Lando, many more peolehae epee My deremetalaegue peal ela Blake ‘eles and Wii Bowman, cig. cpr inprvig hem ‘ih neh from the eli bn Srp, bo works on he iv J Acknowledgments ningf the English idles Yorkshire, iid me with iad rows adhe igh sd pte a a oo ft Ey bo-Leonre Devil who advised ae atthe University of Essex Fas halleged efor yar stoning tach new ena emerge rom the aches every summer, pointing out the pos and cons and fering snore sugges for farther ending tant have Been abet cry out She carefully fd she nize completed manag and made suggestions for iaproveren on every level, fom style an struct fo substance In Solan, Heanor Gordon allowed me wo ead the profs of er book ‘women ad abr in Scand bfove pcan. ames Vernon and Jot than Tucker alo Kindly sent me the formative manvacripts belore publation ‘Arthe University of California Pres, Eck By fen shepherded the book ehroagh the eo and profusion pres, an Jane-len Ling’ mesons and deeply knowledesble copy eltng ret ime proved the fin produc. Shas Levine has been an enthuse ait, picking eels ender forthe manag. James Epstein’ work on ety ietenth-comsary ral as alway en mest helpful se nd 0 were hi comments onthe mariscrpt. Thoma Laguea insight in Changes in ender and sexy have provided me with an ingotant he Isc amework and his gracious aceptance of my work on Queen Ca Tne ha lays een apeested Hs ete forced ne to daify ny sgumens forthe final evsion. Theodore Kadischek's awa amin and Innovative say of elas formusin in Bradford provid ene with model, tnd hisentesive, detailed emmente ch improned the al vera of ‘hisbeck vara an archivists al oer Gzest Britain hve alo lp ocak ‘his work poole, The Brash Library’ Bie dome calmed thi esercer she pore eer ples of amples The eal ofthe Joba ehnson Colle ‘on of Ephemera inthe Boden Library, Oxford, sd he Golam Li brary, Univerty of London, were ost pal County record festa, stragling with endless budge cut, nonethles patty exhumed doty Aaocuments. Deserving af special mention are the ahi the Grete {ondon Record te, he Gaal Library the Lancshie Resor Of repel the Seti archives which re all of nels ihe: the Stahl Regional Archives, te Lal History Room of the Michell Library, Glasgow, and both branches of the Scoih Record. Ole in Edburgh, The year of esuarch for his poet wer intl funded by «gradu ste fllowship from Rugers Laivecsty and bythe Sil Science Research Foundtion. The Univers of Necth Casi at Catt aly Devel Acknowledgments wv opment Fund very geneouly funded five samers of rar hich mae possible te wanstonnation oF Landon monagraph int national fray The American Phlosophial Sodety’ alo aed rummer research The Bs dete of hi manag was writen a the Natal Huei CCener in Resentch Tingle Park, Noth Carlin, Faded by the Rocke eller Foundater, which provided a year of uninereuped thoaght wri Ing, and the siulaing company of fellow schlarespecily Steve Golds, Ser Haney, Linda Kerby Mac Rob Shey Samael, Mak Selaer and Lawrence tone. My fiends and aly hae tained me through the year of reserch ad writing My gradatesadent oleapues, oly Bes Krn Calo0- Sith, and Lana Tab suid me thronghot thove yous, acd in Charlot, Lise Kannenburg and had fal dass on Ibo history Job Sil and Tia Wright connuoualy provided lovely ders and the ‘worth f thei fiendship. In ny homes Ducham, Now acl, Har ‘Het Whitchead nd Helen Langa cseed contemporary theory on ender ‘nd sevality with me, Den Leer Bla Verne, nd Daffy Bar pro ‘ied reality check fam cutie the acndemy and forsed met expan Some ies in lin English and to sertence, Cynthia Hero, Ja Bennet and Boars Has have always been supportive of my caer career In Englnd Alison Oram, Jalie Wheelwright Walle Mente {Clae dpe. Chee Dymkowsk Anna Davi, Meg Arot and Henk sun Kekjk provide hospitality and endshpon ny sumer reser wp. Finally my mother, fates, strand nie have provided ne with loving wneadonal fly vale, de rather than coed mind, 1 Introduction ‘Atwander Won cul be lena he acelin f serrate hiory. A porter stad oman mtb STE Sod Ameria 74 ven by ar of lt pres se wh mee sural wore However, ws mare pera i ‘tad Meg Or The Wie Reformed many a» ned TR Gpicts brn. Meg nus her henge hashed ays hme ed ding the las To ee het ELE aes obi he esd etn ve br adn {TONES Terme bog alone sad unrated. Megabit eset Forethey dander Hanks forenther"ny-mo0n* "Mont Wien bin bie er to demand sbminon fom ie “wParam to Sy srt power This bok wil ‘rope anoer sch questions by king te pean wih he pot ‘Sweats story dpi he ing of ewig cleo aeeesneie betes The pate bre of range wa in TRUS inpatient omen the “stor Hebd in ht nes ido ob shad of hin col pet penn men sha bon hy werden te all hood oases. e wets the fst att lk he personal with he pole urns eta, Inthe 1950, Nel Seer depicted ‘working-class radicals as irrationally reacting 10 the los oftheir patriarchal coe sng the natal eto Iams, inhi ac The Ty te tagok Working Cl EP Thonn orca working dene co atonal ees who forge wong ns ncn GR Shabu yale hs pur he negleced he connectne Bowen fey pai ie? 1 2 Ineoducton it a oan Sot pins on, Thoma san marginalized wsnen in rand prevented a masculine version of working-class history _ Indeed, Thonn explained he projet a "a biography of the English working das rom ts aolscnce ett ely anon." By conte Barhr Tyo, belly nating fein atta cewite he ak ing ofthe wotkng css desibed the snovatons of Otis. Feminist rom the 1820s othe 18405 ver the Owes woe cy sal inary of proletarian the mainstream ofthe working-class movement Moped ui conserve se of mast and fem evenly ‘xlding waren from politics This book wll begin oexpli why My projec wll psy homage othe work of. Thompeon ad Barbara “iyo by re-vsoning Thompeons mitative once yonder andy Pat ting Taylors Owens in the larger conte of plein and workings clr. fe wll at replace Thompson history of mantood with hi tory of workng-ass women. Insted pred by the werk of such Feri rst histvian as Leogore Daido, Caen Hal Joan Set nd Selly Alexey, wil infuse gender—the scl cnsruction of anion ad omanho-—into che analy of cae? The lite eighceth and erly imsteenh eta wtnese sigan changsin ves nent and Sein the seal von of lik, and ox moce and thee ‘hangs were imimaely inerewined with the ection of cs oie, This peri awa ai frm» nation of gener arity ta aon sf gender as agparicomplementary pees, Porto the mid-ightenth sentry, men and women were no seen 4 oposite rater people rt bender ete social srcrre as a whol tern of hese Fat instance, they often envisioned women ae fed versions of men, Men ruled over women who were sen a tn inferin, just gener Fle ‘aver common people, householders over servants and masters oer a press and joureyeen. The manhood ofthe maser mus not the same In degre or hind asthe masa of hi servnt. By the ery nineteenth “etary, howovez anew iecogy of ender as ete epheres hd aren, Inwhichintvidal een ined together ax east on the publcsphere ‘of polis, whl Kepag thet wies nthe private phere ofthe home| Puningsparae spheres ino practice, however ia privilege deve 10 working men and women. Working men were denied pls power sand working wornen could no take sheer nthe home, but Bd 1 ear wags Thi bok will damnstaeeha she making ofthe working clas ‘asin para mga by rakes to universal thi cloud nation | ender Tointgrate gender ino cls il ke neces transform the ional egos of workings try. I wil dics clans formation on four levels work, sammy, culture, and case consousess™ For Introduction 13 “Thorpe and many orthodox Maris, cls fst begins with he “come ‘nom experince” of ome men “lrely determine by preducive ela Fin In eter wot, working sen gine rene of thee om expla tation oc work sing bbe of ther lan the profs of her bor But gener elo shape she division of bor daring the sds revl tons employes sought replace skilled men wh cheaper Fra ae ‘hil labor a sponse, working men ienifed sil with manhood ae tought to keep worn oa ofthe workplace ee cost of diving the inbor fre Second oder to rane fight eas extation and jai, workers had eo draw pom the strength of community bond) But gender shapes the boundaries of comments as wel Di plebeine {fie thr onimuniieacording to the male words of workshop and pub or did they incl women nthe wider ces of neighborhoods and era? rb Thompon gens ay slsyrems, ew, and inserusonl" their “plein cute term pebeian i wal fr ie diliterrly wage ieasion of working ‘eolin genera defined at bya reliin o «mode of podation but a the "lower drs” ranging fom rough slr, et, nd prostates toncalewomen servants, artisan and factory workers and eying in the lower levels wha wold Hesomethe mile cls, that sll > ter shopespes,eraesmen, and plans, Howevet 3s Thompon hi ‘Sf noted plabsane dino form lass in the Sociologia seve of x Stratum of people who shared smn experienc of productive reli ‘done and saci vals” Indeed. gender conic and elses over sora ‘alc olen feud plbvion clare" The relgus respecte comme ‘he rough Ihertns texile works needed women help while artisans ‘shunned fale labor” Fourth, tis iportant tn explore haw thes diverse and vided pope sisinad elise onsiuanes how ia Thompsons words did iy "fs and Srulate the Mein of thir stress as between themschves, and as “Seunstother men how interests are diferent from and sally opposed to] thls?” For orthodox Mace, dass eonsiousnes simply eeicted the steutre of comic lations and cee lo being whe wor b= fame avare of she “obecive” analy of thot seston.” But Gareth Stedman Jones andor historians ave correct noted dh the aia ism of working peopl sn he 1830s and 640 Gd ot imply ella 0- ‘hl rays of exon eplrionfetea, Seda fone examines ‘he langage of working dcals—and ds that they borowed he pull lngeage folder republican movements rather san looking fo trad socal economic” However, we ejecting ial notion of clas os dtermined by pro 41 rtuction active eons we a il ak owe rad of the 1806 and 1405 senpedm cewe and dene working claw snes fat em teat porno coder ba he rds and te ogra rash woking movements. Dug th pei entre of ‘engl cron eed serene ocsing oe Behl hf ll tne oki men nh Sil oy par of ge communi By orang og new ‘acd wo cee aed de rious tt of ddd com Tunis, And onze working pepe, ale aw cee thor a eons wih ples experiences and at roid Solton ode tums fe dtl revlon, Rada ae ‘ev sol, hr, re od poll sole semen ‘rye Teng lange nd orga prac etary we scetounderund th rl of erin ering ase mover oun Seat rac fer tun, tht Se Jones gre he way whch Tepbiancachp fre ecadel were fon pao By dlsing them a wie and morse wl ena to np wally “Sos mae sy enprence tla nguge® Ac prc ingin pls movement one ven were be more enpore ‘ey fom dames, reign ple et nd emi ‘eto cea for themsles The ens betwee ren lant ‘vn andthe here amet wa nto mane ofthe wong as movement By combining th sy owing eos Pesexpete thelr ths ok pond the moe dle sot wheter eno o ngage at ete rns ss nuns, If der to nso regis reiting theron nt sats ofthe rig of the Beak king i’ Hiren acne thes fe etic kro nl rein he filled artisans and the lower-status textile factory workers who replaced them Mars ad tepid tule ose he de pee ‘enced rm thal wkshop tthe experienc of he fre wh therfore sold hve bon he gu of roring rc ‘cost Hover Marist isons have seer bee Scape th ‘het hat ny ofthe plein re ween nhl cone tec EP Thom cert the aaa iene of dom dpe tng enna oe Rgares who dre upon ane call waton {tee pli and econo esisane As ig Cleon poms eu “Thompson diberaty neglect etl ory wey dtl por tang tr toggle pe ination tan egizatons™ Yee Imioduction 5 tory Becomes ute diferent when examined