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Epinephrine Pharmacodynamics:  Bronchospasm,  Preexisting  CNS: tremor,  Interferes with tests for urinary
Relaxes bronchial anaphylaxis hypertension vertigo, pain, catecholamines
Classification: smooth muscle by  Hemostasis  occlusive vascular headache,  Drug of choice in emergency treatment
Cardiac Drugs, stimulating beta2  Acute asthma disease agitation, of acute anaphylactic reactions
Antiglaucoma receptors. Stimulates attacks  angle-closure drowsiness, fear,  Avoid IM use of parenteral suspension
Preparations, alpha and beta  Prolong local glaucoma (eye weakness in buttocks
Antiasthmatic & COPD receptors in the anesthetic effect drops)  CV: palpitation,  Monitor BP, pulse, respirations, and
Preparations sympathetic nervous  Restore cardiac  hypersensitivity HPN, tachycardia, urinary output and observe patient
system rhythm in cardiac  cardiac angina pain, altered closely following IV administration.
arrest arrhythmias or ECG Epinephrine may widen pulse pressure.
Pharmacokinetics: tachycardia  GI: nausea,  Check BP repeatedly when epinephrine
Onset: 5-15 min  shock vomiting is administered IV during first 5 min,
Duration: 1-4 hrs  organic brain  Resp.: dyspnea then q3–5min until stabilized.
damage  Skin: urticaria,  Advise patient to report to physician if
pallor symptoms are not relieved in 20 min or
 Other: tissue if they become worse following
necrosis inhalation.

Ranitidine Pharmacodynamics:  Duodenal and  Contraindicated in  CNS: vertigo,  Drug is minimally absorbed and causes
Competitively inhibits gastric ulcer patients malaise, headache few adverse reactions
Classification: action of Histamine on  Gastroesophageal hypersensitive to  EENT: blurred  Monitor patient for severe, persistent
Antacids, Antireflux the H2 at receptor sites reflux disease drug and those with vision constipation
Agents & Antiulcerants of parietal cells,  Erosive acute porphyria  Hepatic: jaundice  Be alert for early signs of
decreasing gastric acid esophagitis  Other: burning and hepatotoxicity (though low and thought
secretion.  Heartburn itching at injection to be a hypersensitivity reaction):
site, anaphylaxis, jaundice (dark urine, pruritus, yellow
Pharmacokinetics: angioedema sclera and skin), elevated
Absorption: 2-3 hr transaminases (especially ALT) and
(oral); 15 min (IM) LDH.
Distribution: Crosses  Instruct patient to continue
the placental barrier; prescribed regimen to ensure complete
enters breast milk. healing. Pain and other ulcer signs and
Metabolism: converted symptoms may subside within first few
to N-oxide, S-oxide and weeks of therapy
desmethylranitidine.
Excretion: Urine within
24 hr; feces; 2-3 hr
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Gentamycin Pharmacodynamics: Serious  Contraindicated in  CNS: headache,  Use cautiously in neonates, infants and
Inhibits protein Infections patients lethargy, dizziness, elderly
Classification: synthesis by binding Endocarditis hypersensitive to drug seizure, vertigo,  Monitor urine output, specific gravity,
Aminoglycosides, Eye directly to the 30S prophylaxis for and other ataxia urinalysis, BUN and creatinine levels.
Anti-infectives & ribosomal subunit. GI or GU aminoglycosides  CV: hypotension Notify physician for signs of
Antiseptics, Ear Anti- Usually bactericidal. procedure or  EENT: blurred vision, decreasing renal function
infectives & surgery tinnitus  Watch for super infections
Antiseptics, Topical Pharmacokinetics:  GI: vomiting, nausea  Repeat C&S if improvement does not
Antibiotics Absorption: Topical  Hematologic: anemia, occur in 3–5 d; reevaluate therapy
(denuded skin and eosinophilia
burns)  Muskuloskeletal:
Distribution: Crosses muscle twitching
the placenta and enters  Resp.: apnea
the breast milk.  Skin: rash, pruritus
Accumulates mainly in  Other: fever,
the kidneys (PO) anaphylaxis
Excretion: urine 2-3 hr

Lanoxin Pharmacodynamics:  Heart failure,  Contraindicated in  CNS: fatigue, muscle  Monitor apical pulse before
(Digoxin) Increases the force of paroxysmal patients weakness, agitation, administering.
Classification: myocardial contraction. supraventricular hypersensitive to hallucinations,  Monitor blood pressure periodically in
Cardiac Drugs Prolongs refractory tachycardia, atrial drug headache, malaise, patients receiving IV dogoxin.
Antiarrhythmics, period of the AV node. fibrillation and  Those with digitalis- vertigo, stupor  Monitor intake and output ratios and
inotropics Decreases conduction flutter induced toxicity, V  CV: arrhythmias daily weights.
through the SA and AV fib, V tach unless  EENT: yellow-green  Observe patient for signs and
nodes. Increased caused by heart halos around visual symptoms of toxicity.
cardiac output (positive failure images, blurred vision,  Oral preparations can be administered
inotropic effect) and light flashes, without regard to meals.
slowing of the heart photophobia, diplopia  Before administering initial loading
rate (negative  GI: anorexia, nausea, dose, determine whether patient has
chronotropic effect). vomiting, diarrhea taken any digitalis preparations in the
Pharmacokinetics: preceding 2-3 wk.
Onset: 5-30min (IV)
Peak: 1-4 hr (IV); 2-
6hr(PO)
Duration: 3-4 days
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Clonidine Pharmacodynamics:  Essential and renal  Contraindicated in  CNS:drowsiness,  Do not discontinue prior to surgery;
(Catapres) Stimulates alpha2- hypertension patients fatigue, depression monitor BP carefully during surgery;
adrenergic receptors in hypersensitive to  CV: orthostatic have other BP-controlling drugs readily
Classification: CNS to inhibit drug hypotension, available.
cardiovascular agent; sympathetic vasomotor brdycardia  Store epidural injection at room
central-acting centers. It decreases  GI: constipation, dry temperature; discard any unused
antihypertensive; systolic and diastolic mouth, nausea, portions.
analgesic BP and heart rate. vomiting  Reevaluate therapy if clonidine
Orthostatic effects  GU: urine retention tolerance occurs; giving concomitant
tend to be mild and  Skin: pruritus diuretic increases the antihypertensive
occur infrequently.  Other: loss of libido efficacy of clonidine.
Also inhibits renin  Monitor BP carefully when
release from kidneys. discontinuing clonidine; hypertension
usually returns within 48 hr.
Pharmacokinetics:
Onset: 0.5-1 hr (PO);
2-3 days (transdermal)
Duration: 12-24hr
(PO); 7-8days
(transdermal)

Tramadol Pharmacodynamics:  Moderate to  Those with acute  CNS: headache,  Monitor CV and resp. status. Withhold
Centrally acting moderately severe intoxication from vertigo, seizures if resp. decrease or rate is below 12
Classification: synthetic analgesic pain alcohol, hypnotics,  CV: vasodilation breaths/minute.
Analgesics (centrally compound not centrally acting  EENT: visual  Monitor bowel and bladder function.
acting) chemically related to analgesics, opiods disturbances Anticipate need for laxative.
opiates. Bind opioid  GI: nausea,  For better analgesic effect, give
receptors and inhibit constipation, vomiting, before onset of intense pain
reuptake of anorexia, flatulence,  Monitor for at risk of seizures
norepinephrine and anorexia  Monitor for drug dependence.
serotonin.  GU: urine retention,
Pharmacokinetics: urinary frequency
Peak: 2 hr (PO)  Resp.: resp. depression
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Citicholine Activates the  Cerebrovascular  Any allergy or  Fleeting and Watch out for hypotensive effect
biosynthesis of Diseases hypersensitivity to the discrete hypotension  Monitor patients neurologic
Classification: structural  Accelerates the drug effect, increased status
Nootropics & phospholipids recovery of  Hypertonia of parasympathetic  Note if there are signs of
Neurotonics in the neuronal consciousness and the parasympathetic affects, low blood slurring of speech
membrane, increases overcoming motor nervous system pressure  Note for adverse reactions
cerebral metabolism deficit  Use cautiously  Itching or  Titer medication when
and increases the level for pregnancy and hives, swelling in face discontinuing
of various lactation or hands, chest
neurotransmitters,  Conscious use tightness, tingling in
including acetylcholine for patient with renal mouth and throat
and dopamine. and hepatic damage

