SCADA Get The Facts

2/28/2014
Electrical Energy Conversion Research Laboratory

Institute of Technology Bandung
Theory of
Transformer
Nana Heryana
nana@konversi.ee.itb.ac.id
References
ABB Disribution Transformer Guide
1
2/28/2014
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
http://www.google.co.id/images?hl=id&q=distribution%20transformer%20construction&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1440&bih=699
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
Electricity Generation and Transmission in Hong Kong
2
2/28/2014
TRANSFORMER
BASIC THEORY
A transformer is a device
that convert ac electric
energy at one voltage level
at another voltage level.
TRANSFORMER
• Thomas A. Edison (1882)
Power Distribution System : New York-
York-USA ; 120 Vdc
Problems : Losses & Voltage Drop = inefficient
BASIC THEORY
1000 A
Rs=0,05 ohm/10km
50 V
120 V
70V
70 kVA
  58 %
120 kVA 50 kVA 70 kVA
3
2/28/2014
TRANSFORMER
BASIC THEORY
TRANSFORMER
BASIC THEORY
4
2/28/2014
TRANSFORMER
BASIC THEORY
Low voltage High Voltage
Real Application on Power System
The Ideal Transformer

BASIC THEORY
vP (t ) N P NP
 a Turn ratio a a
vS (t ) N S NS
5
2/28/2014
Magnetic Field study
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKxFLH2Nhe4&feature=related
6
2/28/2014
d
V  N
dt
Transformer
7
2/28/2014
Transformer
Transformer
di d
VL  L VL  N
dt dt
di d d
L N LN
dt dt di
8
2/28/2014
Transformer
Ketika terjadi perubahan arus

i, maka dihasilkan fluks
magnet di kumparan 1 ( 11 )
• Bagian fluks magnetik yang
hanya melingkupi kumparan 1
disebut fluks bocor (  L1 ) 
Fluks 1
melingkupi kumparan 1 dan
kumparan 2 disebut fluks

bersama ( 21 )  Fluks 2
d
11   L1   21 V2  N 2 21
dt
Ketika terjadi perubahan arus

I dikumparan 2, maka akan
dihasilkan fluks magnet di
kumparan ( L 2 )
hanya melingkupi kumparan
2 disebut fluks bocor (  12 )
 Fluks 1
• Sisa fluks magnetik yang
melingkupi kumparan 2 dan
kumparan 1 disebut fluks
bersama (  22 )  Fluks 2
d12
 22   L 2   12 V1  N1
dt
9
2/28/2014
Induktansi Bersama
Akibat Arus di kumparan 1 : Akibat Arus di kumparan 2 :
11   L1   21  22   L 2   12
d12
d21 VL1  N1
VL 2  N 2 dt
dt
d 21 di d12 di
N2  M 21 1 N1  M 12 2
dt dt dt dt
d d
M 21  N 21 21 M 12  N 1 12
di1 dt 2
Induktansi Bersama
10
2/28/2014
Induktansi Bersama
GGL di kumparan 1 GGL di kumparan 2 :
 1   21   L 1   12   11   12  2   L 2   12   21   22   21
d 1 d  11 d  12 d 2 d  22 d  21
V1  N 1  N1  N1 V2  N 2  N2  N2
dt dt dt dt dt dt
N 1 11  L1 i1 N 2 22  L 2 i 2
N 1 12  M 12 i 2 N 2  21  M 21 i1
di1 di di 2 di
V1  L1  M 12 2 V 2  L2  M 21 1
dt dt dt dt
IP(t) IS(t)
+ +
BASIC THEORY
VP(t) NP NS VS(t)
- -
iP (t ) 1
N P .i P (t )  N S .I S (t ) Turn ratio a 
iS (t ) a
11
2/28/2014
IP(t) IS(t)
+ +
BASIC THEORY
VP(t) NP NS VS(t)
- -
In term of phasor quantities
VP IP 1
a 
VS IS a
Power in ideal Transformer
Power Power
input
PIN  V P I P cos  P output
POUT  V S I S cos  S
BASIC THEORY
ideal P  S   POUT  VS I S cos 
Turn ratio VS  VP / a and I S  aI P

equation
VP
POUT  aI P cos  PIN
a
12
2/28/2014
Power in ideal Transformer
Active
power
POUT  V P I P cos   PIN
BASIC THEORY
reactive QOUT  VS I S sin  VP I P sin  QIN