through the es of gender “ans ape ln hei and rte workers moe creative (Genie shapel he indurril revoltion®"Ax Masine Berg and Pat don point ont, "New work dselines,new fom of subontcting find ptngroutsetwor, new fatey onpnzton, and even new eh ‘er were ted oe nity on women and chen", Ske men {hus fed earpettion fm thee cheaper ares of labor. The mst fx | ee af bees ain wie tome Sanctum 2) ‘ire tended machines hoe proce far oust Sandor were Bat un employers aso sought to undercut the clot Clshowmskersad tals by eblvding ee bor process and aking a anmage of women hile a sewing and epee for work. "This book sna the gender elo of tists and wale workers lathe meropolita aces of London, Lanse ard Glasgow” I mon: rate tha exe worerandarevan found iferent ay of centing a zing communities one bed on fraternal bonding the other om <- ative ot sl puta laos between men and women * London ‘fos ete of atan cre aad politcal ait, acing meso Folin indstiizatin inthe foray of eating ether thin mechani tin. Bat aria culture reached beyond the merpolis to Lancihie and ‘Chis 2 wll Arcs oui ao longer ello the wana sequence, fom speci io journey nd the he seats of master and rial man. Unable ford thei awn workshops they ocd on cet tine ala through» Bachlor jormeyman clare of inking its nd combinaiis Uawling ro lerte elon ebay, an artisan would ‘cn mary oF cohabit lying onthe ween’ earrings to lp suppor the family. However the arts’ bcklorosetton cou easly be trope into misogyny and voles agsnt women, directed Both gins Tiel female workers and aginst wives who compte of tine and money ‘pent with workmates inthe pub. Artizans alloweé en cals rade {ion ste directed gsm ony women ut ther male workers 8 ‘well farther contributing to dvisone among working poe rate and Glasgow were bah dominatd by te carton exile teoe he vanguard ofthe industria revolution. By examining Satish ‘Seunstances indepth os wel ar thse in the more fai loa of Lan coe this ook ented the ory ofthe making of the working as ond he Engl the rinshconten- Ye tx trade-anon stages {led In Sooland bur scored a Lancashire resulting in sige Alifeent gender divans of labor ad pli, Ses workers, however Shared many of the poems and sponses of thir English oanerpars fd they were able to atclate ther through ch et rele ane \ 6 Fttrtusion sud pp re The deen Seth eso ely romans unc afar fe eu ed eine woes nso ely Sage ‘Seaman me pv er ah was Ti al ngs yd din i ne sy notes oe eee teh of inka’ lug hss ee coe oe, iced el donteneeheces ce A sr ofa saan nce ok toy wos hn i nda onan pea ee cuvinuagers apiece rly The ‘Fy le ype cs le none ee "ete water weed none tota sone ae nl fy sony hyn tere ay aly cs hyd he ae Men smpeain ne on von ap chs Syne connie ay ole ‘trmnen nee earetaee at sates ‘ail ccryrend ey ae Serco fra eel en Sirti dense eke eas a Inner foes ye cae na sea ee Sri wns Sten eserols eeaeT sae ‘Son ng cin malar old ec et ‘Soon ew ahd sone iy Serie nnn sony teary nee nant SE a "tu han es iy cio sea rent et Tiere cme ace iy {Hessen nig ene loc Se se Sonia aisagendtvowl elon Soon later ces nen eae amen reg se san pe et ee Iori od eae Seek Spee sla deste rae een ives royrline na cane es tet Mngt cc copa shen eee Sriiourlandhseponectonren oe se Iroducton 7 In che ch poplar eur of whan a eb fund ssl coTSe Wye which te rae tlm” Soa cs “badly often uscecnt ales Bu ao epee aE ol pn then Aare and vex wore ad diferent set of erp nd {Scenes we emery and fly Bary hare ope Ieee oft cares sewsepers nd rama Even they ‘oul ted they bed nthe of were boc on he eet hel pl faa or in penny heey pd he ter ears a fring windows, a Intend to fl woes ed be nevoppet {Ta However the poplar erste thr rg cneed dd no ‘tne om an smomne working pres ie ‘Sion! clare mend opr ec pubis oped from bth so snag erat aig tre ia ol song The pe coe ale y peng flees fv, angel andi ie oo gh Tele dpe fut highly syed genre of se comely, oF ‘elt elon, prove heats woe feeling te of Aiea ene My ef wgon re lie Grn that of Tap Son ke doped Mathdam ara marci tton fo he eal {te ef lic ea wl rie ht era lon phe pet Sonal dea wich ely raion fen gored” Cre 10 sh beandarir ewes linac mile ci wipe git ae for pba af charlie and fer i the ig higher dig nen, smal pkgs {nd aner rast he est nary pore ewer so ‘Sot eadsmen ad nhs cel shemses om ho np {Swi wee sig dpe ns rains an oer “Teldec Wwe ft develop cern a esti. Ove shes he nec and ey ninth ern ering ‘Toculne wok fom be omnis hone bese s are lect $n” Moe than seer a enor pers hal pond ‘hvalimptatone ars Mice orere lene her ‘Reso more toes han eer ie Malate ity orth gh fein epee te ped rs Dring apo the ene of Gc anim, miele [Ein dfne he site ta pryered mle Rol, heh ‘doing os werkng se, who fad no proerty a fen cou at Sono mama x hecheld. Ths cory ofthe ie ce ws de Sel enshrined inthe HSE Reon A which enamel mide tren nd xed ewer se” 81 toduction _As Erne Lac and Chanel Mout sage ltl language a8 dy drwing Hdl so dif beeen ao dele" Cinder mor vie exproed me dno of emai ethers Maas, nd pala eno just fedthe extn of woking pol fm epg of parton these inven woke acl weed wth gem cl ceing pote lal Grocer among demoed dive wring pole, They deopel her of cas cnn ‘etre he mertng dt Fa ee ome in scl ea ‘efr they had rome cbse gop of role sing ono ox perenne, Rail had os gente poe on tng pce mo awed “agi cmmsng of cay, eng new fom af pla reiztions thy wen slg Ba whan of omy neil op wring! Won one x wile cman, nding women ad cfm e meal hy sirly maketh eres led wring ment : nore 0 wnly working pol alee toca opel shor ht cou cathe hyd irs aan sd thy could ii ded hse ess Tae treo ee Secs tings» log, spe ts ens tc es sd promt opponeno “Te compl ft ak ston ad aes the pean of working pop aor y mel dry Ianhiser roving crear ft sition bby ewig ‘pen cps and moter pope cate eae ako? tron endo vried experienc ints pore ge ah tht of hearer dstoying apy foe * They Se ad to provides vn of he frei produced es ais {nano peer cle plage ery ning sera gr ‘andes bowen ae Ta ao resarbot eh ingen stain he lof ptr regs and women wey a Tied wrk nee rand “owe eancans frm Prime, nde had to manipulate the enuncon tween poll ony sd he notion fare spheres In shping see sages rad fal many hes, Wal they spt thera -vning of gndertr Once roi emi sv wail they ssp the miles soy prt pres {ert own ens Would dials demande voto thes of ner tutor or etabianen one, bun tre marcel Wome wor er that of oh igen nd ge een Wn ane tse incor pedicel surg ae of gad Stagininatwocka srhin he home Alou ee cnc were pray rhe a 2 Lando thy ao antl hemes ange rts of bn Lat aires Cg who wl beeen ow sare values an or Tio oe wid hs ntropaian bothers The Tete Trades ‘Spinners, weavers and other exe workers dominated northern ies. ‘Glasgow Mancha, andthe slr towns rounding them ad aye hada coat arsne and merchants, br the texte indstry rely faced ton gro inthe lite ighteont and early minetsonh center. Pople thn density ates fo instance, “been 01 and IS Manche nore than qurapled its poplin rover 20,00" Clap pope Tan grew fon 7.385 in 180 0 274,328 181." By 1826 whe ‘hid ange ty in the Units Kingdom, afer London and Manchest ‘The crn texte inary Bourised i such ars at Machen ‘Stokport and Glygo Bec there a aban cove provided «pl of sll ral abr ands real itecand provided worker for age Industri andthe Set actriee. Growth in Lancshie andthe lange sea follaed a ptter ge diferee fom the heterogenatyof London, sr homogenes tex laos merged sto arban conglomeration. The Sal ete villager such a Psy, Anderton, Clean Bridgeton, andthe Gobet ater merged no Glasgow til matali own ds ides in he early nineteenth eamtry In Scotland eonton employed ‘ore 159010 people 1814 and ost of them were onthe