Tranexamic Acid Pharmacodynamics:  Haemorrhage  Severe renal failure,  Diarrhoea, nausea,  Check for doctor’s order
Tranexamic acid is an  Hereditary active intravascular vomiting, disturbances
 Perform ANST prior to
Classification: antifibrinolytic agent angioedema clotting, in colour vision,
Hemostatic that competitively admission
thromboembolic giddiness, hypotension
inhibits breakdown of disease, colour vision (after rapid IV inj),  Should not be given if
fibrin clots. It blocks disorders, thromboembolic positive skin test
binding of plasminogen subarachnoid bleeding. events.  Slow IV push
and plasmin to fibrin,
 Inform the patient about the
thereby preventing
haemostatic plug possible side effect of the drug
dissolution.  Advise patient to report any
discomfort on the IV insertion
Pharmacokinetics: site
Absorption: GI tract;
 Provide safety
Peak: 3 hr (oral).
Distribution: Crosses
the placenta and
distributed into breast
milk.
Excretion: Urine (as
unchanged drug); 2 hr
(elimination half-life).
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Ampicillin Pharmacodynamics:  Biliary tract  Contraindicated with  GI upset, nausea,  Culture infected area before
Bactericidal action infections allergies to penicillins, vomiting, diarrhoea; treatment; reculture area if
Classification: against sensitive  Endocarditis cephalosporins, or blood dyscrasias; response is not as expected.
Penicillins organisms; inhibits  Peritonitis other allergens urticaria, exfoliative  Check IV site carefully for signs
synthesis of bacterial  Otitis media  Use cautiously with renal dermatitis, rash; of thrombosis or drug reaction.
cell wall, causing cell  Bronchitis disorder fever, seizures;  Do not give IM injections in the
death.  Perinatal interstitial nephritis. same site; atrophy can occur.
streptococcal Potentially Fatal:  Monitor injection site
Pharmacokinetics: infections Anaphylactic shock;  Do skin test
Peak: 1-2 hr (oral)  Gastroenteritis pseudomembranous
Excretion: urine.  Susceptible colitis; neuromuscular
infections hypersensitivity;
electrolyte imbalance.

Dopamine Pharmacodynamics:  To correct  Pheochromocytoma;  CV: Hypotension,  Monitor blood pressure,

Hydrochloride Naturally occurring hemodynamic tachyarrhythmias or ectopic beats, pulse, peripheral pulses, and
neurotransmitter and imbalance in shock ventricular fibrillation. tachycardia, anginal urinary output at intervals
Classification: immediate precursor syndrome due to MI Safe use during pain, palpitation, prescribed by physician.
Autonomic nervous of norepinephrine. (cardiogenic shock), pregnancy (category C), vasoconstriction cold  Report the following
system agent; alpha- Major cardiovascular trauma, endotoxic lactation, or children is extremities; less indicators promptly to physician
and beta-adrenergic effects produced by septicemia (septic not established. frequent: for use in decreasing or
agonist direct action on alpha- shock), open heart bradycardia, widening temporarily suspending dose:
(sympathomimetic) and beta-adrenergic surgery, and CHF. of QRS complex, Reduced urine flow rate in absence
receptors and on elevated blood of hypotension; ascending
specific dopaminergic pressure. tachycardia; dysrhythmias;
receptors in  GI: Nausea, vomiting. disproportionate rise in diastolic
mesenteric and renal  CNS: Headache. pressure (marked decrease in
vascular beds.  Skin: Necrosis, tissue pulse pressure); signs of peripheral
sloughing with ischemia (pallor, cyanosis, mottling,
Pharmacokinetics: extravasation, coldness, complaints of
Metabolism: gangrene, tenderness, pain, numbness, or
converted to piloerection. burning sensation).
noradrenaline. Other: Azotemia,  Monitor improvement in
Excretion: 2 min dyspnea, dilated pupils vital signs and urine flow.
(elimination half-life). (high doses).
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Dexamethasone Pharmacodynamics:  Patient had an allergic  Increased appetite

 Inflammation of  Stop drug and notify doctor if patient
Synthetic reaction previously.  Weight gain
glucocorticoid which corticosteroid-  Have an active peptic  Water retention develops signs of systemic absorption.

Classification: decreases responsive ulcer  Increased WBC  Before applying, gently wash skin to
Corticosteroid inflammation by  Have an active herpes  Hypokalemia
dermatoses prevent damage to skin rub
Hormones, Eye inhibiting the migration simplex fungal or  Skin rash
of leukocytes and  anti-inflammatory mycobacterial  Dizziness medication gently.
Corticosteroids,
Topical Corticosteroids reversal of increased effects in disorders infection at the eye,  Insomia  Treatment should be continued for a
capillary permeability. ear infection  Headache
of many organ few days after clearing of lesions to
It suppresses normal  Active tuberculosis
immune response. systems  Have psychoneurosis prevent recurrence
Pharmacokinetics: or psychosis
Duration: 72 hr.
Distribution: crosses
the placenta.
Excretion: urine Half-
life: 190 min.

Diclofenac Pharmacodynamics:  Reduction of pain  Active peptic ulcer;  GI disturbances;  Administer drug with food or after
Diclofenac has potent  Relief of pain hypersensitivity to headache, dizziness, meals if GI upset occurs.
anti-inflammatory, diclofenac or other rash; GI bleeding,
analgesic and NSAIDs. Treatment peptic ulceration;  Arrange for periodic ophthalmologic
Classification:
antipyretic actions. It of perioperative pain abnormalities of exam during long-term therapy.
Ophthalmic
Decongestants, inhibits the enzyme, in CABG surgery. 3rd kidney function. Pain
Anesthetics, Anti- cyclooxygenase, thus trimester of and tissue damage at  Institute emergency procedures if
resulting in reduced pregnancy. Topical: Inj site (IM); local overdose occurs (gastric lavage,
inflammatories,
synthesis of Not to be applied onto irritation (rectal); induction of emesis, supportive
Nonsteroidal Anti-
prostaglandin damaged or nonintact transient burning and therapy).
inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) precursors. skin. stinging (ophthalmic).
Pharmacokinetics:  Potentially Fatal:
Distribution: enters Stevens-Johnson
breast milk syndrome, exfoliative
Excretion: urine as dermatitis, toxic
glucuronide and sulfate epidermal necrolysis.
conjugates; 35% in
bile; 1-2 hr (elimination
half-life).
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Furosemide Pharmacodynamics:  Edema Contraindicated with  CNS: Dizziness,

paresthesias,  Administer with food or milk to
(lasix) Inhibits reabsorption  Hypertension allergy to furosemide,
xanthopsia, weakness, prevent GI upset.
of Na and chloride sulfonamides; allergy to
headache, blurred  Reduce dosage if given with other
Classification mainly in the medullary tartrazine (in oral
vision, irreversible antihypertensives; readjust dosage
Diuretic portion of the solution); anuria, severe
hearing loss gradually as BP responds.
ascending Loop of renal failure; hepatic
 CV: Orthostatic  Do not mix parenteral solution with
Henle. Reduces BP in coma; pregnancy;
hypotension, cardiac highly acidic solutions with pH
hypertensives as well lactation.
arrhythmias below 3.5. Discard diluted solution
as in normotensives. It
after 24 hr.
also reduces pulmonary Use cautiously with SLE,  Dermatologic:
Photosensitivity, rash,  Measure and record weight to
oedema before gout, diabetes mellitus.
pruritus monitor fluid changes.
diuresis has set in.
 GI: Nausea, vomiting,  Arrange to monitor serum
Pharmacokinetics:
oral and gastric electrolytes, hydration, and liver
Distribution: Crosses
irritation, constipation, function.
the placenta and
diarrhea, jaundice  Arrange for potassium-rich diet or
enters breast milk.
supplemental potassium as needed.
Excretion: urine; 2 hr
(elimination half-life)

