A Founder Member of Lecture Notes and

The Geosynthetics Interest Support Documents

Group of South Africa

Filtration & Drainage With

Geosynthetics
Kaytech CPD Lecture No 2 of 7

Content of 4GB Flash Drive

(196 MB Data)

1
 What Is A Geosynthetic ?

“A Planar, Polymeric (Synthetic or

Natural) Material,

Used In Contact With Soil / Rock . .

And / Or Any Other Geotechnical Material

In Civil Engineering Applications.”

International Geosynthetics Society

(IGS) ( www.geosyntheticssociety.org )

Geosynthetics Interest Group of South Africa

(GIGSA) ( www.gigsa.org )

Separation:
Heavy-Grade Nonwoven Geotextile Over a Low-Bearing
Capacity Soil

N2 Construction: Durban Area

‘PC’
Type

2
What Is A Geosynthetic ?

“A Planar, Polymeric (Synthetic or

Natural) Material,

Used In Contact With Soil / Rock . .

And / Or Any Other Geotechnical Material

In Civil Engineering Applications.”

International Geosynthetics Society

(IGS) ( www.geosyntheticssociety.org )

Geosynthetics Interest Group of South Africa

(GIGSA) ( www.gigsa.org )

A South African
Private Company

Founded As
Noel P Hunt
In Durban
in 1945

3
Head Office, Regional Office & Stores
Regional Office & Stores in Durban In East London & P.E.
Atlantis
Production
Facility:

Regional Office & Stores Regional Office & Stores in Cape

in Johannesburg Town, Factory At Atlantis

Atlantis Atlantis Production Facility:

Production Needlepunched Nonwoven
Continuous-Filament Polyester Geotextiles
Facility: (1978)

4
 Atlantis Production Facility:
Warp-Knitted Polyester Geogrids
(2007)

Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles

RockGrid ‘PC’ on Gautrain / Snake Valley Traverse N2 Kokstad

Over Dolomitic Strata

‘PC’
Type

GeoComposite
GeoComposite

5
 Atlantis Production Facility:
‘KX’
Type
Needlepunched Nonwoven
Staple-Fibre Polypropylene
Geotextiles
(2009)

17 m High Block Retaining Wall (Tunney Industrial - Germiston)

Friction Reinforced Structures cc

EnviroRock Geocontainers
Langebaan Lagoon

Geocontainers
Maitland (P.E.) Water
Pipeline Scour Protection

6
 Amanzimtoti Rail Rehabilitation
Client: PRASA
Consultant Madan Singh & Associates
Contractor: Leomat Plant Hire

Amanzimtoti Rail Embankment Collapse : Dec 11 2012 1 500 EnviroRock Geocontainers

EnviroRock Geocontainers Atlantis Production Facility:

Durban Beachfront
Needlepunched
Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs)
(2010)

GeoComposite

7
 Manufacture of Kaytech’s
Continuous Filament Polyester
Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles:
GeoComposite bidim®

Food-Grade Polyester (PET)

8
Labour-Intensive

9
 100% Food-Grade Polyester (PET)

Consumption Equivalent to 30 Million 2-Litre

Soft Drink Bottles per Year

“Recycling polyester reduces energy

consumption by 84% Polyester
and greenhouse emissions by 71%”
(compared to using virgin fibre) Spunbonded
USA National Association
for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR)
Continuous Extrusion
Filament
Drawing
Web

Spunbonding
http://www.napcor.com/pdf/FinalReport_LCI_Postconsumer_PETandHDPE.pdf

10
 Spunbonded
Continuous
Filament

Needlepunched

Finished Geotextile
“A large number of openings
should be present in the geotextile
so that proper flow can be
maintained even if some of the
openings later become blinded,
Needlepunching blocked or clogged”
(SANRAL Drainage Manual: 6th
Edition Page 12 -8)

How Long Will These Geosynthetics

Last on Your Project?
Durability

11
Concrete – Over 2 000 Years of
Successful History
Polyethylene – 1931

(The Pantheon in Rome

Aramid Polyamide (Nylon) – 1935
– World’s Largest Unreinforced Coffered Concrete Dome) Polyester Polyester – 1941
Polypropylene – 1954
Polyamide
Aramid – 1966 (1st use – 1972)

Stress kN/m
Polypropylene

Polyethylene

Strain %

Comparitive Stress - Strain for Polymers

Expected Lifespan Of Geosynthetics Expected Lifespan Of Geosynthetics

The Polymers That Geosynthetics Are Made From The Polymers That Geosynthetics Are Made From
Are Resistant To Biodegradation
Are Resistant To Biodegradation (Anticipated Lifespan > 500 Years)
(Anticipated Lifespan > 500 Years) What About Animal Attack?

12
 Up to 30% of the Volume of PVC Sheeting is Made up
Expected Lifespan Of Geosynthetics of Plasticiser

Animal Attack:
Not a Problem

+ Plasticiser
(± 30% by Volume) =
There is no Plasticiser
In Modern Geotextiles

Characteristics Of False-Colour Image of the Sun's Corona

As Seen in Deep Ultraviolet by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope

Continuous Filament
Needlepunched Nonwoven
Polyester Geotextiles

• Resistant To Strong Chemicals

Action of Sulphuric Acid Over 72 Hours Action of Sodium Hydroxide at 100oC

4%
Sodium
Hydroxid
e at 20°C
has a pH
of 14

This image was generated by NASA via

http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/sunearthday/media_viewer/flash.html

13
Polyester Specification is Important: These Are Not Systems
Resistance To Bought In A Bazaar!

Sunlight

14
 6 Main Functions Of Functions of Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics
• Filtration:
• Filtration “The retaining of soil or other particles subject to
hydrodynamic forces, while allowing the passage of
• Drainage fluids into or through the geosynthetic”.

• Separation • Drainage:
• Reinforcement “The use of a geosynthetic material to collect and
transport fluids”.
• Barrier
• Erosion Control International Geosynthetics Society
(IGS) Definitions
( www.geosyntheticssociety.org )

Filtration:
Lining to a Roadside Subsoil Drain
Why Does the
““A large number of openings
should be present in the geotextile
SANRAL
so that proper flow can be
maintained even if some of the Drainage
Manual Say
openings later become blinded,
blocked or clogged”
(SANRAL Drainage Manual: 6th
Edition Page 12 -8)
That?

(Manual is in Your Lecture Notes)

http://www.nra.co.za/content/DrainageManualApplicationGuide-6thEdition-
2013.pdf
ISBN 978-0-620-55429-9 ( 34 Mb Download )

15
Manufacturing Techniques
1.Woven Geotextiles
• Woven Flat Tape (e.g.) “Kaytape ”
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus & Usually Made of PP)

• Low Permittivity
• High Strength
Compared to
Woven Needlepunched
Nonwoven,
Slit Film Very Few Pores
per m2
Geotextile Drainage Grades
(Magnified x 100) ± 40 - 70 l /m2/s)

Manufacturing Techniques
Windhoek : Kupferberg Landfill
1.Woven Geotextiles MultiCell® Lining Protection
• Woven Monofilament
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus)

Woven
Monofilament
Geotextile

Multi-Cell:
Made From Woven Flat Tape Geotextile Jan Palm Consulting Engineers

16
 Windhoek : Kupferberg Landfill
MultiCell® Lining Protection

Multi-Cell:
Made From Woven Flat Tape Geotextile Jan Palm Consulting Engineers

Manufacturing Techniques
Erosion Protection: Multi-Cell Concrete
Erosion Protection: Multi-Cell Grass-Lined
Stormwater Channel Lining (Medupi)
Stormwater Channel

1.Woven Geotextiles
• Woven Flat Tape (e.g.) “Kaytape ”
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus & Usually Made of PP)

• Low Permittivity
• High Strength

Erosion Protection: Multi-Cell Concrete

Woven
Stormwater Channel Lining (Stellenbosch
Landfill) Slit Film Compared to
Needlepunched

Geotextile Nonwoven,
Very Few Pores
(Magnified x 100) per m2
Drainage
Grades
= ± 40-80L/m2/s
Liner Protection: Multi-Cell Concrete
Stormwater Dam Lining (Assmang Cato Ridge)

17
Manufacturing Techniques Charl Malan Quay: Port Elizabeth

1.Woven Geotextiles
• Woven Monofilament
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus)

Woven Monofilament Geotextile

Woven
Monofilament Dredged silts &
Sands

Geotextile Silt fraction flow

Sand

Manufacturing Techniques
2. Woven Geotextiles
• Woven Multifilament Geotextile (e.g.) “ReStrain ”
(Always HIGH Tensile Modulus)

Woven
Multifilament
Geotextile
(Magnified x 100)

18
 Spunbonded
Continuous
Filament

Needlepunched

Finished Geotextile

Woven
Multifilament
Geotextile

Manufacturing Techniques Soil

2. Nonwoven Geotextiles Characteristics Of
• Continuous Filament, Needlepunched (PP or PET)

• Mechanically Bonded ( e.g. “bidim”,

“bidim”, “Polyfelt” etc.)
Continuous Filament
(Usually LOW Tensile Modulus) Needlepunched Nonwoven
Polyester Geotextiles

Bidim Fabric
Non -Woven
Continuous
Filament 80%
• High Permittivity

Needle Porous (Ability To Transmit Water

Punched Drainage
Grades
Through Normal Plane)

Geotextile = 285 l (Bidim A2 Drainage Grade

(Magnified x 100) /m2/s)
= 285 l / m2 /sec )

19
 Good Filtration &
Drainage Designs
Require a Balance
Between Retention and How Geotextiles Work
Permeability
In Filtration
Suggested Reading:

The Kaytech (And When Problems Can Be

“Geotextile as Filters”
Design Guide
Anticipated)

(In Your Lecture Notes).

How Geotextiles Work In Need for Filters

Filtration
Successful Geotextile Design Can be Achieved by
Following Four Principles:
1. If the larger pores in the geotextile filter are smaller than the larger
soil particles, the soil will not pass through (Piping)
Drainage
2. If the smaller pores in the geotextile filter are large enough for the
smaller soil particles to pass through, the geotextile will not “Clog” Media
or “Blind”

3. If there are a large number of pores in a geotextile filter, adequate

flow will be maintained, even if some pores become blocked

4. If a geotextile is conformable, and has adequate strength, it will

survive installation Soil
Being Drained

20
 Need for Filters
Traditional, or
Graded
In Subsoil Drains,
No Filter Leads to ‘Terzaghi’
Contamination of
Drainage Media Drainage Filter
Media (Very Difficult
Flow of Water & Time-Consuming
to Build – Vertical
Filters Require
Soil Shuttering)

Being Drained

Graded
Filter:
OK for the
Floor, But Time-Consuming,
the Sides… Expensive to Build
(Very Difficult Vertical Filters
& Time- Require Shuttering)
Consuming to
Build – Vertical
Filters Require
Shuttering)

21
 Traditional ‘Terzaghi’
Granular Filters (1922)
(Applicable only to cohesionless soils.
Not always possible to find the
gradings required – may need to be
manufactured)

D15
Karl von Terzaghi 1883 - 1963
‘Father’ of Modern Soil Mechanics
D15
Soil to be D85

Retained D85 Retention: Where:

D85
D15
(soil)

≤5
D85
D15 (Granular filter)

Terzaghi’s Rule for autostability

Filter Zone (See also Sherard etc.)

In Critical Structures, Geotextile Can Be

In Filtration, Geotextiles Used As An Adjunct To
Frequently Replace Note Grading Graded Filters
‘Terzaghi’ Filters Of Combination Filter

Clay Core
Fabric
Sand
Flow of Water Fine Gravel
Coarse Gravel

A Geotextile is a filter
with Tensile Strength
Granular Filters have
Compessive Strength

22
 Soil Being Drained
However, In Most Applications, Stage 1:
The Geotextile Is a Stand-Alone
Filter Water
Starts To
Here’s How It Works… Flow

Stage 2:
Formation of
Natural Soil Filter Zone
For satisfactory
performance, the overall

Soil permeability of the Soil

Filter, the Bridging

Being Drained
Network and Geotextile
should be greater than
the in-situ soil (& remain
so!)

23
 Unidirectional Flow Unidirectional Flow
Conditions Conditions
• Mechanisms Influencing a graded soil • Blocking
filter Ø Where Soil Particles on the Surface of the
– Blocking Geotextile Partially or Totally Obstruct the Pore
Openings
– Clogging
– Blinding Soil Particles Blocking the Openings of a
Woven Tape Geotextile

A symptom of these mechanisms is a

Reduction In Permeability
of the drainage system

Manufacturing Techniques
Unidirectional Flow
1.Woven Geotextiles
Conditions
• Woven Flat Tape (e.g.) “Kaytape ”
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus & Usually Made of PP) • Physical Blinding
• Low Permittivity – a type of severe blocking where a cake of fine
particles forms on the surface of the geotextile
• High Strength
Mud Blinding a Geotextile Filter
Compared to
Woven
(Can Happen to Any Geotextile)
Needlepunched
Nonwoven,
Flat Tape Very Few Pores
per m2
Geotextile Drainage Grades
(Magnified x 100) ± 20 - 40 l /m2/s)

Mine Tailings Blinding over a Woven Tape

24
 Typical Drawing of a Subsoil Drain
Subsoil Drains Must (NRA Standard)
Be Backfilled as
Soon as Geotextile
Has Been Installed
Backfill

Importance Of Soil-Filter Contact Characteristics Of

Continuous Filament
Needlepunched Nonwoven
Polyester Geotextiles (e.g. bidim )

• Low Tensile Modulus (Will Extend Considerably

Before Breaking)
Bidim A2 Bidim A4 Bidim A6

But – we should not be looking at elongation at UTS…

25
 Heat &
Pressure
Thick Fluffy Fabric
In

Thin Fabric Out

Geotextile – Heat-Bonded Product

Ref: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the USA

Stiff, Strong,
Susceptibility to
Damage Reduces

100 High Modulus Fabric:

(e.g. woven or heat-bonded)
W
% of Ultimate Strength

80
B
-H
W
CN

NP
NP

60 W : Woven
W-
W-

CNW-HB : Continuous Filament

SN
CN

40 Non Woven -Heat Bonded Soil – Geotextile Contact

CNW-NP : Continuous Filament
Is Not Good,
Non Woven - Needle Punched
20 SNW-NP : Staple Fibre Non Woven - Fines Can Erode Out of
Needle Punched Soil & Blind & Clog
Geotextile
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
However, More Important
Than Strain at Break, is Strain (%)
Elongation at LOW Stress

26
 Strong, Low Modulus
Fabric:
Soil – geotextile
contact is good,
fines can’t erode out
of soil

Also, use 6 mm Ø stone

aggregate, and compact
with a small vibratory plate
compactor to deform fabric
into voids in side of trench

Unidirectional Flow Conditions

• Clogging
Ø Where Soil Particles Penetrate and Are Held Within
the Geotextile Due to the Constriction of the Channels

Ø NB: A single-plane woven geotextile is unlikely to

clog – Particles either block or pass
Mine Tailings
Entrapped Within a
Nonwoven Geotextile

For Nitty-Gritty Design Work

Consult The Kaytech
“Geotextiles as Filters” Design Guide

27
 Water in
EN 12956
095W
Wet Sieving
(for Unidirectional
Flow
(e.g. Subsoil
Drains)

SANRAL: N1 Rehabilitation
Hammanskraal – Pienaarsrivier
Jeffares & Green / Concor Roads
130 000 m² x A4
October 2012

28
 The CGSB* 148.1 #10
Hydrodynamic Filtration Test

Examples of Bi-
Directional Flow
Regimes

(*Canadian General Standards Board)

29
The Hydrodynamic
Filtration Test
CGSB-148.1.10
095H

Durban Harbour:
T Jetty Anti-Scour Apron

30
Case History: Thesen’s Island, Knysna
Thesen’s Island, Knysna

Hydrodynamic Test: Thesens Island

Results: Soil Retained by the Geotextile

Only shells Only shells >95% Retained

Kaytape S120 Kaytape Bidim A2

Thesen’s Island, Knysna S210

31
 Coega Harbour Revetment:
10 Metre Wide Bidim

Couga IDZ: Port of Ngqura

Hydrodynamic Test: Coega Proposed New Durban Dug-Out Port

3% Retained 99% Retained

97% Passing 1% Passing

Kaytape S270 Bidim A7

32
 Tailings Drainage
A Special Case

For Nitty-Gritty Design Work

Consult The Kaytech
Some RSA Tailings Grading Curves “Geotextiles as Filters” Design Guide

33
 Beatrix Mine: Free State

Typical Tailings Blanket Drain

Construction To avoid Blinding

Temporary Protective Layer

Filter Sand
Drainage Stone

In-Situ Soil

Good Filtration &

Drainage Designs
Require a Balance
Between Retention and
Permeability

Suggested Reading:

The Kaytech
“Geotextile as Filters”
Design Guide
(Available as a PDF
Document) Let’s Take a Short Break !
Request from Your Kaytech
Representative. (Hopefully You Will Not Find This Here!)

34
 Problem:
Biochemical Blinding

Let’s Take a Ferrous Hydroxide: Fe (OH2) - Soluble

+ O2 è

Break! Flocculated Ferric Hydroxide: Fe(OH3)

A.K.A. ‘Ochre’ or ‘Goethite’ – Insoluble

“Mr. Davies, may I be excused? Ref: D V W K Bulletin 6 s “Subsurface Drainage Instructions” s 2nd Ed s Pages 32 – 132
Prof Rudolf Eggelsman s German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (ATV - DVWK) s 1987
My brain is full.”

Manufacturing Techniques
2. Nonwoven Geotextiles
• Continuous Filament, Needlepunched (PP or PET)

• Mechanically Bonded ( e.g. “bidim”,

“bidim”, “Polyfelt” etc.)
(Usually LOW Tensile Modulus)

Non -Woven
Ferric Oxide (‘Goethite’) Depositions Continuous
Filament 80%
Needle Porous
Punched Drainage
Grades
Geotextile = 285 l
(Magnified x 100) /m2/s)

35
 Biochemical Blinding Manufacturing Techniques
1.Woven Geotextiles
• Woven Flat Tape (e.g.) “Kaytape ”
(Usually HIGH Tensile Modulus)

Woven
Flat Tape
Geotextile
(Magnified x 100)

‘Goethite’ Entrapped Within

a Formerly 80% Porous Non Woven Geotextile

Consider Using Large-Opening Size

Geotextile Like a Monofilament
(Geomesh®)

Ameliorating
Measures

36
 Consider Submerged Drain Outlet
Detail To Limit Oxygen Supply
Remember: Ferrous Hydroxide: Fe (OH2) - Soluble
+ O2
Flocculated Ferric Hydroxide: Fe(OH3)
A.K.A. ‘Ochre’ or ‘Goethite’ – Insoluble Precipitate

(Geomesh®) Stormwater Channel

From Tailings
Solid HDPE Pipe From Drain

Underdrains

In-Situ Soil
(Endecon Ubuntu)

Suggested Drainage Alternative To Limit Cut-off Drain In Poor

Oxygen Supply
Soil Conditions
SLOPE
TOP SOIL

Backfill With a Clean

Drainage Sand on the
Upstream Side
CLEAN FREE-DRAINING
BACKFILL UPSTREAM FILTER
OF FLOW SLOPE
TION TOP SOIL
HEIGHTS OF 330 - 2000mm)

DIREC
(FLO-DRAIN AVAILABLE IN

DRAINAGE CORE
FLOWNET

CLEAN FREE-DRAINING
BIDIM NONWOVEN BACKFILL UPSTREAM FILTER OW
OF FL
GEOTEXTILE TION

HEIGHTS OF 330 - 2000mm)

DIREC

(FLO-DRAIN AVAILABLE IN
DRAINAGE CORE
FLOWNET
VARIES

100mm PERFORATED PIPE BIDIM NONWOVEN

GEOPIPE GEOTEXTILE

VARIES
100mm PERFORATED PIPE
GEOPIPE
AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE
SLOPE CUT-OFF DRAIN USING AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE
SLOPE CUT-OFF DRAIN USING
CLEAN SAND BACKFILL CLEAN SAND BACKFILL

37
 What
Happens
When We
Don’t Take
Soil Tests !

Laboratory Testing
Unidirectional Flow Why We Need Drains !
Long Term Gradient Ratio Test

HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

38
Drains Come In “A large number of openings
should be present in the geotextile
Drawdown To A Subsoil Drain
All Sizes, And
so that proper flow could be
maintained even if some of the
openings later become blinded,
Usually blocked or clogged”
Spacing Dependant On Soil Conditions

Include: (SANRAL Drainage Manual:

Corrected Pages, Addenda 1-15
October 2007: WEB2B: P 9-7)

• An Excavation (Deep
As Possible) Drained Zone
For Sandy Soil
• A Geotextile Filter

• A Pervious Pipe
• Drainage Media
• And The Filter Wraps
Saturated Zone
Up Everything

Basic Principle:
Width Has Very Little Influence
Drawdown To A Subsoil Drain On The Performance Of A Subsoil Drain

Depth Has The Greatest Influence

Spacing Dependant On Soil Conditions

Drained Zone For Clayey Soil

Drained Zone For

Sandy Soil

Drained Zone
For Sandy Soil

Saturated Zone

39
 Conventional Drain
RSA NRA Standard

:X X
1
1:
300 300 900 600 200

SBP SLOPE
BASE 1:6 PREFERABLY
1:4
1:2
SUBBASE
125mm CLASS 25/19
SELECTED CONCRETE
PVC
LAYERS

FLOW
ION OF
BIDIM NONWOVEN DIRECT
GEOTEXTILE

VARIES
COARSE FILTER MATERIAL

100mm PERFORATED PIPE

35
GEOPIPE M100

400

TYPICAL SUBSURFACE
INTERCEPTION DRAIN
SCALE: 1:25

At Around R 350 / m3 –
What’s All That Stone
Doing In The Drain ?

Only To Hold The Sides

Of The Trench Open!

40
And . . .
Because Most
Why Are Many Contractors Don’t Have a
Backhoe With a Bucket
Subsoil Drains Narrower Than 600 mm!
So W I D E ? - -
- Wasting so
Much Stone?

Alternative:
Subsoil Drainage
With
Flo-Drain
Alternative Drainage
TM

Solutions: No Crushed Stone To

Bring Onto site. . .

Fin Drains No Excavated Soil To

Remove From Site. . .

41
 Flo-Drain®
Can Flo-Drain
Really Perform
as Well as
Something Like
This?

Subsoil Drainage Design

Capacity of Flo-Drain
W 6

Flo-Drain Geocomposite
Q = H 0.21 litres/s/m @ 40
Insitu soil
kPa
permeability (k)
= (1.0m x 0.00021)
H = 1 000

Ks = 5.79 x 10-6m/s
= 2.1 x 10-4 m2/s per
linear metre

F.O.S. = 2.1 x 10-4m3/s

5.79 x 10-6m3/s

F.O.S. = 36
400

42
GeoPipe Wall 70% Open
For Infiltration

Flo-Drain®
Simple Assembly of System on Site
BENEFITS

Remember:

No Crushed Stone To
Bring On to site. . .

No Excavated Soil To
Remove From Site. . .

43
If Soil Allows
Narrow Trenching
One Truck Can
Carry 100s of
Can Really Save On Costs
Metres of
Complete Drain
Easy to Install

Can Be
Tailor-
Made to
Any Depth

44
 Figure 12.2 page
12-6 of SANRAL
Drainage Manual
(6th Edition)

Some Costing Exercises Cost of Materials to Site: Stone

“Conventional” Subsoil Drains

vs. Flo-Drain

45
 Cost of Cost of
Materials to Materials to
Site Site
1km Sub-soil Drain: 1km Sub-soil Drain
1m Deep x 450mm (Flo-Drain x 1 m High)
(conventional)

For 1 km of conventional stone subsoil drain Rate Value

19mm Stone = 450m³ (75 6m3 Truckloads) R 350/m3 R 157 500 For 1 km of Flo-Drain subsoil drain Rate Value

Flo-Drain 1000 = 1 020m² R 50/m R 51 000

Bidim A2 = 3 707 m² R 7.0/m2 R 25 949

Flo-Pipe 100mm ø = 167 lengths x 6m R 24/m R 24 048

Geopipe 100 mm ø = 1 002m R 33/m R 33 066

“Conventional” = R 207 497 (59.5 % Saving) Total/km: R 84 066

Total/km: R 207 497

How to Place Flo-Drain in a

Trench

46
 Cut-off Drain: ‘Good’ Cut-off Drain: ‘Poor’
Soil Conditions Soil Conditions
Place Flo-Drain on Upstream Side Backfill With a Clean Drainage Sand
of Trench, Backfill with Same on the Upstream Side
Material Excavated

SLOPE
SLOPE TOP SOIL
TOP SOIL

CLEAN FREE-DRAINING
MATERIAL EXCAVATED OW
BACKFILL UPSTREAM FILTER OF FL
FROM TRENCH
FLOW TION

HEIGHTS OF 330 - 2000mm)

N OF DIREC

(FLO-DRAIN AVAILABLE IN
DRAINAGE CORE
DIR ECTIO FLOWNET

DRAINAGE CORE
FLOWNET BIDIM NONWOVEN
GEOTEXTILE

BIDIM NONWOVEN

VARIES
GEOTEXTILE 100mm PERFORATED PIPE
GEOPIPE
100mm PERFORATED PIPE
GEOPIPE
AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE
AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE
SLOPE CUT-OFF DRAIN USING SLOPE CUT-OFF DRAIN USING
EXCAVATED MATERIAL
CLEAN SAND BACKFILL

‘Poor ‘ Soil Condition

Both Sides (e.g.
‘Swampy’)
Backfill With a Clean
Drainage Sand on Both
Sides

TOP SOIL

CLEAN FREE-DRAINING
BACKFILL UPSTREAM FILTER

FLOW
N OF
CTIO
DIRE

DRAINAGE CORE
FLOWNET

BIDIM NONWOVEN
GEOTEXTILE

100mm PERFORATED PIPE

400 - 800
GEOPIPE
FLAT AREA DRAIN BACKFILL
WITH CLEAN SAND

47
 Crushing The pipe
When Backfilling
Must Be Avoided!

SLOPE
TOP SOIL

Structural
Important:
1.6 x Pipe ∅
MATERIAL EXCAVATED
FROM TRENCH
TION
OF FL
OW
Drainage
DIREC

Non - Plastic DRAINAGE CORE

Fill Over
FLOWNET

Pipe Before
BIDIM NONWOVEN
GEOTEXTILE

Compacting
100mm PERFORATED PIPE
GEOPIPE
AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE

(To Prevent SLOPE CUT-OFF DRAIN USING

Collapsing Pipe) EXCAVATED MATERIAL

Structural Drainage:

• Flo-Drain
EXCAVATED MATERIAL
BACKFILL
RockGrid High- • Geopipe
strength geogrid under
bedding sand to prevent • FlowNet
differential settlement FLOW
of paving over N OF
CTIO
compacted fill area Fully-bonded waterproofing (may DIRE
be painted-on rubberised bitumen,
as Flo-Drain prevents hydrostatic
Flo-Drain findrain leads pressure on waterproofing) FLO-DRAIN
seepage water to collector DRAINAGE CORE FLOWNET 500HP &
drain and prevents damage to BIDIM NONWOVEN GEOTEXTILE
waterproofing
PLACE 1.6 X PIPE Ø
NON-PLASTIC FILL OVER PIPE
BEFORE COMPACTING
Collector drain: M100R
100mm GEOPIPE
Geopipe surrounded by 19 mm
crushed stone, with a bidim A2
SIZES (BY 30m LONG):
geotextile filter jacket
400mm 1000mm
500mm 1650mm
550mm 2000mm
825mm
Drainage of Basement Blanket drain: FloNet surrounded SECTION FLO-DRAIN™ WITH
Structures (NTS) by bidim A2 geotextile filter jacket
GEOPIPE™ COLLECTOR

48
 Flownet Strips Under bidim

Note Sand
Backfill
Over Pipe

49
 Good Waterproofing & Drainage Required!

Flo-Drain®

Good Waterproofing & Drainage Required!

Kaytape S270
Geotextile
Filter &
Support Layer
Waterproofing
Membrane
Growth Medium

Filter Sand

Fully-Adhesed DN3 HDPE Kaymat U24

Membrane Flownet Geotextile
Waterproofin Instead Of Protection
g Heavy Stone Layer

50
 Characteristics Of Drainage:
Continuous Filament Geotextile Acts As Sole Drainage Media Between
Needlepunched Nonwoven Approach Fill and Bridge Abutment
Polyester Geotextiles
• High Transmissivity (Ability To Transmit Water
Through Plane Of Material)

NonWoven Geotextile

Geotextile Acts As a Drain

Lydenburg June 1981

51
52
 N4 Schagen – Nelspruit MegaFlo 150
SANRAL-SNA-WBHO

Sports Field
Drainage

Conventional School kids Playing in Cold, Wet Mud

“Herringbone”
Drainage Builds Character!
Layout Surface water
has to filter
through many
metres of soil
between
drains

Slow
Draining:

Inappropriate
for National
Stadia

53
Bafokeng Stadium
Blanket Drain

Typically 300 mm

However…

Problems With Incorrectly Centurion . . .

Designed Sports Turf Drainage

54
Jhb Athletics Stadium . . .

Failure!

Grass Grown in Sandy Soil,

With Lightweight Grid in Root
Zone
Note water ponding on clay
where grass has been
harvested…

Note organic, slow-draining

soil…

55
 Engineers Must Have Eyes
In the Back of Their Heads!

Mbombela Stadium: Nelspruit

Engineers Must Have Eyes

In the Back of Their Heads!
Filtration:
Sports Stadia Field Drainage

56
Green Point Stadium Cape Town
MegaFlo Drainage System

Green Point Stadium

Cape Town
MegaFlo Drainage
System

Moses Mabhida Stadium Durban

MegaFlo Drainage System

57
Princess Magogo Stadium – KwaMashu
MegaFlo Drainage System

A New Technique
Permeable Pavement
(Allows Stormwater To Recharge Groundwater)

30 MPa Concrete Paving Blocks

20 mm Washed River Sand Bedding
80 mm Compacted Coarse Washed River Sand

Bidim
Bidim A5
A5
500 mm Deep x 160 mm Dia. Crushed Rock

Bidim A5

Subgrade

58
 SA’s First Permeable Pavement Project Using
Permeable Paving Blocks
(“The Ritz” Fairland, Jhb – an Affordable Housing Project)

4 320 m² Permeable Pavement

Newly Laid, Infitration Rate = ±9 000l l m² / h

Long-term, Will Reduce to ±1 000l l m² / h

59
Septic Tank Drainfields Disadvantages of Stone Filling
♦ Biomat solids build up
between stones, limiting
infiltration

♦ Dust in stone reduces

infiltration rate

♦ Stone mass leads to

compaction of underlying
soil

♦ Stone surface contact

masks infiltrative area

INSPECTION EYE
100mm PIPE AND END CAP

MOUND FOR PROPER DRAINAGE ESTABLISH VEGETATIVE COVER

‘Infiltrator’
Chambers TOPSOIL

Alternative to Stone - Filled

Soakaways 300 min.
COVER
INSITU BACKFILL

INSITU
SOIL

406
LOUVRED
255 SIDEWALL 255
(Over 3 x Storage
Volume of Stone-
Filled Drain)
Good for shock- 700
loadings (e.g. 864
schools) 900

SECTION

60
 Garden Cities / Nolan Civils
Storm Water Attenuation in Parklands, C.T.

SABS 0400-1990 SABS 0400-1990

Infiltrator Chamber Calculators Are Available Infiltrator Chamber Calculators Are Available

61
Infiltrator Chamber Stormwater Infiltrator Chamber Stormwater
Attenuation and Soakaway Attenuation and Soakaway

Geotubes for Dewatering

Sludges

Infiltrator Chamber Stormwater

Attenuation and Soakaway

62
Filter Fabrics Erosion Control With
Behind Gabions
Gabions

63
64
 Filters in Earth Embankment
& Rockfill Dams
Filter Under Rip-Rap On Filter On
Bidim with Sand- Earth Embankment Dam Both Sides
Of Core Drain
Filled Gabion On Earth
Dam
Bags to
Supplement Filter Around
Toe Drain On
Rock Infill Earth Dam

Filter On Both Sides Of

Clay Core On Rockfill
Dam

Filters in Earth Embankment

& Rockfill Dams
Bill Legge Filter Under Rip-Rap On
Earth Embankment Dam
DWAF Chief Engineer
(Civil Design)
1972 to Retirement in 1986

A South African (and World)

Pioneer In the Use of Geotextiles
In Large Embankment Dams

65
Riprap Applications Are Very
Demanding of the Geotextile: Filters in Earth Embankment
Heavy Grade Required
& Rockfill Dams

Filter Around
Toe Drain On
Earth Dam

Drainage Blanket Between Chimney Drain

And Toe Drain Of Kwena Earth Dam
Filters in Earth Embankment
& Rockfill Dams

Filter On Both Sides Of

Clay Core On Rockfill
Dam

66
Filter Blanket On Both Sides Of Clay Core On
Mokol Rockfill Dam Note Grading
Of Combination Filter
Clay
Fabric
Sand
Fine Gravel
Coarse Gravel

Suggested Reading on
Geotextiles in Dams
Geosynthetics - What About
(In Your Lecture Notes) The Environment?

67
 In Conclusion…
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment
of Geosynthetics versus
Conventional Construction Materials

“A filter using a geosynthetic layer causes lower impacts

compared to a conventional gravel based filter layer with regard
Where to Get More
to all impact category indicators investigated.
Information?
For all indicators the filter with geosynthetics causes less than
25 % of the impacts of a conventional gravel based filter.”

68
 Lecture Notes and Content of 4GB Flash Drive
Support Documents (196 MB Data)

The Geosynthetics Interest Group

of South Africa

www.geosynthetica.net
www.geosyntheticssociety.org
“Geosynthetics For Africa”
www.kaytech.co.za Cape TownsSouth AfricasWednesday 2nd to Friday 4th September 2009

The First IGS Regional Conference Held In Africa

In Association With The Geotechnical Division Of

The South African Institution Of Civil Engineering

http://www.geoafrica2009.org/

69
 Lining & Leak Detection
System For Hazardous Waste

Design Resources

Terminology
& Symbols
Guide

“IGS_Sym5.pdf”
In Your
Lecture
Notes
E-Book Format $ 4.0 each (2 Volumes) Just Google Them !

70
 6 Main Functions Of
Geosynthetics
• Filtration
Kaytech Design • Drainage
• Separation
Assistance Service
• Reinforcement
• Barrier
• Erosion Control

Benefits of Using
Geosynthetics

• Savings in Materials
• Labour-Saving or Intensive So, Why Not Use Them?!
• Savings In Plant
• Simpler Construction
• Savings In Maintenance

71
 Introduction To

Road Pavement
Maintenance
With Geosynthetics

Information
Overload?

Kaytech CPD Lecture No 6 of 7

A Founder Member of
The Geosynthetics Interest Group of South Africa

A 7-Part CPD Series

of Lectures

1) Introduction to Geosynthetics (13 November 2014)

2) Filtration and Drainage with Geosynthetics

3) Erosion Control with Geosynthetics

4) Soil Reinforcement Using Geosynthetics

5) Lining Systems Incorporating Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs)

6) Road Pavement Maintenance with Geosynthetics

7) Formed In-Situ Dam Linings with Geosynthetics

Thank You for Your Interest!

72
That’s All,
Folks!

“Mr. Davies, may I be excused?

My brain is full.”

73