i pi ‘ing and wening sound Glagow ad he suthes ‘Changs in tex roduton spurred population expansion, The Man ctertr, Olam, and Bolton ars Lance grew rapidly fom the dle of the igen centry an instal southern Lanai ard Be Seringthe Stage 19 caster Cheshite eben population in the first half ofthe nine Sp nnovtions in pining sachnery ieeted yam profucson bands Team mein seed through he url areas, espe northeast an Cesk whore cottages had often takes in weang wo augment Sant eaninge from the orn ground By B11, more sham 9 ted of Tancshires population was invelved inthe cot indy, mol In Inndoom wewing Spinning ones established in ror aces to tae avenge of water owe further stnoltd rural cote indus fry Wik the invention ofthe ste-powered mle spinner fete were ‘Stblshed in ub ree such ar Manchester ass. “The aay of chen ele anc labor wae spec imporant {or the exe industry Contemporary commentators who he onl ‘mented chat women ancien foun few ppt lp op por thie fais ose work wa formerly unproductive" For isan, several at of de gentry setup tread penninghinsesin wns around Glasgow and ‘he Lowlnde to provide stable femal emlayment = ‘oon the booming cotton ade neded he laker of wives and chien | 1 well 3p men. mating the las wo dead of the hone conuy 2 golden age of domestic industry.” Yr the very conditions tht fos ‘ered exile worker prosperity alintelyundersne t Medhaeason Trough new opportune for ten, such mle pinning bot employes soon ried tosfotutewonen and hldre on simpler machines, Fam ‘working together cold ergo income but they lo ied mare we ‘Grand thus overtake the ude “The tory of how spaning cue wo bea man tae in Lancashire and lage exemple she constant shits inthe gener dvsion of abr end ‘nary exons Brought aboot bythe eomon inary The png, fennies were at fst used within te home by women, who coal vas ‘peeae thei oupat of yar andcara more mone. the 17805 ill ferpalejenny-pinner coal ar ac much of mow hah a ale wewer = (One contemporary wrt cold not undenand why people bce he machines for they made a “precious difference.» in the guns of the females inthe fly” He wen on Ewer re tht the ese get es ye a5 his wife ges mony his fly docs nt sf." However, trae weavers by have their traionl marital dominance resend ile andepinnes witout aces tothe jennis found hat thei alendy meager eaings had plummeted In any cise the jony-rpnners’ prosperity aif aot as lang for the Inuoduction of waterpowered mule sinning machines sche fois nero thir caning” To be are at fis unt mils employed lomed the cotton indy for employing thse. 0 Women and Mn ix Plein Culture women and clden om ight mules, aking lvarage of the depeation Tha force eo aseptaw wage Buty the 1750 the advent eh tines mae posible age spianing mses whic required ot only sl ie steength, so cmplayers baat lente atresia tes wih a supply male arcane, Raph Mather, contemporary alleged tha the new ie Chines prevent weer Gam uring bo of shee wives and hen {ospnat home and hus ade it mpoasle or hi aes to urs. ‘As rsh he state ever 000 poor men hao els 8 sles or bilo to espe the tes of herring wits and ele." Dung Tabor tspse m8, vue spinner rest that fore the sex es {gins weeinedaced hk wives could work at home bratng ad clean Fels of ton for the spinner sth factory, "eaming gh te, elie shilling wok, ook and ated heir fae” But now lames the spinners the wives ave noenplayen, xcept they gow workin the aco al aya what cn be dane by hen fo fe sligs "= "At fist urban men sist factory employer but he lure of new highly pai acepatin esied many sans uch shemales tnd mars noe ap male pinning Lk ober workers, mule pn ‘ers inially expat tht their woes Sl elp osappt the Fay, ‘ther by rein fo her hishands a By engaging in ssi corton- Droesing tsk: However, mle spinner! high wages seem wo hve pat them inthe vanguard of the texte tds dey adopted the breadwinner ial ecm th 1820s, when high wages enabled them hep shir vives ome instead of ending her othe factories * Thee ome, ‘hough perhaps ony couple of roms ina tenement were iy and prose pero lien friced wth china books, clk, « mahogany bedstead, rd ktchen thing, and wives ba fed eh fais mest several ies ‘eek, They alo bd large es, for chen could een wages by a fing he ters or ther men.® Tn the vet indstry elke the atsanal system, female ad child Labor was say am inisoneble pare of the prac unit The sil tnale mule spinner, who ean and adie the hese, camplex machines, pid ite on young women east them ae ies, orig eogetor broken thea removing opines, and deuning the machsey. Mule Shinning wos orgasied sound fay nbr sete ia which a men Suprise pi female and chi or. When pos, hey hid chat ‘om relatives et sins, aoe often hanno ml pinned ot ave ‘hough hldren of the ight ae hey offen oko len rom ober families swe a wonnen® Even fa male spinner di nr supervise is ‘on chidten his per oer the proces ws pararcl As we shal se inner shapers the hd of male le piner on heir ghd tate ee Seuing te Stage 21 nas somewhat tenuous, Lancashire and urban Chswegin pines oreo lent non atiity tren hl peitons ga employers forse replace them with feral spinners. Ia Sean in parc Country mils economize by hiring cheap frale spinners inorder em pene for thir lack of echlopea novation Female camped 611 percent of he ton ndurtry work ors in Scand, as compared 505 | eset for Lanse” Tecoresemployed ge numbers of women and ire seader and alg wel pices Fr nancy, in 1809 forty-one orton al ia Refewshize (near Glasgow around Pile) employed tral of 932 :en 29 women and 17792 deen Lange pool of ingle women nee ‘work, epee in Scoland There, many fewer women raced than in England the proprdn of single women averaged around 20 percent of| ‘headlefemale yopulaton compared 0 10 percent in Eglin Male er {gation and the alle ofthe tel inde, which allowed single women {0 sappoc heme, however marginal, may acon for the grt proportion of Scots spines" In Lanai the ete ius pid tron and children higher wage than did ater scupatons algh ‘py oil lage ar behind men ‘While male me spinners created thrown provprity, however ten i, hoping thee wine 8 home and sending oly thew chile the factory, handler weavers silly dheove By dein thee wines and ~ baghters ii led wrk within the home Thy enjoyed the goen age In the ate eighteenth entry, when ening an sil unechanned ‘eaves held hemlet be spero to corean all wockrs, wor they indie ae degrade dy, and unshled™ Paley weavers for ntne, and god sandardflivig.Likehe snue pnoers, weaver could ard wo furnish tvs booses coiobly, they were enownel fr thi learning perhaps bese thee sede tary work gave them ve to tile In TAD4« Glagow weaver nosal tly rertomibered that 1782 “young joureyren weer xc the | tos anspicuus seats in our cy church dressed nas of cates ‘gu in quality, {bole eo thelr employers, cach ho ed and pow ‘Ered alan ple of los anda wate.” He was ale ost up at ‘pevablehoushold with home an loom shop “in the decent style of ‘adewme”™ ‘Wervers ried thelr independ fom supervision and hr reedom ts facetheirwerk As Jn Mackinnon cbered fom bi own experienc luting he fst decade ofthe nineteenth cenary, "xrmeynen i ma ‘other rads fost cccuptions and Bock nt th weaving ds tects tem the rde One principle wich induced grown en 22 (Wome and Men in Pebian Cala solute trade was the compte evedom fam conta which journey ‘tan weaver enjoyed: He wi x mich his os mane the propio of ‘factory forthe eninge ofa weaver oa be the level of masons fcr smth "> Weavers vewod theme ae ail, honor atsans ering feet Unlike rion arcs, however, male weavers wed mach of thelr sense of contol apd ther promerty 20 the Fary-tased econ ir ‘hey oul supers and prot fom, she Inbr f thir wives and ch