Nubain Pharmacodynamics:  Relief of moderate  Contraindications:  CNS: Sedation.  Taper dosage when discontinuing
(Nalbuphine) Nalbuphine acts as an to severe pain hypersensitivity to Clamminess, sweating after prolonged use to avoid
agonist at specific nalbuphine, sulfites; headache, depression, withdrawal symptoms.
Classification opioid receptors in the  Preoperative lactation. crying, hallucinations,
Opioid Analgesics CNS to produce analgesia, as a numbness, tingling,  Keep opioids antagonist and
analgesia, sedation but supplement to  History of flushing, blurred vision. facilities for assisted or
also acts to cause surgical anesthesia,  CV: Hypotension, controlled
narcotic abuse;
hallucinations and is an and for obstetric Hypertension, respiration readily available in case
pregnancy, bronchial bradycardia,
antagonist at µ analgesia during of respiratory depression.
receptors labor and delivery. asthma, COPD, tachycardia
Pharmacokinetics: respiratory depression,  DERMATOLOGIC:  Reassure patient about addiction
Onset: 2-3min(IV) anoxia, acute MI when Itching, burning, liability; most patients who receive
T 1/2 : 5 hr  GI: Nausea, vomiting, opiates for medical reasons do not
nausea and vomiting are
Distribution: crosses cramps, dyspepsia, develop dependence syndrome.
present, biliary tract
placenta, enters  GU: Urinary urgency
surgery.  RESPIRATORY:
breastmilk
Excretion: Urine Respiratory depression
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Ketorolac Pharmacodynamics:  Moderate to severe Hypersensitivity to  Rash  Do not use during labor, delivery, or
Ketorolac inhibits pain aspirin or other  Ringing in while nursing.
Classification prostaglandin synthesis  Allergic conjunctivitis NSAIDs, asthma. the ears  Keep emergency equipment readily
Nonsteroidal Anti- by decreasing the Hypovolaemia or  Headaches available at time of initial dose, in
inflammatory Drugs activity of the dehydration. History of  Dizziness case of severe hypersensitivity
(NSAIDs), Ophthalmic cyclooxygenase peptic ulcer or  Drowsiness reaction.
Decongestants, enzyme. coagulation disorders.  Abdominal pain  Protect drug vials from light.
Anesthetics, Anti- Nasal polyps,  Nausea Administer every 6 hrs to maintain
inflammatories Pharmacokinetics: angioedema,  Diarrhea serum levels and control pain.
Onset: 30-60 min bronchospasm. GI  Constipation  Monitor for signs of pain relief, such
(oral); 10 min (IM). bleeding,  Heartburn as an increased appetite and activity
Duration: 6-8 hr cerebrovascular  Fluid retention  Instruct client to avoid taking
(oral/IM). bleeding. Pregnancy, ketorolac with aspirin or other
half-life: 4-6 hr; 6-7 lactation. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Motrin,
hr Advil), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn),
piroxicam (Feldene), etc

Ceftriaxone Pharmacodynamics:  Treatment of  Hypersensitivity to  Superinfection;  Determine history of hypersensitivity

Inhibits bacterial cell susceptible cephalosporins and anaphylaxis; reaction to cephalosporins and
Classification wall infections including penicillins, lidocaine or diarrhoea; local penicillins and history of other
Cephalosporins synthesis, rendering chancroid, any other local reactions; blood allergies, particularly to drugs,
cell wall osmotically gastroenteritis, Lyme anaesthetic product of dyscrasias; rash, before therapy is initiated.
unstable, disease, meningitis, the amide type. fever, pruritus;  Monitor for manifestations of
leading to cell death syphilis, typhoid Neonates or elevated hypersensitivity. Report their
fever, and Whipple’s premature infants transaminases and appearance promptly and discontinue
Pharmacokinetics: disease with bilirubin alkaline phosphatase; drugs.
Peak: 2hr encephalopathy leucopenia,  Check for fever if diarrhea occurs.
Distribution: crosses neutropenia. Report both promptly. The incidence
placenta; enters  Potentially Fatal: of antibiotic produced
breastmilk Pseudomembranous pseudomembranous colitis is higher
T ½: 6-9hr colitis; nephrotoxicity than with most cephalosporin

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Hydrocortisone Pharmacodynamics:  Replacement therapy  Viral/fungal  CNS: Vertigo, headache,  Assess for contraindications.
Hydrocortisone is a in adrenal cortical infections, tubercular insomnia, seizures  Assess body weight, skin color,
Classification corticosteroid used for insufficiency or syphilitic lesions,  CV: Hypotension, shock, HPN, V/S, urinalysis, serum
Adrenal its anti-inflammatory and  Allergic states- bacterial infections cardiac arrhythmias electrolytes, X-rays, CBC
corticalsteroid immunosuppressive severe or unless used in  Dermatologic: Thin, fragile  Arrange for increased dosage
Corticosteroid effects. Its anti- incapacitating conjunction with skin, petechiae, when patient is subject to
Glucocorticoid inflammatory action is allergic conditions appropriate  EENT: Cataracts, glaucoma unusual stress.
due to the suppression of  Hematologic chemotherapy  GI: Peptic or esophageal  Do not give live vaccines with
migration of disorders ulcer, pancreatitis, nausea, immunosuppressive doses of
polymorphonuclear  Ulcerative colitis vomiting hydrocortisone
leukocytes and reversal  Musculoskeletal:steroid  Monitor client for at least 30
of increased capillary myopathy and loss of muscle minutes.
permeability. mass, osteoporosis,  Educate client on the side
spontaneous fracture effects of the medication and
Pharmacokinetics: what to expect.
Distribution: crosses  Instruct client to report pain
placenta at
Met.: hepatic injection site
Excretion: Urine

Metoclopramide Pharmacodynamics:  Nausea and vomiting  Contraindicated with  CNS: restlessness,  Monitor BP carefully during IV
Enhances the motility of  Gastroesophageal allergy to drowsiness, fatigue, lassitude, administration.
Classification the upper GI tract and reflux Metoclopramide; GI insomnia, extrapyramidal
GIT Regulators, increases gastric hemorrhage, reactions, akathisia, dystonia,  Monitor for extra pyramidal
Antiflatulents & emptying without mechanical myoclonus, dizziness, anxiety. reactions, and consult physician
Anti- affecting gastric, biliary obstruction or  CV: Transient hypertension. if
inflammatories / or pancreatic secretions. perforation;  GI: Nausea, diarrhea they occur.
Antiemetics Pharmacokinetics: pheochromocytoma;
Peak: 1-2 hr. epilepsy.  Monitor diabetic patients,
Distribution: crosses  Use cautiously with arrange for alteration in
placenta; enters breast previously detected insulin dose or timing if
milk. breast cancer; diabetic control is
Metabolism: hepatic. lactation, compromised by alterations in
t ½: 4-6 hr pregnancy timing of food absorption.

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Chloramphenicol Pharmacodynamics:  Bacterial meningitis  Contraindicated in  GI symptoms;  Do not use for trivial infections,
Chloramphenicol  Brain abscess patients bleeding; peripheral highly toxic.
Classification inhibits bacterial  Granuloma inguinale hypersensitive to and optic neuritis,  Refrigeration recommended.
Chloramphenicols, Eye protein synthesis by  Anthrax drug visual impairment,  Do not give salicylates or NSAIDs
Anti-infectives & binding to 50s subunit  Listeriosis blindness; while administering this drug
Antiseptics, Ear Anti- of the bacterial  Whipple's disease encephalopathy,
infectives & ribosome, thus  Severe confusion, delirium,
Antiseptics preventing peptide gastroenteritis mental depression,
bond formation by headache. Haemolysis
peptidyl transferase. in patients with G6PD
It has both deficiency. ophthalmic
bacteriostatic and application:
bactericidal. Hypersensitivity
Pharmacokinetics: reactions including
Peak: 1 or 2 hr (PO) rashes, fever and
Distribution: crosses angioedema. Ear
placenta; enters breast drops: Ototoxicity.
milk.
t ½:1.5-4hr

Amikacin Pharmacodynamics:  Uncomplicated urinary  Pregnancy, perforated  Tinnitus, vertigo;  Obtain specimen for culture and
Amikacin binds to 30S tract infections ear drum, myasthenia ataxia and overt sensitivity test before giving first
Classification ribosomal subunits of  Severe Gram-negative gravis, deafness. dose. Therapy may begin while
Aminoglycosides susceptible bacteria, infections resistant hypersensitivity.  Potentially Fatal: awaiting the results.
thus inhibiting its to gentamicin and Ototoxicity,  Evaluate patient’s hearing before
protein synthesis. tobramycin nephrotoxicity, and during therapy if he will be
neuromuscular receiving drug for longer than 2
Pharmacokinetics: blockade. weeks.
Distribution: crosses  Correct dehydration before therapy
placenta because of increase risk of toxicity.
t ½:2-3hr  Watch for signs and symptoms of
super infection (especially URT),
such as continued fever, chills, and
increased pulse rate