power
Apparent
power S OUT  VS I S  V P I P  S IN
Impedance Transformer
Impedance =
ratio of the phasor voltage across it ti the phasor current
BASIC THEORY
IL
VL VL
ZL ZL 
IL
13
2/28/2014
Impedance Transformer
IP IS
+ +
V VS
Z 'L  P VP ZL 
IP ZL
IS
BASIC THEORY
VS
- -
if VP  aVS IP  IS / a
VP aVS V
Z 'L    a2 S
IP IS / a IS
Z 'L  a 2 Z L
The equivalent circuit of a

transformer
BASIC THEORY
VP VS
the model of a real transformer
14
2/28/2014
The equivalent circuit of

a transformer
VP aVS
BASIC THEORY
VP / a VS
The equivalent circuit of a

transformer
BASIC THEORY
VP aV S
15
2/28/2014
Mencari parameter Trafo
• Open-Circuit Test
BASIC THEORY
• Result : VOC IOC POC
Open--Circuit Test Result

Open
1
Conductance of the core-loss resistor GC 
RC
BASIC THEORY
1
Susceptance of the magnetizing inductor BM 
XM
Admittance YE  GC  jBM 1 1
YE   j
RC XC
I OC
Magnitude admittance YE 
VOC
16
2/28/2014
Open--Circuit Test Result

Open
POC
Power Factor PF  cos 
VOC .I OC
BASIC THEORY
Power Factor angle POC

  cos 1
VOC .I OC
I OC
Admittance YE   
V OC
I OC
YE    cos 1 PF
V OC
Test on transformers
Short-Circuit Test
BASIC THEORY
Result : VSC ,ISC ,POC
17
2/28/2014
Short--Circuit Test Result

Short
VSC
Series impedance Z SE 
I SC
PSC
BASIC THEORY
PF  cos 
Power Factor of the current VSC .I SC
PSC
Lagging - Current angle (-),Impedance angle (+)   cos 1
VSC .I SC
VSC 0 0 V
Therefore, Z SE   SC 
I SC    I SC
Short--Circuit Test Result

Short
Series impedance
BASIC THEORY
Z SE  Req  jX eq
Admittance
Z SE  ( R P  a 2 R S )  j ( X P  a 2 X S )
18
2/28/2014
The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20 kVA, 8000 / 240 V, 60 Hz

transformer are to be determined. The open circuit test were performed
on the primary side of the transformer, and the following data were
BASIC THEORY
taken :
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test

(on primary) (on primary)
VOC = 8000 V VsC = 489 V
IOC = 0,214 A IsC = 2,5 A
POC = 400 W PsC = 240 W
Is
Ip R eq j X eq a
BASIC THEORY
+ +
I he 38 . 4  j 19 2 
Im
Vp a Vs
Rc jXm
15 9 k  j 38 . 4 k 
- -
19
2/28/2014
The per-
per-unit system of measurement
actual quantity
Quantity per unit 
base value of quantity
BASIC THEORY
In single-phase system : Pbase , Qbase or S base  Vbase I base
Vbase
Z base 
I base I base
Ybase 
Vbase
(Vbase ) 2
Z base 
S base
TERIMA KASIH
Nana Heryana
nana@konversi.ee.itb.ac.id
20

SCADA Get The Facts

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SCADA Get The Facts

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2/28/2014

Electrical Energy Conversion Research Laboratory

ABB Disribution Transformer Guide

Electricity Generation and Transmission in Hong Kong

120 kVA 50 kVA 70 kVA

Low voltage High Voltage

Real Application on Power System

The Ideal Transformer

Magnetic Field study

Magnetic Field study

Magnetic Field study

Ketika terjadi perubahan arus

The Ideal Transformer

Ketika terjadi perubahan arus

The Ideal Transformer

The Ideal Transformer

In term of phasor quantities

Power in ideal Transformer

ideal P  S   POUT  VS I S cos 

Turn ratio VS  VP / a and I S  aI P

Power in ideal Transformer

reactive QOUT  VS I S sin  VP I P sin  QIN

The equivalent circuit of a

the model of a real transformer

The equivalent circuit of

The equivalent circuit of a

Mencari parameter Trafo

• Result : VOC IOC POC

Open--Circuit Test Result

Open--Circuit Test Result

Power Factor angle POC

Result : VSC ,ISC ,POC

Short--Circuit Test Result

Short--Circuit Test Result

The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20 kVA, 8000 / 240 V, 60 Hz

Open-circuit test Short-circuit test

IOC = 0,214 A IsC = 2,5 A

POC = 400 W PsC = 240 W

In single-phase system : Pbase , Qbase or S base  Vbase I base

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen