CH 1 - Understanding Sociology, Political Science and Anthropology

CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE

AND ANTHROPOLOGY
PROF. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, B.S.Ed., Ll.B., M.A.R.E., C.I.S.
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

San Pedro College
Davao City
SOCIO 100 – UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & POLITICS SHS / GR-12
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
• Sociology is a systematic and scientific study that focuses on
human or social behavior and the human or social activity that
flows from it in the context of societal structures, social institutions
and social change.
– Human and Social Behavior: arises from human and social
interaction or social relationship between two or more people.
– Social Interaction: refers to the interactive and dynamic
relational process between two or more people.
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WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
and social change.
– Social Structures: refer to the organized pattern of social
relationships and social institutions that together constitute
society. They refer to the fact that social forces, which is not
always visible to the human eye, guide and shape human
behavior.
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WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
and social change.
– Social Institutions: They are the established and organized
systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized
purpose. They confront individuals at birth and transcend
individual experience, but they still influence individual
behavior.
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WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
and social change.
– Social Change: refers to the alteration of society over time.
While society is basically stable yet it is constantly changing.
This change affect human behavior.
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SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC WAY OF

THINKING
• Sociology is a scientific way of thinking
about society and its influence on human
groups. Observation, reasoning, and
logical analysis are the tools of
sociologists.
• Sociology is inspired by the fascination
people have for observing people, but it
goes far beyond casual observations. It
builds from objective analyses that others
can validate as reliable.
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SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON…

1. Human Social Behavior.
– Human social behavior is one that

arises from the interaction of people
in a social context.
2. Social Structures.
– Social structures are stable pattern of
human social behavior.
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Types of Social Structure
1. Microstructures.
– They are patterns of intimate social
relation formed during face-to-face
interaction.
– For example: families, friendship
circles, work associations, etc.
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2. Macrostructures.
– They are patterns of social relations
that lie outside and above your circle
of intimates and acquaintances.
– For example: Barangay,
Congressional Districts, Philippines
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3. Global Structures.
– They are patterns of social relations
that lie outside and above the
national level
– For example: international
organizations, worldwide travel and
communication, economic relations
between countries
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Tischler (2011, pp. 4-5) has the following

goals in the study of sociology, to wit:
1. To understand social situations and look
for repeating patterns in society.
2. To attempt to understand the forces that
operate throughout society – forces that
mold individuals, shape their behavior,
and, thus, determines social events.
3. To broaden our perspective on the world
by looking at the world a little differently
from the way we usually do.
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Ferranti (2011, p. 7) added another goal:

4. To help us understand how social forces
come to be and how they affect our sense
of self, our relationships with and
connections to others, the opportunities
open to us, the barriers in life we
encounter, and the relative ease or
difficulty by which we can break through
those barriers.
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SOCIAL FORCES
• They are anything human or otherwise
created that influence, pressure, or push
people to interact, behave, or think in
specified ways.
– People can embrace social forces,

be swept along, be bypassed by
them, or challenge them.
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SOCIAL FORCES
• The following are considered

to be the basic social forces
in the 21st Century:
1. Globalization
2. Racial Classification
3. Technology
4. Symbolic Meanings
5. Institutions
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SOCIAL FORCES
1. GLOBALIZATION.
– Globalization encompasses the ever-

increasing flow of goods, services,
money, people, technology, images,
information, and other things that move
across national borders.
– Globalization can be a largely

invisible social force, but it affects our
daily lives in countless ways.
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SOCIAL FORCES
2. RACIAL CLASSIFICATION.
– Race is not a biological reality

but a human-created way of
categorizing people by
assigning meaning to skin
shades and other physical
characteristics.
– A social force of immense

significance.
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SOCIAL FORCES
3. TECHNOLOGY.
– Technology includes
any human inventions
created to meet some
need.
– The use of technology

would make human
life comfortable and
convenient.
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SOCIAL FORCES
4. SYMBOLIC MEANINGS.
– Humans have assigned great symbolic

meaning to diamonds — the stones are
a sign of engagement, marriage, love,
and wealth.
– These meanings are a social force that
has helped to create an almost
insatiable demand for the stones.
– Other symbols: money, wine, water, etc.
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SOCIAL FORCES
5. INSTITUTIONS.
– Humans create institutions or relatively

predictable arrangements that channel
and coordinate human activity in ways
to meet some need, such as the need to
pass on accumulated knowledge to new
generations.
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A. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT.

• Enlightenment – refers to the age of
reason which is characterized by faith in
the ability of human reason to solve
society’s problems.
• Intellectuals believed that there were

natural laws and processes in society to
be discovered and used for the general
good.
• Modern science was gradually

supplanting traditional and religious
explanations for natural phenomena with
theories confirmed by experiments.
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B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

1. AUGUSTE COMTE (1798–1857).
• French philosopher who coined the
term sociology.
• He believed that just as science had
discovered the laws of nature,
sociology could discover the laws of
human social behavior and thus help
solve society’s problems.
• Positivism – a system of thought in
which scientific observation and
description is considered the highest
form of knowledge, as opposed to
religious dogma or poetic inspiration.
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2. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE (1805–1859).
• A French citizen who travelled to

the United States as an observer
beginning in 1831.
• He thought that democratic values

and the belief in human equality
positively influenced American
social institutions and transformed
personal relationships.
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2. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE (1805–1859).
• He felt that in the United States the
tyranny of kings had been replaced by
the tyranny of the majority.
– Tyranny of the Majority - refers to
the ability of a majority to impose
its will on everyone else in a
democracy.
• He felt that, despite the emphasis on
individualism in American culture,
Americans had little independence of
mind, making them self-centered and
anxious about their social class
position.
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3. HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802–1876).
• A British citizen who embarked on

a long tour of the United States in
1834.
• She was fascinated by the newly
emerging culture in the United
States.
• She used the powers of social
observation to record and analyze
the social structure of American
society. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO

3. HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802–1876).
• She authored two books:

– Society in America (1837): is an
analysis of the social customs
that she observed.
– How to Observe Morals and
Manners (1838): She discussed
how to observe behavior when
one is a participant in the
situation being studied.
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4. HERBERT SPENCER (1820–1903).
• He developed a theoretical
approach to understanding society
that relied on evolutionary
doctrine by observing the negative
aspects of the Industrial Revolution
in England – the struggle,
competition, and violence.
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• He used an organic analogy that
compared society to a living organism
made up of interdependent parts to
explain both social structure and social
changes.
• In his Social Darwinism, he concluded

that the evolution of society and the
survival of those within it were directly
linked to their ability to adapt to
changing conditions in accordance
with the law of “survival of the fittest”.
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• He said that a free and competitive
marketplace without governmental
interference was essential so that the
best and the brightest would succeed
and, in turn, help build a stronger
economy and society.
• He opposed welfare or any other

means of helping the weak or the
poor, believing that such efforts would
weaken society in the long term by
helping the “unfit” to survive.
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• These ideas appealed to wealthy
industrialists and government officials,
who used Spencer’s theory to
scientifically support policies and
practices that helped them maintain
their wealth, power, and prestige at
the expense of those less fortunate.
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C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.
• Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max

Weber: The three giants of the
European Sociological Theory:
• They are classical thinkers because

the ideas they offered more than 150
years ago continue to influence our
understanding of society, not just in
sociology but in other fields as well
(such as political science and history).
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1. EMILE DURKHEIM (1858–1917).
• France was in the throes of great
political and religious upheaval.
• Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) was
rampant.
• Durkheim, himself Jewish, was
fascinated by how the public
degradation of Jews by non-Jews
seemed to calm and unify a large
segment of the divided French
public.
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• He wrote that public rituals have a
special purpose in society as they
create social solidarity.
– Social Solidarity: refers to the
bonds that link the members of
a group.
• He explored what forces hold
society together and make it
stable.
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• People in society are glued
together by belief systems.
• The rituals of religion and other
institutions symbolize and
reinforce the sense of belonging.
• Public ceremonies create a bond
between people in a social unit.
• By publicly punishing people, such
rituals sustain moral cohesion in
society.
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• He viewed society as an entity

larger than the sum of its parts.
• He described this as society sui

generis (which translates as “thing
in itself”), meaning that society is a
subject to be studied separately
from the sum of the individuals
who compose it.
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• Society is external to individuals,

yet its existence is internalized in
people’s minds—that is, people
come to believe what society
expects them to believe.
• Society is an integrated whole—

each part contributing to the
overall stability of the system
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• He created the term social facts.
• Social Facts – are those social
patterns that are external to
individuals. Things such as customs
and social values exist outside
individuals, whereas psychological
drives and motivation exist inside
people.
• Social facts, therefore, are the
proper subject of sociology; they
are its reason for being. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO

• He analyzed rates of suicide in a

society, as opposed to looking at
individual (psychological) causes of
suicide.
• He showed that suicide rates

varied according to how clear the
norms and customs of the society
were, whether the norms and
customs were consistent with each
other and not contradictory.
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• Anomie (the breakdown of social
norms) exists where norms were
either grossly unclear or
contradictory; the suicide rates
were higher in such societies or
such parts of a society.
• It is important to note that this
condition is in society—external to
individuals, but felt by them (Puffer
2009).
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• Social Solidarity – refers to:
1. EMILE DURKHEIM (1858–1917). 1. The degree to which group members
share beliefs and values; and
2. The intensity and frequency of their
interaction.
• Altruistic Suicide – occurs in high solidarity
settings, where norms tightly govern
behavior. Altruism means devotion to the
interests of others. Altruistic suicide is one
in the group interest.
• Egoistic Suicide – results from a lack of
integration of the individual into society
because of weak societal ties to others.
• Anomic Suicide – occurs in low-solidarity
settings where norms governing behavior
are vaguely defined. Anomie means
“without order.”
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He was a revolutionary thinker

whose ideas affected not just the
growth of sociology but the course
of world history.
• He argued that capitalism is an
economic system based on the
pursuit of profit and the sanctity of
private property.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He used a class analysis to explain
capitalism.
• Capitalism – is a system of
relationships among following BOURGEOIS
different classes: PETTY

BOURGEOIS
1) The Bourgeois. PROLETARIAT / LUMPEN
PROLETARIAT
2) The Petty Bourgeoisie (small
business owners and managers).
3) The Proletariat (or working class),
and the Lumpenproletariat.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He said that profit, the goal of

capitalist endeavors, is produced
through the exploitation of the
working class.
• Workers sell their labor in exchange

for wages, and capitalists make certain
that wages are worth less than the
goods the workers produce.
• The difference in value is the profit of

the capitalist.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He viewed that the capitalist class

system is inherently unfair because
the entire system rests on workers
getting less than they give.
• He thought that the economic

organization of society was the most
important influence on what humans
think and how they behave.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He found that the beliefs of the

common people tended to support
the interests of the capitalist system,
not the interests of the workers
themselves.
• The capitalist class controls the

production of goods and the
production of ideas.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• The capitalist class owns the
publishing companies, endows the
universities where knowledge is
produced, and controls information
industries—thus shaping what people
think.
• He considered all of society to be
shaped by economic forces. Laws,
family structures, schools, and other
institutions all develop to suit
economic needs under capitalism.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He took social structure as his subject

rather than the actions of individuals.
• He viewed that it was the system of

capitalism that dictated people’s
behavior.
• He saw social change as arising from

tensions inherent in a capitalist
system—the conflict between the
capitalist and working classes.
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2. KARL MARX (1818–1883).
• He left us an important body of

sociological thought springing from
his insight that society is
systematic and structural and that
class is a fundamental dimension
of society that shapes social
behavior.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
pronounced “vayber”)
• He theorized that society had three
basic dimensions: political, economic,
and cultural.
• A complete sociological analysis must
recognize the interplay between
economic, political, and cultural
institutions.
• He was credited with developing a
multidimensional analysis of society.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• He also theorized extensively about

the relationship of sociology to social
and political values.
• He did not believe there could be a

value-free sociology because values
would always influence what
sociologists considered worthy of
study.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• He thought sociologists should

acknowledge the influence of values
so that ingrained beliefs would not
interfere with objectivity.
• The task of sociologists is to teach

students the uncomfortable truth
about the world.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• Faculty should not use their positions

to promote their political opinions.
• They have a responsibility to examine

all opinions, including unpopular ones,
and use the tools of rigorous
sociological inquiry to understand why
people believe and behave as they do.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• He introduced the term verstehen

(meaning “understanding” and
pronounced “vershtayen”).
• Verstehen (a German word) refers to

understanding social behavior from
the point of view of those engaged in
it.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• He believed that to understand social
behavior, one had to understand the
meaning that a behavior had for
people.
• He did not believe sociologists had to
be born into a group to understand it
but he did think sociologists had to
develop some subjective
understanding of how other people
experience their world.
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3. MAX WEBER (1864–1920;
• He defined social action as a behavior
to which people give meaning.
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D. SOCIOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES.
• American sociology was built on the

earlier work of Europeans, but unique
features of U.S. culture contribute to
its distinctive flavor.
• In the early twentieth century, as

sociology was evolving, most early
sociologists in the United States took
a reform-based approach,
emphasizing more the importance of
applying knowledge for social change.
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• American sociologists believed that if
they exposed the causes of social
problems, they could alleviate human
suffering.
• The nation in the early twentieth century

was moving to a more urban society, with
a new mix of immigrants and visible
problems such as those we face today:
urban blight, hunger, poverty, and racial
segregation.
• It was believed that sociology could

explain how these problems were caused
and, therefore, be used to create change. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
• THE CHICAGO SCHOOL.
– It included scholars who wanted to

understand how society shapes the
mind and identity of people. George Herbert Mead
(1863-1961)
– George Herbert Mead and Charles

Horton Cooley: thought of society as
a human laboratory where they could
observe and understand human
behavior to be better able to address
human needs, and they used the city
in which they lived as a living Charles Horton Cooley
laboratory. (1864-1929)
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1. ROBERT PARK (1864–1944).
• A journalist who worked in several
Midwestern cities.
• He was a key founder of sociology.
• He was interested in urban problems
and how different racial groups
interacted with each other.
• He was also fascinated by the
sociological design of cities, noting
that cities were typically sets of
concentric circles.
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1. ROBERT PARK (1864–1944).
• At the time, the very rich and the very

poor lived in the middle, ringed by
slums and low-income.
• He would still be intrigued by how

boundaries are defined and
maintained in urban neighborhoods.
• He viewed that social structure of

cities continues to be a subject of
sociological research.
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2. JANE ADDAMS (1860–1935).
• The only sociologist to win the Nobel

Peace Prize in 1931.
• She used her skills as a research

sociologist to develop community
projects that assisted people in need.
• She was a leader in the settlement

house movement providing services
and doing research to improve the
lives of slum dwellers, immigrants, and
other poor people.
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3. IDA B. WELLS-BARNETT (1862–1931).
• Born a slave, she learned to read and

write at Rust College, a school
established for freed slaves, later
receiving her teaching credentials at
Fisk University.
• She was an active crusader against

lynching and for women’s rights,
including the right to vote.
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3. W. E. B. DUBOIS (1868–1963;
pronounced “due boys”).
• He was a prominent Black scholar, a

cofounder of the NAACP (National
Association for the Advancement of
Colored People) in 1909.
• A prolific writer, and one of the best

American minds.
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3. W. E. B. DUBOIS (1868–1963;
• He received the first Ph.D. ever

awarded to a Black person in any field
(from Harvard University).
• He studied for a time in Germany,

hearing several lectures by Max
Weber.
• He was deeply troubled by the racial

divisiveness in society.
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3. W. E. B. DUBOIS (1868–1963;
• He said that “the problem of the
twentieth century is the problem of
the color line.”
• He envisioned a community-based,
activist profession committed to social
justice.
• He believed in the importance of a
scientific approach to sociological
questions, but he also thought that
convictions always directed one’s
studies.
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3. W. E. B. DUBOIS (1868–1963;
• He introduced the concept of “dual (or
double) consciousness.”
• Dual Consciousness – is an awareness
of people of seeing themselves
through the eyes of others thereby
leading them to always be alert to
how others see them, and at the same
time, to develop a strong collective
identity of themselves as what they
are.
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E. SOCIOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES.
• Sociology in the Philippines may be divided into three stages

(Panopio, 2003):
1) Sociology as social philosophy;
2) Sociology regarded as problem or welfare-oriented; and
3) Sociology geared towards scientific orientation.
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• Sociology in the Philippines may be divided into three stages:
1) Sociology as social philosophy.
– It may be characterized by the inclusion of sociology in

college and university offerings and taught as social
philosophy at the University of Sto. Thomas (UST),
University of the Philippines (UP) and at Siliman
University.
– Fr. Valentin Martin was the first to introduced sociology

in the Philippines when he initiated a course
criminology at the University of Sto. Thomas.
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2) Sociology regarded as problem or welfare-oriented.
– It was introduced by Serafin N. Macaraig who was the

first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in sociology
from the University of Wisconsin, USA.
– Social researches were made by western social

scientists on Philippine ethnic groups when sociology
and anthropology were merged into a department
headed by H. Otley Beyer.
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– It started by the 1950s.
– It may be characterized by the following:
a. Increased number of educational exchange program
research grants notably from the Rockefeller and Ford
Foundations, the National Economic Council, Agency for
International Development, and UNESCO;
b. The establishment of social science research centers
such as the University of the Philippines, Ateneo
University, Xavier University, Siliman University, Divine
Word University, University of San Carlos, Mindanao
State University, Asian School Institute and De La Salle
University; ANTONIO C. CAYETANO

– It started by the 1950s.
– It may be characterized by the following:
c. The publication of professional journals such as the
Philippine Sociological Review;
d. The creation of professional societies, councils and
institutes such as Philippine Sociological Society (PSS),
the Community Development Research Council (CDRC)
and the Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC) founded by
Fr. Frank Lynch at the Ateneo University; and
e. The conduct of professional meetings and conferences.
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• SOME FILIPINO SOCIOLOGISTS AND THEIR