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Paracetamol Pharmacodynamics:  Mild to moderate pain  Contraindicated with  CNS: weakness,  Assess patient’s fever or pain:
Exhibits analgesic  Fever allergy to fatigue, sedation, type of pain, location, intensity,
Classification action by peripheral acetaminophen dizziness, headache, duration, temperature
Analgesics (Non- blockage of pain seizures  Give with food if GI upset occurs
Opioid) & Antipyretics impulse generation. It  Use cautiously with  Dermatologic:  Monitor patient’s temperature
produces antipyresis impaired hepatic  Instruct patient not to drink if
urticaria, rash
by inhibiting the function, chronic temperature is less than 38°C
hypothalamic heat- alcoholism, pregnancy,  GI: nausea, vomiting,
regulating centre. Its lactation constipation,
weak anti-
 GU: Hematuria,
inflammatory activity
is related to inhibition glycosuria, renal
of prostaglandin colic, crystaluria
synthesis in the CNS.

Pharmacokinetics:
Onset: <1 hr.
Duration: 4-6 hr.

Salbutamol Nebule Pharmacodynamics:  Asthma  Contraindicated in CNS: Dizziness,  Use the nebulizer for about 5 to 15
Salbutamol is a patients excitement, headache, up to 30 minutes, or until the
Classification selective β2- hypersensitive to hyperactivity, insomnia medicine in the nebulizer cup is gone.
Antiasthmatic & COPD adrenoceptor agonist. drug CV: Hypertension,  To inhale this medicine, breathe out
Preparations At therapeutic doses, palpitations, fully, trying to get as much air out
it acts on the β2- tachycardia, chest of the lungs as possible. Put the
adrenoceptors of pain mouthpiece just in front of your
bronchial muscle, with GI: Nausea, vomiting, mouth with the canister upright.
little or no action on anorexia, heartburn,  Open your mouth and breathe in
the β1-adrenoceptors GI distress, dry mouth slowly and deeply (like yawning), and
of cardiac muscle. Respiratory: Cough, at the same time firmly press down
dyspnea, wheezing, once on the top of the canister.
Pharmacokinetics: Paradoxical  Hold your breath for about 10
Absorption: After bronchospasm seconds, and then breathe out
administration by the Skin: Pallor, urticaria, slowly.
inhaled route, between rash, angioedema,  If you are supposed to use more
10-20% of the dose flushing, sweating than one puff, wait 1 minute before
reaches the lower Other: Increased inhaling the second puff. Repeat
airways. appetite, these steps for the second puff,
Distribution: hypersensitivity starting with shaking the inhaler.
 Salbutamol is bound to reaction  Clean the inhaler mouthpiece every
plasma proteins to the day with warm running water for 30
extent of 10% seconds. Dry it thoroughly before
use.

Potassium Chloride Pharmacodynamics:  Hypokalemia  Renal insufficiency,  Diarrhea, nausea,  Watch out for levels of potassium
Provides a direct hyperkalemia, stomach pain,
electrolyte level to prevent
Classification replacement of untreated discomfort or gas
hyperkalemia.
Electrolytes potassium in the body Addison’s disease, vomiting
constriction of the  Observe 10 rights of giving
Pharmacokinetics: esophagus and or medication.
Absorption: GI obstructive changes in  Watch out for possible adverse
Distribution: allows K the alimentary tract
reaction of the patient
chloride to enter cells
from the extracellular
fluid.
Excretion: urine sweat
and feces.

Sodium Chloride Pharmacodynamics:  Nasal congestion  Conditions whereby  Hypernatraemia;

It is used as a source  Replacement of fluid admin of sodium thirst, reduced
Classification of electrolytes and and electrolytes chloride would be salivation and
Nasal Decongestants & water for hydration,  Hypernatraemia detrimental. Not to be lachrymation, fever,
Other Nasal treatment of metabolic used to induce emesis. tachycardia,
Preparations, acidosis, priming Sustained release hypertension,
Electrolytes, solution in tablets: GI disorders headache, dizziness,
Mouth/Throat haemodialysis and associated with restlessness,
Preparations, treatment of strictures or irritability and
Intravenous & Other hyperosmolar diabetes diverticula. weakness.
Sterile Solutions,  Potentially Fatal:
Other Eye Pharmacokinetics: Intra-amniotic inj of
Preparations Absorption: Well- hypertonic solutions:
absorbed from the GI Disseminated
tract. intravascular
Excretion: Mainly in coagulation, renal
the urine, with small necrosis, cervical and
amounts excreted in uterine lesions,
the sweat, faeces, pulmonary embolism,
tears and saliva. pneumonia and death.
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 DRUGS ACTION INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS ADVERSE EFFECTS NSG. RESPONSIBILITIES