dren. Wives helped inthe raducon of doth mos generally by winding "pte Seah ecm for bobbins, sing hee horas rn ving sop oko women to perform thistle Wier alo pan and they helped {he sins when ther husbands had lom shops. Dvd Glo n= till of Pais dhat wives roel pay tel bustans’deawboys (oa ‘Std waving) and also ced yarn fam she warchoare and delivered finished clerk Inthe 17, when tambouring, «typeof ebony, forse, ea cen wives an daughters cold also ear exta cash a ha ade Me ‘fants pve out the doth co wotnen who would embroider x imtton ‘of fsktonable Idan clo, Gis wou Ter he slat «warchouse and ‘hen work at home eich llowe paren to keep thet chen there ‘ather than snd then out sevice. Tambor work ale enabled young, men buy foniure ana finery. Asa clergyman noted disapproving, the dress af women was "ore showy and expensive than formerly ‘Young wien wre scarlet wool o Back ik os and high-cownd bate Co church intend of the of bron shal Some Gegow tmiboutes ‘sen purcied her own eaten crc Tarbouringsrenghend he fan esomomy by allowing waren work at ome In oth Lancashire and Glagow he core tok sy ther oppor toni for sinning ome, many women ao bean weaving Linen ‘nd woole hand weaving had erigally Ben am artical ae th ‘it appronieship eplaton, bt the greet demand fo labor eel rer 1790 inthe ew ate indy, ad employer to hte men ad ‘women witha indenture For «few pounds 2 sled weer would Teach other men and omer the ade" Sines handloom wenn wa =| ‘oy tolesn and, nthe aly years so prota, tnany High nd dpa Lowland agecaral workers took ip, event ‘ekg the rade and racing wages. By the te 15,4 Ato hid ‘the Bandloms in he oto online of the Gln area were operated by women Aczotdingto Duncan Bythll “ascaryas 808 al ‘ll wees in England may hate bon women and cen [Ube umtourng weaving by wie an dangers in fay workshops eC Sening te Stage) could sengthen the fry ecnomy-but it cos ala wen fay “ice By protidng a indcpendert soars of income fra single woman Morsoer ine men controled the wages of their wives s womans wey Sng wage cul rly goo support his dking In 1799, weaver frm Lancashire ald Palette ian eis, wife weer (or here women are weavers a lathe men apd instr er len inthe et of weeving and T have bead many dclace tha ehey lied beter sine thee haslands] enlisted than bore’ Buttheworkof women and cle in weaving es sscated th the Alief tetra In time of property cari mariage sd he profi bali of plying children led ole fies, an the sonst peg rane homered women’ wage-enring Eventually there len would ‘grow up abe weaves and oeratck dhe nde, Ween anderen far thermore, were moet to work on pin good, while wen worked on Uhebtter-yuyng hey dots or ancy wok” "The fortunes of handler weavers cxcltd ding the Napleonic ware and plangel precptously son afterward. Wages dropped drama ‘ily nd he formerly rod wears were redaced tos stay worsening __powent. Asa broads prayed one weaver nent, When pee Lp ar fl wae nd strife Ar fod was cheap and baw a’ fe ‘We made a shift jog thong ie Wirmoderetaly Ari mony apy man an wife Livan a ely. ‘Arter whens ane [alls gone) heer {Wi yore ase [shit change anther, ‘The hungry bene around vem gute, dal soe] wae the Whiledropi’ aed poet [ein] mithere [Nang ie ive] then “The huge supply of very law pid essere cll delayed meshes tin ofthe rade The power lom hd ben invented hy 1793 n lag tnd was Inco by 1800 Lancashire bu was git pie unt ISLS and not pected ne 183. ln 125, 2.400 per loom rd 240,000 Indoome were in persion: by 1823 there wer 55.000 pe ome and 225000 hannns.” Te ope the early power looms ile employed young women snost een t wage lower than men, an aious Ueto male andlor wees Aa we salle, hndlom mesersen rewcted angrily she that theirlvlRoo,stroyingpowelom fe Tolle However, the ft hat many handloom mes

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