21st Century Literature

Module 4

In an ocean of emotion: Philippine drama

 Philippine theater

Began just like any other genre of literature with pre-colonial indigenous drama. These constitute
rituals, verbal jousts or games, and songs and dances praising their respective gods. Eventually,
when the Spaniard came, these indigenous dramas were discarded and were change into mainly two
categories: the comedy or comedy and the zarzuela or zarzuela. These dramas were used to capture
the imaginations and hearts of the Filipinos, whom the Spaniards have just colonized

 Komedya

Was developed into different kinds, One of the most popular ones is the moro-moro, which are
plays that depicts the lives, love, and wars of moors and Christians. Two more kinds, indigenized by
the Filipino, are the comedia de capa y espada or secular comedy and the comedia de santo or
religious comedies. Some of these comedies are still found in the country, namely, Paranaque city
and Illigan city.

 Zarzuela

Is a type of theater that is musical in nature it is both spoken and sung. The first zarzuela in the
Philippines was staged in 1878 or 1879 and was written by Francisco asojo barbieri in 1855, entitled
jugar con fuego even Jose Rizal wrote his own zarzuela, entitled “Junto al pasig” and was staged in
1880. In 1893, because of its popularity, the teatro Zorilla was inaugurated as the home of zarzuelas.
Of course, Filipinos also indigenized the zarzuela and called it zarzuela. It became a mix or music,
prose, dance, dialogue, and a discussion of contemporary subjects.

 Timed reading

Is when you perform the characters in a play per group out loud through dramatic reading.

 Poem

Is meant to be recited out loud, play is meant to be staged and performed. Despite staging an
amateur play, there are still processes to it that you must follow for your play to be successful.
 21st Century

Module 3
The Landscape of Philippine Fiction

 Fiction
- is a story that is entirely made up and is not true. Fiction may resemble reality, but it is
purely circumstantial in Philippine literature, there are many stories that have shaped the way
Filipinos read and view their surroundings.
 Elements of Fiction Character
The character of the story is the one you relate with converse with, or listen to the thoughts.
 Symbols
May symbolize a community or an event in history, Two Interacting in a story may symbolize the convict
or union between two deferent societies.
Symbols
The fiction writer can use an object,
action, orcharacter in the story to suggest or meansomething other than its dictionary or literalmean
ing.

Francisco Sionil Jose

-
is a factionist, essayist And hovelling. He is currently considered one of the most widely read Filipino
authors, having been translating into many languages worldwide. His usual themes are social struggle and
stride in Philippines society what do they want, what do they do to get it, and what is the intention of the
character?
Short stories also express a lot of
 Irony
In lie situations. There are three ends of irony that you will encounter short stories.
Three kinds of Irony

*Verbal irony
- When what is said by the character is not what he or she originally meant.
*Situational irony
- When the actual outcome o a situational say the conclusion is different from the expected
outcome. This is also known as the twists and turn in a story.
*Dramatic irony
- Which is when the readers +now more than the characters in the story.
Merlinda Bobis
- is a dancer, visual artist, and writer. She was born in1egaspi City, albay. She writes in "English and Filipino
Tagalog. She tackles themes of Diaspora, immigrant cultures, and
 21st century

Module 6

Remapping of Philippine literature through criticism

Literary criticism

Some will say it is the “consideration or analysis of literary texts and their
issues. It may also be an argument about a literary work, wich will be proven
using the texts and the culture or context the text was written in or for. There is
one general agreement among critics, however, when it comes to any kind of
critique: it has to be “practical”.

Criticism

Is meant to see what has not been seen before, to say what has not been said
before, and to change what needs to be changed. It interprets meaning in the
text and judges the text’s quality so that is may bring forth new ideas, new
realization, and necessary changes in society.

Plato arguments

One of the earliest works of criticism is plato’s argument against the

consequences of poetic inspiration in his written entitled “The Republic.“ up until
now, this text is used to guide critics on how a text can be interpreted or what
othe modes of interpretation can be done.

Function of literary criticism

There are many functions of literary criticism, and they vary depending on the
text itself or the context where it is being performed.

-Literary criticism may be the simple review of books that you often ready online
or in local newspaper, or a systematic theoretical discussion of a story’s impact
on society.

-Criticism in everyday newspaper may also summarize the worth of the book, or
support or deconstruct a publisher’s claim about a give book.

Another function of literary criticism is to reevaluate any given text. This is to

shed new light or to give new meaning to old text.

Sometimes, literary criticism lets you to see the function old texts in modern
society.

Literary criticism may also be used to invoke discussions, reassess society, and
redefine culture based on a literary text. Theses kind of sustained criticism may
be found in bimonthly or even annual magazine or journals, which often times
have specialized topics. These kind of criticism are sually available to the
academe, although some do end up in daily papers or mainstream magazines.
 21st century
Module 7

Looking beyond: the future of Philippine literature

 Philippine literature
Is constantly evolving, which means that there are more outputs in which you as a student
will enjoy in the near future. One of these is the comic book industry, which is a good way
for you to read and be informed in a creative and enjoyable manner.

 Comics
The comics or komiks, as it is known in the Philippines, is one of the most beloved forms of
published work. Some of the most famous ones are mang ambo of larry alcara, pugad baboy
by pol medina, and news hardcore by manix abrera.

3 of the latest genres emerging in Philippine literature and examples of their literary works

 Speculative fiction
This is and umbrella term in the country’s literature that includes all genres of horror,
fantasy, science fiction, magical realism, and other nonrealist genres.

 Dean francis
Is the co-editor and publisher of the yearly Philippine speculative fiction anthology. His
novels and short stories have won him several national awards including a total of 10 don carlos
palanca awards. His publications have benn global, with his own short stories being published in
other international journals.

 Avant-garde poetry
These are poems that push the boundaries of what is expected as the norm. in that sense,
these kinds of poems experiment with form, phrasing, idea, imagery, and the like.

 Conchitina Cruz
Is a Filipina poet who teaches creative and writing and comparative literature at the
university of the Philippines diliman. She graduated magna cum laude from the creative
writing program, and a valedictorian from the college of arts and letters in 1998.

 Contemporary essay
The contemporary essay nowadays is unrestricted and explores diverse topics such as
dysfunctional families. LGBT issues, terrorism, religion and or faith

 Shakira sison
Won the first prize don carlos palanca award for the English essay last 2013 for “the
kraukauer table.” She was a veterinarian before she relocated to New York in 2002, where
she now currently works in the finace industry.