Magnesium Sulfate Pharmacodynamics:  Constipation  Parenteral: Heart  Oral: GI irritation,

increases peristaltic  hypomagnesaemia block, severe renal watery diarrhoea.
Classification activity by causing  Eclampsia impairment, myocardial Parenteral:
Laxatives, Purgatives, osmotic retention of  Muscle stimulating damage Hypermagnesaemia
Anticonvulsants, fluids, thus resulting in effects of barium characterised by
Electrolytes, Other bowel evacuation. poisoning nausea, vomiting,
Dermatologicals  Reduction of cerebral flushing, thirst,
Pharmacokinetics: edema hypotension,
Onset: Oral: 1-2 hr. drowsiness, confusion,
IM: 1 hr. IV: slurred speech,
Immediate. double vision,
Duration: IM: 3-4 hr. bradycardia, muscle
IV: 30 min. weakness.
Distribution: Crosses Hypocalcaemia;
the placenta and small paralytic ileus.
amounts enter the
breastmilk

D 50/50

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 DRUGS ACTION INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS ADVERSE EFFECTS NSG. RESPONSIBILITIES

Sodium Bicarbonate Pharmacodynamics:  Urine alkalinisation  Metabolic or  Metabolic alkalosis;  Assess respiratory and pulse
Raises blood and  Chronic metabolic respiratory alkalosis; mood changes, rate, rhythm, depth, lung
Classification urinary pH by acidosis hypernatraemia, tiredness, shortness sounds and notify the physician.
Antacids, Antireflux dissociation to provide  Dyspepsia severe pulmonary of breath, muscle  Assess for carbon dioxide in GI
Agents & bicarbonate ions, which  Severe metabolic oedema; weakness, irregular tract, may lead to perforation if
Antiulcerants, Other neutralises the acidosis hypocalcaemia, heartbeat; muscle ulcer is severe.
Drugs Acting on the hydrogen ion hypochlorhydria. hypertonicity,  Test and monitor urine pH,
Genito-Urinary concentration. It also twitching, tetany; urinary output, during beginning
System, Electrolytes neutralises gastric hypernatraemia, treatment
acid via production of hyperosmolality,  If patient has edematous tendency,
carbon dioxide. hypocalcaemia, notify physician.
hypokalaemia;  If patient is vomiting withhold
Pharmacokinetics: stomach cramps, medication and immediately inform
Onset: Oral: Rapid; flatulence. Tissue the physician
IV: 15 minutes. necrosis at inj site.  If the patient exhibits shortness
Duration: Oral: 8-10 of breath and hyperpnea,
minutes; IV: 1-2 hr immediately inform the physician.

Pen G

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 DRUGS ACTION INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS ADVERSE EFFECTS NSG. RESPONSIBILITIES

Calcium Gluconate Pharmacodynamics:  Hypocalcaemia and  Patients with calcium  CNS: tingling  Use all calcium product
Calcium gluconate is calcium deficiency renal calculi or history sensations, sense of with extreme caution in digitalized
Classification used to prevent or states of renal calculi. oppression or heat patients and patients with
Electrolytes treat negative calcium  Hypocalcaemic tetany Conditions associated waves with I.V. sarcoidosis
balance. It also helps  Severe hyperkalaemia with hypercalcaemia  CV: bradycardia,  Double check that you are
facilitate nerve and  Antidote in severe and hypercalciuria. arrhythmias giving the correct form of calcium
muscle performance as hypermagnesaemia  GI:constipation,
well as normal cardiac irritation, chalky
function. taste,
Pharmacokinetics: hemorrhage
Absorption: Soluble  GU:polyuria, renal
calcium is calculi
predominantly  METABOLIC:
absorbed from the hypercalcemia
small intestine by
active transport and
passive diffusion.
Distribution: Crosses
the placenta and
enters breast milk.