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOLOGICAL
KNOWLEDGE (San Juan and Centeno, 2016):
1. JOCANO F. LANDA.
– “Youth in a Changing Society” – a

participant-observer study done in a
manila slum area. Excellent discussion
on how youth subculture norms, beliefs,
values and behavioral patterns are
developed through frequent interaction
among members of the group.
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1. JOCANO F. LANDA.
– “Growing Up In A Philippine Barrio” –

an anthropological study of the ways by
which infants become members of adult
society and bearers of that society’s
culture using a framework the complete
life cycle from birth to death.
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2. CARLOS FERNANDEZ AND FRANK LYNCH.
– “The Tasaday: Cave Dwelling Food

Gatherers of Southern Mindanao” –
contains a very good description of the
culture of the Tasadays, a group of
people recently “found” in the
mountains of Cotabato.
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3. GELIA T. CASTILLO.
– “Occupational Sex Roles as Perceived by

Filipino Adolescents” – discussion of
changing concepts of sex roles based on
attitude-survey response of high schools
seniors.
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CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
(San Juan and Centeno, 2016):
4. RODOLFO A. BULATAO.
– “Ethnic Attitudes in Five Philippine Cities” –
a survey which links social psychology
tendencies with ethnic attitudes.
5. ERIC S. CASIÑO.
– “Integration and the Muslim Filipinos” – an
analysis of factors which impede the
integration of Muslims in the mainstream of
Philippine society.
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6. ANA MARIA PERALTA & MARLENE C.

LIGAN.
– “Philippine Population: Implication,
Programs and Policies” – this book presents
the Philippines’ population problem and its
implication from the standpoint of
population education rather than of
demography.
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7. MINA RAMIREZ.
– “The Paradox of the Filipino Family” – an
interpretative analysis of the Filipino family
from varied standpoints.
8. VITALIANO R. GOROSPE & RICHARD DEATS.

– “The Filipino in the Seventies: An
Ecumenical Perspectives” – A Catholic priest
and a Protestant pastor write on religious
involvement in social life in the
contemporary Philippines. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO

9. WALDEN E. BELLO.
– “Brain Drain in the Philippines” – an
exploration as to who migrates abroad, what
the motivations are and what methods might
decrease the migration.
10. MERCEDES B. CONCEPCION.

– “The Nation’s Youth: A Profile” – a
comprehensive treatment of the social effect
of the number of youth and the Philippine
population composition. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSPECTIVE
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WHAT IS A PERSPECTIVE?
• A framework for thinking about and

explaining how societies are organized
and/or how people in them relate to
one another and respond to their
surroundings.
ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
• A framework for thinking about and

explaining how societies are organized
and/or how people in them relate to
one another and respond to their
surroundings.
TWO LEVELS OF SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

1. MICROSOCIOLOGY
2. MACROSOCIOLOGY
ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
MICROSOCIOLOGY
• A theoretical framework that centers
on face-to-face social interaction.
• It studies individuals and group
processes in society.
MACROSOCIOLOGY
• It strives to understand society
as a whole.
ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
ANTONIO C. CAYETANO
ANTONIO C. CAYETANO

CH 1 - Understanding Sociology, Political Science and Anthropology

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CH 1 - Understanding Sociology, Political Science and Anthropology

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CHAPTER 1

UNDERSTANDING SOCIOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE

PROF. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, B.S.Ed., Ll.B., M.A.R.E., C.I.S.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC WAY OF

SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON…

– Human social behavior is one that

SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON…

SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON…

SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON…

Tischler (2011, pp. 4-5) has the following

Ferranti (2011, p. 7) added another goal:

– People can embrace social forces,

• The following are considered

– Globalization encompasses the ever-

– Globalization can be a largely

– Race is not a biological reality

– A social force of immense

– The use of technology

– Humans have assigned great symbolic

– Humans create institutions or relatively

A. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT.

• Intellectuals believed that there were

• Modern science was gradually

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

• A French citizen who travelled to

• He thought that democratic values

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

• A British citizen who embarked on

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

• She authored two books:

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

• In his Social Darwinism, he concluded

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

• He opposed welfare or any other

B. THE EARLY THINKERS.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max

• They are classical thinkers because

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• He viewed society as an entity

• He described this as society sui

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• Society is external to individuals,

• Society is an integrated whole—

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• He analyzed rates of suicide in a

• He showed that suicide rates

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• He was a revolutionary thinker

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

different classes: PETTY

C. THE CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.

• He said that profit, the goal of